Claire Holleran
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698219
- eISBN:
- 9780191741326
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698219.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of ...
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Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of the city in the late Republic and the Principate. Through an analysis of the literary, legal, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, together with wide-ranging comparative studies of the distributive trades, this book provides a systematic account of the retail network of Rome — an area of commerce that has been largely neglected in previous studies. The diverse means by which goods were sold to consumers in the city are investigated, from shops and workshops to permanent and periodic markets, fairs, auctions, street traders, and ambulant vendors. The critical relationship between retail and broader environmental factors, including the structure and organisation of production, the wholesale trade, transport systems, social structure, cultural conventions, income levels, and patterns of consumption are all considered, placing the retail trade within the wider context of the urban economy. In exploring the retail trade of Rome in its totality, the book sheds new light on the experience of living in the ancient city.Less
Given the remarkable concentration of consumers in ancient Rome, the vast majority of whom were entirely reliant on the market for survival, a functioning retail trade was vital to the survival of the city in the late Republic and the Principate. Through an analysis of the literary, legal, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, together with wide-ranging comparative studies of the distributive trades, this book provides a systematic account of the retail network of Rome — an area of commerce that has been largely neglected in previous studies. The diverse means by which goods were sold to consumers in the city are investigated, from shops and workshops to permanent and periodic markets, fairs, auctions, street traders, and ambulant vendors. The critical relationship between retail and broader environmental factors, including the structure and organisation of production, the wholesale trade, transport systems, social structure, cultural conventions, income levels, and patterns of consumption are all considered, placing the retail trade within the wider context of the urban economy. In exploring the retail trade of Rome in its totality, the book sheds new light on the experience of living in the ancient city.
Coopey Richard, Sean O‘Connell, and Dilwyn Porter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198296508
- eISBN:
- 9780191716638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296508.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter outlines the complex processes which sparked the ‘revolution’ in retailing and assesses the depth and nature of its impact, before exploring the place of the traditional mail order firm ...
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This chapter outlines the complex processes which sparked the ‘revolution’ in retailing and assesses the depth and nature of its impact, before exploring the place of the traditional mail order firm in this new world of shopping. The mail order industry established home shopping at the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century, the mail order industry had gone through a series of radical changes. The relationship between the customer and the enterprise was now mediated by a new connectivity — an impersonal and systematized computer-driven regime now moved goods and assessed credit, replacing the old fusion between the social network and the firm. Net shopping, retailing, e-commerce, and a host of other epithets were applied to the new economy, driven by technical factors including the ubiquity and scale of computer power, personal computer ownership and networks, and the growth of the Internet.Less
This chapter outlines the complex processes which sparked the ‘revolution’ in retailing and assesses the depth and nature of its impact, before exploring the place of the traditional mail order firm in this new world of shopping. The mail order industry established home shopping at the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century, the mail order industry had gone through a series of radical changes. The relationship between the customer and the enterprise was now mediated by a new connectivity — an impersonal and systematized computer-driven regime now moved goods and assessed credit, replacing the old fusion between the social network and the firm. Net shopping, retailing, e-commerce, and a host of other epithets were applied to the new economy, driven by technical factors including the ubiquity and scale of computer power, personal computer ownership and networks, and the growth of the Internet.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when ...
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This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when to use cross-couponing strategies, how to allow for production capacity constraints, and how to reward managers of multidivisional firms when cross-couponing strategies are used. It analyzes why many bundling strategies fail in the marketplace; in addition, it proposes new metrics for measuring consumers' willingness to pay for products and bundles.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can use marketing-finance fusion to choose bundling strategies to increase its performance. Topics covered include: how to price interdependent products, how and when to use cross-couponing strategies, how to allow for production capacity constraints, and how to reward managers of multidivisional firms when cross-couponing strategies are used. It analyzes why many bundling strategies fail in the marketplace; in addition, it proposes new metrics for measuring consumers' willingness to pay for products and bundles.
Virginie Guiraudon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199283958
- eISBN:
- 9780191603297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199283958.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early ...
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The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early 1980s, national officials in charge of migration sought to avoid judicial constraints and conflicting bureaucratic views that that were experiencing at the national level. They consequently moved to relocate some of their decision-making to a secretive intergovernmental forum at the EU level. This chapter develops this analysis of motives for cooperation at the EU level in terms of political ‘venue shopping’.Less
The transfer of competence in areas considered emblematic of national sovereignty, like immigration and citizenship, should be a litmus test of the ‘polity’ ambitions of the EU. As of the early 1980s, national officials in charge of migration sought to avoid judicial constraints and conflicting bureaucratic views that that were experiencing at the national level. They consequently moved to relocate some of their decision-making to a secretive intergovernmental forum at the EU level. This chapter develops this analysis of motives for cooperation at the EU level in terms of political ‘venue shopping’.
Gerardo Patriotta
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275243
- eISBN:
- 9780191719684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275243.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter looks at the sense-making processes through which narratives in the workplace lead to the creation and institutionalization of organizational knowledge. The setting is the stamping shop ...
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This chapter looks at the sense-making processes through which narratives in the workplace lead to the creation and institutionalization of organizational knowledge. The setting is the stamping shop of an automotive plant. The focus of the inquiry is on how a best performing team deals with disruption on the shop floor. In contrast to Melfi, the Mirafiori Pressing plant incarnates a highly institutionalized context, characterized by an experienced workforce, consolidated and often opaque work practices, and distinctive cultural tradition.Less
This chapter looks at the sense-making processes through which narratives in the workplace lead to the creation and institutionalization of organizational knowledge. The setting is the stamping shop of an automotive plant. The focus of the inquiry is on how a best performing team deals with disruption on the shop floor. In contrast to Melfi, the Mirafiori Pressing plant incarnates a highly institutionalized context, characterized by an experienced workforce, consolidated and often opaque work practices, and distinctive cultural tradition.
Nora Rose Moosnick
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813136219
- eISBN:
- 9780813136851
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136219.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Arabs and Jews are thought to inhabit the Middle East or urban areas in the United States, not Kentucky or other out of the way locales. Arab and Jewish Women in Kentucky: Stories of Accommodation ...
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Arabs and Jews are thought to inhabit the Middle East or urban areas in the United States, not Kentucky or other out of the way locales. Arab and Jewish Women in Kentucky: Stories of Accommodation and Audacity explores the untold accounts of ten Arab and Jewish women who managed in the past and currently their unique identities tending to both their religious/ethnic traditions and acculturating to Kentucky ways. In the details of women's stories, ties between Arabs and Jews not in the Middle East, but middle America, emerge. Common ground surfaces displaying Arab and Jewish women with similar tales of women openly and publicly serving their communities, of mother-daughter relations, of the agility necessitated to work, mother, and be an active community member, and of what it meant to be an Arab and Jewish mother nearly a century ago. Associations materialize in the women's tales, underscoring that lives evolve relationally between generations, mothers and daughters, mothers and sons, aunts and nephews, grandmothers and granddaughters, and within and between communities. Narratives about immigrant groups becoming American traditionally spotlight one group at a time, and not in correspondence to other groups. Through the lens of women's lives, the relational links between Arabs and Jews, individuals and communities, and generations become apparent.Less
Arabs and Jews are thought to inhabit the Middle East or urban areas in the United States, not Kentucky or other out of the way locales. Arab and Jewish Women in Kentucky: Stories of Accommodation and Audacity explores the untold accounts of ten Arab and Jewish women who managed in the past and currently their unique identities tending to both their religious/ethnic traditions and acculturating to Kentucky ways. In the details of women's stories, ties between Arabs and Jews not in the Middle East, but middle America, emerge. Common ground surfaces displaying Arab and Jewish women with similar tales of women openly and publicly serving their communities, of mother-daughter relations, of the agility necessitated to work, mother, and be an active community member, and of what it meant to be an Arab and Jewish mother nearly a century ago. Associations materialize in the women's tales, underscoring that lives evolve relationally between generations, mothers and daughters, mothers and sons, aunts and nephews, grandmothers and granddaughters, and within and between communities. Narratives about immigrant groups becoming American traditionally spotlight one group at a time, and not in correspondence to other groups. Through the lens of women's lives, the relational links between Arabs and Jews, individuals and communities, and generations become apparent.
Yuval Shany
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274284
- eISBN:
- 9780191718090
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274284.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international ...
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Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international actors to subject themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of international adjudicative mechanisms. However, because of the uncoordinated nature of these developments, overlaps between the jurisdictional ambits of the different judicial bodies might occur, i.e., the same dispute could fall under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordination between the various jurisdictions. The purpose of this book is to explore the implications of jurisdictional competition and to identify standards that may alleviate problems associated with the phenomenon, which arguably threatens the unity of international law. The first part of the book examines the jurisdictional ambits of the principal international courts and tribunals and delineates areas of overlap between their respective jurisdictions. There follows a discussion of some of the potential systematic and practical problems that arise out of jurisdictional competition (such as forum shopping and multiple proceedings) and a consideration of the expediency of mitigating them. The book concludes by identifying existing rules of international law, which govern inter-jurisdictional competition, and by considering the desirability of introducing additional norms and arrangements.Less
Recent years have witnessed a sharp increase in the number of international courts and tribunals (WTO, NAFTA, ITLOS, ICC, etc.) and greater willingness on the part of states and other international actors to subject themselves to the compulsory jurisdiction of international adjudicative mechanisms. However, because of the uncoordinated nature of these developments, overlaps between the jurisdictional ambits of the different judicial bodies might occur, i.e., the same dispute could fall under the jurisdiction of more than one forum. This raises both theoretical and practical issues of coordination between the various jurisdictions. The purpose of this book is to explore the implications of jurisdictional competition and to identify standards that may alleviate problems associated with the phenomenon, which arguably threatens the unity of international law. The first part of the book examines the jurisdictional ambits of the principal international courts and tribunals and delineates areas of overlap between their respective jurisdictions. There follows a discussion of some of the potential systematic and practical problems that arise out of jurisdictional competition (such as forum shopping and multiple proceedings) and a consideration of the expediency of mitigating them. The book concludes by identifying existing rules of international law, which govern inter-jurisdictional competition, and by considering the desirability of introducing additional norms and arrangements.
Erin A. O'Hara and Larry E. Ribstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312898
- eISBN:
- 9780199871025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312898.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the essential elements of a law market and jurisdictional competition—that is, ways that governing laws can be chosen by people and firms rather than mandated by states. This ...
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This chapter discusses the essential elements of a law market and jurisdictional competition—that is, ways that governing laws can be chosen by people and firms rather than mandated by states. This choice is created by the mobility of at least some people, firms, and assets and the incentives of at least some states to compete for people, firms, and their assets by creating desired laws. On the “buyer” side of the market, parties “shopping” for law have created their own market by using several mechanisms for avoiding costly regulation. On the “seller” side, party shopping creates incentives on the part of some interest groups to push for laws that favor contracting, and therefore to resist interest groups that favor regulation. The chapter also begins to demonstrate the law market at work though evidence of the output of these market interactions, including judicial decisions favoring enforcement of choice-of-law clauses.Less
This chapter discusses the essential elements of a law market and jurisdictional competition—that is, ways that governing laws can be chosen by people and firms rather than mandated by states. This choice is created by the mobility of at least some people, firms, and assets and the incentives of at least some states to compete for people, firms, and their assets by creating desired laws. On the “buyer” side of the market, parties “shopping” for law have created their own market by using several mechanisms for avoiding costly regulation. On the “seller” side, party shopping creates incentives on the part of some interest groups to push for laws that favor contracting, and therefore to resist interest groups that favor regulation. The chapter also begins to demonstrate the law market at work though evidence of the output of these market interactions, including judicial decisions favoring enforcement of choice-of-law clauses.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The author describes the city of London and is amazed by its magnificent buildings, St. James's Park, and even the streets and shops. He notes the river flowing through its midst, as well as the city ...
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The author describes the city of London and is amazed by its magnificent buildings, St. James's Park, and even the streets and shops. He notes the river flowing through its midst, as well as the city fort called the Tower, which is built of black stone and is very strong. In it are numerous armouries. London is also home to numerous edifices of brick, while the churches, both old and new, are generally constructed of stone. Amongst them is St. Paul's Cathedral, renowned for its size and beauty. Another noteworthy building is Westminster Abbey, which was built by a king of Denmark.Less
The author describes the city of London and is amazed by its magnificent buildings, St. James's Park, and even the streets and shops. He notes the river flowing through its midst, as well as the city fort called the Tower, which is built of black stone and is very strong. In it are numerous armouries. London is also home to numerous edifices of brick, while the churches, both old and new, are generally constructed of stone. Amongst them is St. Paul's Cathedral, renowned for its size and beauty. Another noteworthy building is Westminster Abbey, which was built by a king of Denmark.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146119
- eISBN:
- 9781400836246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146119.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities ...
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This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities became increasingly common during World War II and in the 1950s as the farm population declined. As the farm population dwindled, people fleeing the region entirely or gravitating to Dallas and Houston (where new jobs were more abundant) became a more likely scenario. The chapter explains how this reshuffling led to the emptying of farms and small towns and also to the rise of new centers of population, not in the cities but adjacent to them. It also considers how edge cities have become an important feature of social life in the Middle West. It shows that edge cities were not only communities of housing developments and shopping malls, but also the location of the region's growing industrial sector.Less
This chapter examines the growth of sprawling suburbs and exurbs around the Middle West's largest cities. Housing developments on the outskirts of Wichita, Omaha, St. Louis, and a few other cities became increasingly common during World War II and in the 1950s as the farm population declined. As the farm population dwindled, people fleeing the region entirely or gravitating to Dallas and Houston (where new jobs were more abundant) became a more likely scenario. The chapter explains how this reshuffling led to the emptying of farms and small towns and also to the rise of new centers of population, not in the cities but adjacent to them. It also considers how edge cities have become an important feature of social life in the Middle West. It shows that edge cities were not only communities of housing developments and shopping malls, but also the location of the region's growing industrial sector.
Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.04
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the extensive manufacturing activities of medieval London: in particular cloth-working of all kinds, leather working, tailoring, and metalworking, especially the manufacture of ...
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This chapter examines the extensive manufacturing activities of medieval London: in particular cloth-working of all kinds, leather working, tailoring, and metalworking, especially the manufacture of pewter goods and high-quality gold and silver objects. It considers the key role played by Londoners in distributing throughout England their own manufactured goods as well as the numerous imported wares brought to the city, and also the process whereby the buying and selling of goods moved away from the great fairs into permanent shops in towns, especially in London.Less
This chapter examines the extensive manufacturing activities of medieval London: in particular cloth-working of all kinds, leather working, tailoring, and metalworking, especially the manufacture of pewter goods and high-quality gold and silver objects. It considers the key role played by Londoners in distributing throughout England their own manufactured goods as well as the numerous imported wares brought to the city, and also the process whereby the buying and selling of goods moved away from the great fairs into permanent shops in towns, especially in London.
Philip Lambert
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195390070
- eISBN:
- 9780199863570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390070.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition, Popular
This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film ...
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This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film The Shop Around the Corner. The resulting Broadway musical, She Loves Me, was a box office failure but a critical success, recognized for the warmth and ingenuity of its songs and its artful integration of music and drama. The show has grown in stature, especially among the theatrical community, since the 1963 premiere and was revived on Broadway in 1993. Bock and Harnick also wrote seven songs during this period for To Broadway With Love, a musical extravaganza produced at the 1964 World’s Fair.Less
This chapter follows the careers of Bock and Harnick through the early 1960s, when they collaborated with writer Joseph Masteroff and director Harold Prince on an adaptation of Ernst Lubitsch’s film The Shop Around the Corner. The resulting Broadway musical, She Loves Me, was a box office failure but a critical success, recognized for the warmth and ingenuity of its songs and its artful integration of music and drama. The show has grown in stature, especially among the theatrical community, since the 1963 premiere and was revived on Broadway in 1993. Bock and Harnick also wrote seven songs during this period for To Broadway With Love, a musical extravaganza produced at the 1964 World’s Fair.
Elizabeth Outka
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372694
- eISBN:
- 9780199871704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372694.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter moves from the department stores discussed in the previous chapter to the individual consumer gaze, examining the rapid growth and cultural importance of carefully constructed displays ...
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This chapter moves from the department stores discussed in the previous chapter to the individual consumer gaze, examining the rapid growth and cultural importance of carefully constructed displays of “authentic” goods. The early writings of Virginia Woolf, including her novel Night and Day, structure the analysis of window shopping and self-fashioning before and after World War I. Both the fictional and the actual displays left behind the crowded, though often lavish, arrangements of the Victorian store window to present less cluttered exhibits with clean lines and single objects. The chapter explores how Selfridges, Woolf, and the new window displays satisfied in different ways some of the contradictory desires of the modern subject: the longing for the noncommercial, the pleasure in distinguishing between high and low culture, and a modern wish to acknowledge and even celebrate the constructed nature of this satisfaction. These very desires became a critical part of the modernist project, as such strategies promised to transcend distinctions between the “authentic” and the mass-produced, between an aesthetic modernism and a commercial modernity.Less
This chapter moves from the department stores discussed in the previous chapter to the individual consumer gaze, examining the rapid growth and cultural importance of carefully constructed displays of “authentic” goods. The early writings of Virginia Woolf, including her novel Night and Day, structure the analysis of window shopping and self-fashioning before and after World War I. Both the fictional and the actual displays left behind the crowded, though often lavish, arrangements of the Victorian store window to present less cluttered exhibits with clean lines and single objects. The chapter explores how Selfridges, Woolf, and the new window displays satisfied in different ways some of the contradictory desires of the modern subject: the longing for the noncommercial, the pleasure in distinguishing between high and low culture, and a modern wish to acknowledge and even celebrate the constructed nature of this satisfaction. These very desires became a critical part of the modernist project, as such strategies promised to transcend distinctions between the “authentic” and the mass-produced, between an aesthetic modernism and a commercial modernity.
Selina Todd
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199282753
- eISBN:
- 9780191712494
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282753.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book gives an account of young women's lives, challenges, and existing assumptions about working class life and womanhood in England between the end of the First World War and the beginning of ...
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This book gives an account of young women's lives, challenges, and existing assumptions about working class life and womanhood in England between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the 1950s. While contemporaries commonly portrayed young women as pleasure-loving leisure consumers, this book argues that the world of work was in fact central to their life experiences. Social and economic history are woven together to examine the working, family, and social lives of the maids, factory workers, shop assistants, and clerks who made up the majority of England's young women. The book traces the complex interaction between class, gender, and locale that shaped young women's roles at work and home, indicating that paid work structured people's lives more profoundly than many social histories suggest. Rich autobiographical accounts show that while poverty continued to constrain life choices, young women also made their own history. Far from being apathetic workers or pliant consumers, they forged new patterns of occupational and social mobility, and were important breadwinners in working class homes. They also developed a distinct youth culture, not only through discerning consumption of fashion, cinema, and dance halls, but also as workplace militants. In doing so, they helped to shape 20th-century society.Less
This book gives an account of young women's lives, challenges, and existing assumptions about working class life and womanhood in England between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the 1950s. While contemporaries commonly portrayed young women as pleasure-loving leisure consumers, this book argues that the world of work was in fact central to their life experiences. Social and economic history are woven together to examine the working, family, and social lives of the maids, factory workers, shop assistants, and clerks who made up the majority of England's young women. The book traces the complex interaction between class, gender, and locale that shaped young women's roles at work and home, indicating that paid work structured people's lives more profoundly than many social histories suggest. Rich autobiographical accounts show that while poverty continued to constrain life choices, young women also made their own history. Far from being apathetic workers or pliant consumers, they forged new patterns of occupational and social mobility, and were important breadwinners in working class homes. They also developed a distinct youth culture, not only through discerning consumption of fashion, cinema, and dance halls, but also as workplace militants. In doing so, they helped to shape 20th-century society.
David P. Auerswald and Stephen M. Saideman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159386
- eISBN:
- 9781400848676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159386.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the 2011 intervention in Libya, a conflict begun as a coalition of the willing that later evolved into a NATO intervention. Many of the same dynamics appeared in Libya as ...
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This chapter explores the 2011 intervention in Libya, a conflict begun as a coalition of the willing that later evolved into a NATO intervention. Many of the same dynamics appeared in Libya as occurred in Afghanistan. Presidential and majoritarian parliamentary governments had wide discretion to act as they saw fit. Coalition governments were constrained by their need to maintain parliamentary confidence. Two other interesting findings were apparent in Libya. First, the intervention was a dramatic example of multilateral forum shopping, with the main participants trying two alternative organizational arrangements during the intervention. The fact that they settled on the NATO mechanism holds promise for the alliance's future. Second, the Libya case highlights some of the nuances required when explaining parliamentary coalition behavior, particularly with regard to the coalition's ideology and the viability of alternative governing coalitions.Less
This chapter explores the 2011 intervention in Libya, a conflict begun as a coalition of the willing that later evolved into a NATO intervention. Many of the same dynamics appeared in Libya as occurred in Afghanistan. Presidential and majoritarian parliamentary governments had wide discretion to act as they saw fit. Coalition governments were constrained by their need to maintain parliamentary confidence. Two other interesting findings were apparent in Libya. First, the intervention was a dramatic example of multilateral forum shopping, with the main participants trying two alternative organizational arrangements during the intervention. The fact that they settled on the NATO mechanism holds promise for the alliance's future. Second, the Libya case highlights some of the nuances required when explaining parliamentary coalition behavior, particularly with regard to the coalition's ideology and the viability of alternative governing coalitions.
David P. Auerswald and Stephen M. Saideman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159386
- eISBN:
- 9781400848676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159386.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter identifies the implications of this book's study for both future research and policy makers. One implication of this study is the shedding of light on the forum-shopping ...
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This concluding chapter identifies the implications of this book's study for both future research and policy makers. One implication of this study is the shedding of light on the forum-shopping process associated with military interventions. Forum shopping occurs when countries have more than one option from which to choose when deciding whether and how to intervene. The experiences of Afghanistan and Libya show that while there may be other outlets for multilateral military operations, NATO, despite its limitations, is almost always the preferred intervention forum for its member states. The second set of implications deals with the use of principal-agency theory in civil–military relations. Ultimately, the cases of Afghanistan and Libya are ideal for comparative analysis on how countries react to various domestic and international pressures.Less
This concluding chapter identifies the implications of this book's study for both future research and policy makers. One implication of this study is the shedding of light on the forum-shopping process associated with military interventions. Forum shopping occurs when countries have more than one option from which to choose when deciding whether and how to intervene. The experiences of Afghanistan and Libya show that while there may be other outlets for multilateral military operations, NATO, despite its limitations, is almost always the preferred intervention forum for its member states. The second set of implications deals with the use of principal-agency theory in civil–military relations. Ultimately, the cases of Afghanistan and Libya are ideal for comparative analysis on how countries react to various domestic and international pressures.
Selina Todd
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199282753
- eISBN:
- 9780191712494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282753.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the centrality of paid work to young women's lives, and the expansion in their employment opportunities following the First World War, which accelerated further during the 1930s ...
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This chapter examines the centrality of paid work to young women's lives, and the expansion in their employment opportunities following the First World War, which accelerated further during the 1930s and particularly by the Second World War. Employment patterns among domestic servants, factory workers, shop assistants, and clerks are traced using the Census, while Ministry of Labour data are used to analyse changes in wages and earnings. Personal testimonies highlight the importance of work in daily life.Less
This chapter examines the centrality of paid work to young women's lives, and the expansion in their employment opportunities following the First World War, which accelerated further during the 1930s and particularly by the Second World War. Employment patterns among domestic servants, factory workers, shop assistants, and clerks are traced using the Census, while Ministry of Labour data are used to analyse changes in wages and earnings. Personal testimonies highlight the importance of work in daily life.
Joan Mickelson Gaughan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198092148
- eISBN:
- 9780199082780
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198092148.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports ...
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In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports for the men to whom they were attached. Ultimately, they would play both roles but also carve out their own as well. Beginning in the 1650s, hoping to counteract the influence of Catholic, primarily Portuguese, women, the Directors lifted its earlier ban and sent out the first ‘fishing fleets’ hoping that the presence of English women would improve morals and provide Protestant progeny in their factories. Besides marriage, women also became partners with their husbands in trade, as well as operating businesses of their own. The period from 1757 to about 1800 witnessed the arrival of more women who came out to India to ‘fish’ for wealthy nabobs. As in the earlier period, women could be engaged in other economic ventures, specifically the managing of taverns, millinery shops, and boarding schools. By the end of the century, however, all three sources of economic independence had disappeared. The fact of empire, however, allowed women in the early nineteenth century to not only take active roles in the area of missionary work but to explore India far more fully than they had ever been able to before. Their journals, letters, diaries, and commentaries indicate curiosity and often affection for India on the one hand, but also, about two decades before the Mutiny, a closing of their minds.Less
In 1615, the Directors of the East India Company saw only two roles that women might play in India—either they would encumber what the Company was about or they could be spiritual emotional supports for the men to whom they were attached. Ultimately, they would play both roles but also carve out their own as well. Beginning in the 1650s, hoping to counteract the influence of Catholic, primarily Portuguese, women, the Directors lifted its earlier ban and sent out the first ‘fishing fleets’ hoping that the presence of English women would improve morals and provide Protestant progeny in their factories. Besides marriage, women also became partners with their husbands in trade, as well as operating businesses of their own. The period from 1757 to about 1800 witnessed the arrival of more women who came out to India to ‘fish’ for wealthy nabobs. As in the earlier period, women could be engaged in other economic ventures, specifically the managing of taverns, millinery shops, and boarding schools. By the end of the century, however, all three sources of economic independence had disappeared. The fact of empire, however, allowed women in the early nineteenth century to not only take active roles in the area of missionary work but to explore India far more fully than they had ever been able to before. Their journals, letters, diaries, and commentaries indicate curiosity and often affection for India on the one hand, but also, about two decades before the Mutiny, a closing of their minds.
Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, ...
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One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, and purchase to order from producers. The chapter begins by examining a breakdown of the Le Stranges’ domestic expenditure patterns, finding that most money was spent on food and textiles. The role of occasional urban shopping trips is reconstructed through records of travel to London, Norwich and King’s Lynn. The examination of how clothing and furnishings, and food, were acquired allows methods of acquisition to be examined in detail, including reliance on local workers such as knitters and weavers, specialist craftsmen, agricultural production and the gift economy in food.Less
One of the characteristics of the early seventeenth-century economy is that goods were rarely purchased ready-made. Instead they were acquired by a variety of routes such as home production, gifts, and purchase to order from producers. The chapter begins by examining a breakdown of the Le Stranges’ domestic expenditure patterns, finding that most money was spent on food and textiles. The role of occasional urban shopping trips is reconstructed through records of travel to London, Norwich and King’s Lynn. The examination of how clothing and furnishings, and food, were acquired allows methods of acquisition to be examined in detail, including reliance on local workers such as knitters and weavers, specialist craftsmen, agricultural production and the gift economy in food.
Claire Holleran
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698219
- eISBN:
- 9780191741326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698219.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This introductory chapter sets out the central concerns and questions of the book, contending that while a thriving retail trade was essential for the functioning and survival of the city of Rome, ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the central concerns and questions of the book, contending that while a thriving retail trade was essential for the functioning and survival of the city of Rome, this crucial sector of the urban economy has been largely neglected in previous scholarship. The attitude of this book towards retailers is considered, and the impact of this attitude on the nature of the source material relating to the retail trade is explored. A brief summary of the book as a whole emphasises the thriving nature of the retail trade and its diversity, encompassing various modes of retail, from shops and workshops, to markets, auctions, and street traders.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the central concerns and questions of the book, contending that while a thriving retail trade was essential for the functioning and survival of the city of Rome, this crucial sector of the urban economy has been largely neglected in previous scholarship. The attitude of this book towards retailers is considered, and the impact of this attitude on the nature of the source material relating to the retail trade is explored. A brief summary of the book as a whole emphasises the thriving nature of the retail trade and its diversity, encompassing various modes of retail, from shops and workshops, to markets, auctions, and street traders.
