Abdulla Juma Alhaj
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249589
- eISBN:
- 9780191600029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924958X.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Qatar. It summarizes Qatari political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral ...
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Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Qatar. It summarizes Qatari political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions for a Shura and Municipal Councils (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system).Less
Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Qatar. It summarizes Qatari political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions for a Shura and Municipal Councils (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system).
Thomas Scheffler
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249589
- eISBN:
- 9780191600029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924958X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Oman. It summarizes Omani political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral ...
More
Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Oman. It summarizes Omani political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions for a Shura and later State Council (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections).Less
Includes all relevant information on representative political institutions and elections held in Oman. It summarizes Omani political history and development and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions for a Shura and later State Council (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections).
Azzam S. Tamimi
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140002
- eISBN:
- 9780199834723
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140001.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
By way of an analytical and critical study of the life and thought of Rachid Ghannouchi, leader of the proscribed Ennahda political party in Tunisia, this book seeks to address the obstacles that ...
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By way of an analytical and critical study of the life and thought of Rachid Ghannouchi, leader of the proscribed Ennahda political party in Tunisia, this book seeks to address the obstacles that hinder democratization in the Arab region.Inasmuch as democracy is seen as a set of procedures that serve collectively to empower the people to freely elect governments and make them accountable and to make sure that basic human rights and civil liberties, the rule of law and equality before the law, and the rights of minorities are protected, then democracy is fully compatible with the Islamic value of shura.Islam may have a problem with the philosophical underpinning of liberal democracy because of the notion of secularism.Despite objections to democracy from certain Islamic circles, the formidable problems facing transition to democracy in the Arab Muslim region are neither religious nor cultural.The attempt to impose secularism first by the colonial authorities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and second by postcolonial governments led to undermining civil society and doing away with the minimum protection needed for individuals and groups to be politically involved.The modern Arab territorial state, which is the product of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the twentieth century, has by design been antidemocratic.The world order that brought about the creation of all these artificial territorial states, and that today exerts all it can to preserve the status quo has no interest in the success of democracy anywhere in the region.Less
By way of an analytical and critical study of the life and thought of Rachid Ghannouchi, leader of the proscribed Ennahda political party in Tunisia, this book seeks to address the obstacles that hinder democratization in the Arab region.
Inasmuch as democracy is seen as a set of procedures that serve collectively to empower the people to freely elect governments and make them accountable and to make sure that basic human rights and civil liberties, the rule of law and equality before the law, and the rights of minorities are protected, then democracy is fully compatible with the Islamic value of shura.
Islam may have a problem with the philosophical underpinning of liberal democracy because of the notion of secularism.
Despite objections to democracy from certain Islamic circles, the formidable problems facing transition to democracy in the Arab Muslim region are neither religious nor cultural.
The attempt to impose secularism first by the colonial authorities of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and second by postcolonial governments led to undermining civil society and doing away with the minimum protection needed for individuals and groups to be politically involved.
The modern Arab territorial state, which is the product of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the twentieth century, has by design been antidemocratic.
The world order that brought about the creation of all these artificial territorial states, and that today exerts all it can to preserve the status quo has no interest in the success of democracy anywhere in the region.
Joseph Chinyong Liow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195377088
- eISBN:
- 9780199869527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377088.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter looks at the genesis of the Islamist agenda in Malaysia from the perspective of both Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Using the history ...
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This chapter looks at the genesis of the Islamist agenda in Malaysia from the perspective of both Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Using the history of the Islamist opposition PAS and UMNO’s concomitant early responses to its rise as a lens through which to perceive the early tenor of Islamism in the Malaysian context, the chapter demonstrates how the party underwent several metamorphoses as it evolved to locate Islamism at the heart of its social-political agenda.Less
This chapter looks at the genesis of the Islamist agenda in Malaysia from the perspective of both Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Using the history of the Islamist opposition PAS and UMNO’s concomitant early responses to its rise as a lens through which to perceive the early tenor of Islamism in the Malaysian context, the chapter demonstrates how the party underwent several metamorphoses as it evolved to locate Islamism at the heart of its social-political agenda.
Azzam S. Tamimi
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140002
- eISBN:
- 9780199834723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140001.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
In prison from 1980–84 Ghannouchi translates a number of works and writes some of his own on a number of topics including democracy, women's rights, and Palestine.He is influenced by Malik Bennabi, ...
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In prison from 1980–84 Ghannouchi translates a number of works and writes some of his own on a number of topics including democracy, women's rights, and Palestine.He is influenced by Malik Bennabi, whose treatise “Islam and Democracy” inspires him to lay the foundations for his own masterpiece Al‐Hurriyat al‐’Ammah (Public Liberties).In this book, Ghannouchi attempts to address issues of great interest to modern activists and thinkers in the Muslim world and of direct relevance to the debate on the role Islam plays in the lives of Muslims in the modern world.Freedom, citizenship rights, riddah (apostasy), democracy's Islamic roots, the foundations of an Islamic democracy, and such concepts as Islamic state, vicegerency, and shura are some of the topics addressed.Less
In prison from 1980–84 Ghannouchi translates a number of works and writes some of his own on a number of topics including democracy, women's rights, and Palestine.
He is influenced by Malik Bennabi, whose treatise “Islam and Democracy” inspires him to lay the foundations for his own masterpiece Al‐Hurriyat al‐’Ammah (Public Liberties).
In this book, Ghannouchi attempts to address issues of great interest to modern activists and thinkers in the Muslim world and of direct relevance to the debate on the role Islam plays in the lives of Muslims in the modern world.
Freedom, citizenship rights, riddah (apostasy), democracy's Islamic roots, the foundations of an Islamic democracy, and such concepts as Islamic state, vicegerency, and shura are some of the topics addressed.
Nathan R. Springer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785952
- eISBN:
- 9780804789219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785952.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In this chapter the author examines the successful implementation of balanced counterinsurgency strategy in northeastern Afghanistan though the lens of his experience. The author defines a balanced ...
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In this chapter the author examines the successful implementation of balanced counterinsurgency strategy in northeastern Afghanistan though the lens of his experience. The author defines a balanced counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy as the appropriate level of effort applied to killing and capturing the enemy, versus partnering with and protecting the Afghan population, and enabling the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to operate independently. The weighting of this effort is determined by the unique local conditions of each area of operation to include such variables as; insurgent’s force, enemy’s disposition and composition, effectiveness of ANSF. The author concludes that only after we carefully analyze, study, and understand the nature of the conflict and the human environment of the area of operation, can we select the right approach to success.Less
In this chapter the author examines the successful implementation of balanced counterinsurgency strategy in northeastern Afghanistan though the lens of his experience. The author defines a balanced counterinsurgency (COIN) strategy as the appropriate level of effort applied to killing and capturing the enemy, versus partnering with and protecting the Afghan population, and enabling the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to operate independently. The weighting of this effort is determined by the unique local conditions of each area of operation to include such variables as; insurgent’s force, enemy’s disposition and composition, effectiveness of ANSF. The author concludes that only after we carefully analyze, study, and understand the nature of the conflict and the human environment of the area of operation, can we select the right approach to success.
Thomas H. Johnson and Barry Zellen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785952
- eISBN:
- 9780804789219
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785952.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to their culture and sectarian dimensions. The contributors to this volume reflect on the following fundamental ...
More
The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to their culture and sectarian dimensions. The contributors to this volume reflect on the following fundamental questions; where and how is culture important in a national security and foreign policy context? Is cultural understanding important, or is it merely a fad? What constitutes cultural data? What frameworks should be used to analyze culture? What are the challenges of cultural data collection and application? Part I (encompassing chapters’ one through three) examines the theory to methodology of culture and conflict. Two formal intelligence disciplines, Cultural intelligence (CULINT) and ethnographic intelligence (ETHINT), and their incorporation into existing joint intelligence infrastructure are examined. Part II (encompassing chapters four through ten) takes us from methodology to practice, and addresses some of the lessons of Afghanistan. Here, the authors frame Taliban’s successful expansion into Pastuhn areas and the critical role religious authorities’ play in Afghanistan’s present conflict. The IO assessment tool is depicted, illustrating its various uses, most importantly, the ability to quantify the success or failure of an operation. This book draws on the research, analysis’s, and experiences of its scholars’ to conclude that the success of a country intending to invade and occupy another is in large part dependent on its fundamental knowledge and sensitivity to the relevant cultural processes and dynamics.Less
The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to their culture and sectarian dimensions. The contributors to this volume reflect on the following fundamental questions; where and how is culture important in a national security and foreign policy context? Is cultural understanding important, or is it merely a fad? What constitutes cultural data? What frameworks should be used to analyze culture? What are the challenges of cultural data collection and application? Part I (encompassing chapters’ one through three) examines the theory to methodology of culture and conflict. Two formal intelligence disciplines, Cultural intelligence (CULINT) and ethnographic intelligence (ETHINT), and their incorporation into existing joint intelligence infrastructure are examined. Part II (encompassing chapters four through ten) takes us from methodology to practice, and addresses some of the lessons of Afghanistan. Here, the authors frame Taliban’s successful expansion into Pastuhn areas and the critical role religious authorities’ play in Afghanistan’s present conflict. The IO assessment tool is depicted, illustrating its various uses, most importantly, the ability to quantify the success or failure of an operation. This book draws on the research, analysis’s, and experiences of its scholars’ to conclude that the success of a country intending to invade and occupy another is in large part dependent on its fundamental knowledge and sensitivity to the relevant cultural processes and dynamics.
Thomas H. Johnson and Barry Scott Zellen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785952
- eISBN:
- 9780804789219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785952.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
There is little debate concerning the impact culture has on conflict, especially in the form of insurgency and counterinsurgency. Recent history would suggest that the success of a country intending ...
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There is little debate concerning the impact culture has on conflict, especially in the form of insurgency and counterinsurgency. Recent history would suggest that the success of a country intending to invade and occupy another is in large part dependent on its knowledge and sensitivity to the relevant cultural processes and dynamics. Much of the cultural training given to deploying forces focuses primarily customs and courtesies, even though truly understanding a culture consists of much more. With that, U.S. and Collation forces have faced successive failures. Research on culture and conflict must be increasingly incorporated in to allied and coalition military operations. Scholarly works encompassed in this text significantly contribute to our knowledge of the cultural dimensions of counterinsurgency, strategies for effectively resolving them, and ultimately defining viable pathways for achieving peace.Less
There is little debate concerning the impact culture has on conflict, especially in the form of insurgency and counterinsurgency. Recent history would suggest that the success of a country intending to invade and occupy another is in large part dependent on its knowledge and sensitivity to the relevant cultural processes and dynamics. Much of the cultural training given to deploying forces focuses primarily customs and courtesies, even though truly understanding a culture consists of much more. With that, U.S. and Collation forces have faced successive failures. Research on culture and conflict must be increasingly incorporated in to allied and coalition military operations. Scholarly works encompassed in this text significantly contribute to our knowledge of the cultural dimensions of counterinsurgency, strategies for effectively resolving them, and ultimately defining viable pathways for achieving peace.
Thomas H. Johnson and Barry Scott Zellen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785952
- eISBN:
- 9780804789219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785952.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to the culture and sectarian dimensions of a conflict. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California ...
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The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to the culture and sectarian dimensions of a conflict. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California convened cultural experts, anthropologists, government officials, and strategic analysts to discuss the impact culture has on both conflict behavior and counterinsurgency environments. A number of the study participants have agreed to share their ideas and insights on the nexus of culture, conflict, and counterinsurgency. The scholars reflect on the following fundamental questions; where and how is culture important in a national security and foreign policy context? Is cultural understanding important, or is it merely a fad? What constitutes cultural data? What frameworks should be used to analyze culture? What are the challenges of cultural data collection and application?Less
The examination of wars and conflicts of the twenty-first century immediately draws one to the culture and sectarian dimensions of a conflict. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California convened cultural experts, anthropologists, government officials, and strategic analysts to discuss the impact culture has on both conflict behavior and counterinsurgency environments. A number of the study participants have agreed to share their ideas and insights on the nexus of culture, conflict, and counterinsurgency. The scholars reflect on the following fundamental questions; where and how is culture important in a national security and foreign policy context? Is cultural understanding important, or is it merely a fad? What constitutes cultural data? What frameworks should be used to analyze culture? What are the challenges of cultural data collection and application?
Michael R. Fenzel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785952
- eISBN:
- 9780804789219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785952.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Historically, the rural population in modern Afghanistan has rejected large scale reforms attempted by a central government. Taliban, al-Qaeda, and other foreign fighters use the rural border region ...
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Historically, the rural population in modern Afghanistan has rejected large scale reforms attempted by a central government. Taliban, al-Qaeda, and other foreign fighters use the rural border region along the Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) as a safe haven from which planning, training, and launches of attacks frequently occur. The initial structures established by the coalition that worked well through the first several years must evolve to a decentralize approach to counter insurgency. The reconstruction plan of Afghanistan should include dissembling provincial reconstruction teams in favor of a company level construct that focuses on distributing robust development assets at the district level. To set the conditions of success, we need to engage tribal leaders and establish a district-level security apparatus in which the district governor is the key leader elected by the shura.Less
Historically, the rural population in modern Afghanistan has rejected large scale reforms attempted by a central government. Taliban, al-Qaeda, and other foreign fighters use the rural border region along the Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) as a safe haven from which planning, training, and launches of attacks frequently occur. The initial structures established by the coalition that worked well through the first several years must evolve to a decentralize approach to counter insurgency. The reconstruction plan of Afghanistan should include dissembling provincial reconstruction teams in favor of a company level construct that focuses on distributing robust development assets at the district level. To set the conditions of success, we need to engage tribal leaders and establish a district-level security apparatus in which the district governor is the key leader elected by the shura.
Stig Jarle Hansen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327874
- eISBN:
- 9780199388103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327874.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter elaborates on how the Ramadan offensive in 2010 destroyed trust in Al-Shabaab, and how Al-Shabaab took more than six months to ease down, and how the quality of Al-Shabaab institutions ...
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This chapter elaborates on how the Ramadan offensive in 2010 destroyed trust in Al-Shabaab, and how Al-Shabaab took more than six months to ease down, and how the quality of Al-Shabaab institutions declined. Shabaab’s Shura council collapsed, its leaders did not trust each other, and the secret police, Amnijad, was disbanded. Al-Shabaab also lost the propaganda war over the drought in 2011, and more importantly, kidnappings spurred the Kenyans to intervene in Somalia in 2011, and Ethiopia subsequently intervened in 2012. Al-Shabaab lost battle after battle, and Godane’s leadership was questioned. AMISOM expanded, and a new Somali government came to power.Less
This chapter elaborates on how the Ramadan offensive in 2010 destroyed trust in Al-Shabaab, and how Al-Shabaab took more than six months to ease down, and how the quality of Al-Shabaab institutions declined. Shabaab’s Shura council collapsed, its leaders did not trust each other, and the secret police, Amnijad, was disbanded. Al-Shabaab also lost the propaganda war over the drought in 2011, and more importantly, kidnappings spurred the Kenyans to intervene in Somalia in 2011, and Ethiopia subsequently intervened in 2012. Al-Shabaab lost battle after battle, and Godane’s leadership was questioned. AMISOM expanded, and a new Somali government came to power.
James Toth
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199790883
- eISBN:
- 9780199332601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199790883.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Chapter ten discusses Islamic politics and government. It examines how an Islamic state differs from modern nation-states and whether it is a theocracy. It discusses the caliphate and his duties and ...
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Chapter ten discusses Islamic politics and government. It examines how an Islamic state differs from modern nation-states and whether it is a theocracy. It discusses the caliphate and his duties and obligations. It examines Islamic law, shari’a, and the specific schools of legal interpretation, or fiqh. Qutb thought these schools divisive; he wanted them replaced by one comprehensive system. Yet legal change is complex, as demonstrated by the chapter’s short history of Egypt’s legal reforms, for what constitutes Islamic law is not always clear. Qutb’s approach to legal reform, called “dynamic law,” was built around the Qur’anic concepts of duties and beliefs, ‘ibadat and mu’amalat, but remained very conservative, as did his understanding of worshipping God (‘ubudiyya) and obeying earthly authority. Islamic punishments are discussed, since these were condemned strongly by the west, and the concept of shura, or consultation, which was said to demonstrate similarities to western democracy. Finally, Islamic political values are compared to western values – equality, freedom, social order, and morality.Less
Chapter ten discusses Islamic politics and government. It examines how an Islamic state differs from modern nation-states and whether it is a theocracy. It discusses the caliphate and his duties and obligations. It examines Islamic law, shari’a, and the specific schools of legal interpretation, or fiqh. Qutb thought these schools divisive; he wanted them replaced by one comprehensive system. Yet legal change is complex, as demonstrated by the chapter’s short history of Egypt’s legal reforms, for what constitutes Islamic law is not always clear. Qutb’s approach to legal reform, called “dynamic law,” was built around the Qur’anic concepts of duties and beliefs, ‘ibadat and mu’amalat, but remained very conservative, as did his understanding of worshipping God (‘ubudiyya) and obeying earthly authority. Islamic punishments are discussed, since these were condemned strongly by the west, and the concept of shura, or consultation, which was said to demonstrate similarities to western democracy. Finally, Islamic political values are compared to western values – equality, freedom, social order, and morality.
Ganesh Sitaraman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199930319
- eISBN:
- 9780190260156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199930319.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the rule of law during conflict, the formal and sociological views of law, counterinsurgency's rule of law, hybrid justice in Afghanistan, and policing during ...
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This chapter discusses the rule of law during conflict, the formal and sociological views of law, counterinsurgency's rule of law, hybrid justice in Afghanistan, and policing during counterinsurgency. In a fight with the insurgents, the rule of law is a powerful tool to help regulate behavior, resolve disputes, and enable the creation or revision of social rules. The formal view defines law and social order by the laws on the books and the institutions of government. The sociological view looks at actual events in society, how people behave, and what people believe. The biggest challenge in facilitating the organic rule of law during counterinsurgency is navigating between formal and traditional methods of resolving disputes. In Afghanistan, the main challenge has been the tension between the state-run system of courts and the local and tribal systems of shore and jirga, councils of community leaders who mediate conflicts.Less
This chapter discusses the rule of law during conflict, the formal and sociological views of law, counterinsurgency's rule of law, hybrid justice in Afghanistan, and policing during counterinsurgency. In a fight with the insurgents, the rule of law is a powerful tool to help regulate behavior, resolve disputes, and enable the creation or revision of social rules. The formal view defines law and social order by the laws on the books and the institutions of government. The sociological view looks at actual events in society, how people behave, and what people believe. The biggest challenge in facilitating the organic rule of law during counterinsurgency is navigating between formal and traditional methods of resolving disputes. In Afghanistan, the main challenge has been the tension between the state-run system of courts and the local and tribal systems of shore and jirga, councils of community leaders who mediate conflicts.
