Charles King
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199241613
- eISBN:
- 9780191601439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241619.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Ottomans guarded the Black Sea as a great prize and, after their conquest of Constantinople, gradually restricted access by outside ships. For the first time all the sea's coasts were brought ...
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The Ottomans guarded the Black Sea as a great prize and, after their conquest of Constantinople, gradually restricted access by outside ships. For the first time all the sea's coasts were brought into a single commercial and political network. Trade, especially in slaves, enriched the empire. In time, however, the rise of the Cossacks and, later, Russia turned the sea and its northern coast into a source of insecurity.Less
The Ottomans guarded the Black Sea as a great prize and, after their conquest of Constantinople, gradually restricted access by outside ships. For the first time all the sea's coasts were brought into a single commercial and political network. Trade, especially in slaves, enriched the empire. In time, however, the rise of the Cossacks and, later, Russia turned the sea and its northern coast into a source of insecurity.
Emily Erikson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159065
- eISBN:
- 9781400850334
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159065.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The English East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organizations in history. This book locates the source of that success in the innovative policy by which the Company's Court ...
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The English East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organizations in history. This book locates the source of that success in the innovative policy by which the Company's Court of Directors granted employees the right to pursue their own commercial interests while in the firm's employment. Exploring trade network dynamics, decision-making processes, and ports and organizational context, the book demonstrates why the English East India Company was a dominant force in the expansion of trade between Europe and Asia, and it sheds light on the related problems of why England experienced rapid economic development and how the relationship between Europe and Asia shifted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although the Company held a monopoly on English overseas trade to Asia, the Court of Directors extended the right to trade in Asia to their employees, creating an unusual situation in which employees worked both for themselves and for the Company as overseas merchants. Building on the organizational infrastructure of the Company and the sophisticated commercial institutions of the markets of the East, employees constructed a cohesive internal network of peer communications that directed English trading ships during their voyages. This network integrated Company operations, encouraged innovation, and increased the Company's flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness to local circumstance. The book highlights the dynamic potential of social networks in the early modern era.Less
The English East India Company was one of the most powerful and enduring organizations in history. This book locates the source of that success in the innovative policy by which the Company's Court of Directors granted employees the right to pursue their own commercial interests while in the firm's employment. Exploring trade network dynamics, decision-making processes, and ports and organizational context, the book demonstrates why the English East India Company was a dominant force in the expansion of trade between Europe and Asia, and it sheds light on the related problems of why England experienced rapid economic development and how the relationship between Europe and Asia shifted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although the Company held a monopoly on English overseas trade to Asia, the Court of Directors extended the right to trade in Asia to their employees, creating an unusual situation in which employees worked both for themselves and for the Company as overseas merchants. Building on the organizational infrastructure of the Company and the sophisticated commercial institutions of the markets of the East, employees constructed a cohesive internal network of peer communications that directed English trading ships during their voyages. This network integrated Company operations, encouraged innovation, and increased the Company's flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness to local circumstance. The book highlights the dynamic potential of social networks in the early modern era.
Gordon Read and Michael Stammers (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588573
- eISBN:
- 9781786944863
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588573.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This guide covers the following major collections hosted at the Merseyside Maritime Museum:- records deposited or presented under the 1958 Public Records Act; official organisations, including the ...
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This guide covers the following major collections hosted at the Merseyside Maritime Museum:- records deposited or presented under the 1958 Public Records Act; official organisations, including the Merseyside Docks and Harbour Board (MDHB), antecedents, and successors; shipping and trade associations; and shipowners. Other, smaller categories are published in the accompanying Part II (Vol 17 of Research in Maritime History, ISBN: -0-9681288-7-4) and together they form a comprehensive catalogue of contents. The guide summarises each collections as follows:- a brief historical introduction; a list of main items; an archival code; a datespan; a quantity of records; and a reference to any key printed sources held in the museum’s Reading Room. The museum archives are made up of crucial maritime documentation and are an invaluable resource for maritime historians. The museum focuses primarily on Liverpool due to its previous status as the second major port of the United Kingdom, it also houses a great deal of national and international records in a vast variety of media.Less
This guide covers the following major collections hosted at the Merseyside Maritime Museum:- records deposited or presented under the 1958 Public Records Act; official organisations, including the Merseyside Docks and Harbour Board (MDHB), antecedents, and successors; shipping and trade associations; and shipowners. Other, smaller categories are published in the accompanying Part II (Vol 17 of Research in Maritime History, ISBN: -0-9681288-7-4) and together they form a comprehensive catalogue of contents. The guide summarises each collections as follows:- a brief historical introduction; a list of main items; an archival code; a datespan; a quantity of records; and a reference to any key printed sources held in the museum’s Reading Room. The museum archives are made up of crucial maritime documentation and are an invaluable resource for maritime historians. The museum focuses primarily on Liverpool due to its previous status as the second major port of the United Kingdom, it also houses a great deal of national and international records in a vast variety of media.
Robin M. Leichenko and Karen L. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177329
- eISBN:
- 9780199869800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter explores linkages and feedbacks between global environmental change and globalization. It first shows how interactions between the two processes may enhance global connectivities and ...
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This chapter explores linkages and feedbacks between global environmental change and globalization. It first shows how interactions between the two processes may enhance global connectivities and contribute to accelerating rates of global change. It then presents a case study of feedback double exposure in the arctic region. The Arctic is changing rapidly as the result of both climate change and the expansion of international shipping. Direct linkages between the processes emerge because climate change-related reductions in sea ice open new shipping routes and provide greater access to the oil and gas resources of the region. Feedbacks may occur as consumption of the region's oil and gas leads to further increases in greenhouse emissions and further arctic melting. The case shows how efforts to exploit the benefits of climate change and globalization without considering the feedbacks may lead to an acceleration of both processes, with significant implications for sustainability.Less
This chapter explores linkages and feedbacks between global environmental change and globalization. It first shows how interactions between the two processes may enhance global connectivities and contribute to accelerating rates of global change. It then presents a case study of feedback double exposure in the arctic region. The Arctic is changing rapidly as the result of both climate change and the expansion of international shipping. Direct linkages between the processes emerge because climate change-related reductions in sea ice open new shipping routes and provide greater access to the oil and gas resources of the region. Feedbacks may occur as consumption of the region's oil and gas leads to further increases in greenhouse emissions and further arctic melting. The case shows how efforts to exploit the benefits of climate change and globalization without considering the feedbacks may lead to an acceleration of both processes, with significant implications for sustainability.
Lewis R. Fischer and Even Lange (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780973893472
- eISBN:
- 9781786944573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893472.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, ...
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This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.Less
This book compiles seven essays concerning changes to merchant shipping over the hundred and fifty years between 1850 and 2000, and spanning a range of countries, with particular focus on Norway, Greece, Japan, and England. The essays are linked by the theme of change: from traditional to modern shipping; in fluctuating cargo demands; from sail to steam; wood to iron; in improvements in communication technologies; in political natures and affiliations; in seafaring skillsets; in the advent of containerisation and advent of globalisation. The overall aim is to construct a solid international context for the merchant shipping industry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - primarily to aid a major Norwegian deep-sea merchant marine project. The book contains an introduction that sets out these aims, and seven essays by maritime historians which form part of the international contextual whole, though all can be approached individually.
Gordon Boyce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497391
- eISBN:
- 9781786944450
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497391.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book is an in-depth case study of the Furness Withy and Co Shipping Group, which operated both tramp and liner services and was one of the five major British shipping groups of the early ...
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This book is an in-depth case study of the Furness Withy and Co Shipping Group, which operated both tramp and liner services and was one of the five major British shipping groups of the early twentieth century. It demonstrates how British shipowners of this period generated success by exploring Christopher Furness’ career in relation to the social, political, and cultural currents during a time of tremendous shipping growth in Britain and the establishment of some of the largest shipping firms in the world. It approaches the study from three angles. The first analyses how the Furness Group expanded its shipping activities and became involved with the industrial sector. The second illustrates the organisational and financial structure of the enterprise. Finally, the Group’s leadership and entrepreneurship is scrutinised and placed within the wider context of twentieth century British business. The case study begins in 1870, with an introduction explaining how Christopher Furness came to join the family company, Thomas Furness and Co. in order develop services, expand, and instigate the changes and mergers that brought the Furness Group into existence. There are thirteen chronologically presented chapters, a bibliography, and seven appendices of data including an ownership timeline, tonnage statistics, acquisitions, a list of maritime associates, and a timeline of Christopher Furness’ life. The book concludes in 1919 with the de-merging of the Furness Group’s shipping and industrial holdings, the resignation of the Furness family from the company’s board, the sale of their shares, and the move into managing the firm’s industrial interests.Less
This book is an in-depth case study of the Furness Withy and Co Shipping Group, which operated both tramp and liner services and was one of the five major British shipping groups of the early twentieth century. It demonstrates how British shipowners of this period generated success by exploring Christopher Furness’ career in relation to the social, political, and cultural currents during a time of tremendous shipping growth in Britain and the establishment of some of the largest shipping firms in the world. It approaches the study from three angles. The first analyses how the Furness Group expanded its shipping activities and became involved with the industrial sector. The second illustrates the organisational and financial structure of the enterprise. Finally, the Group’s leadership and entrepreneurship is scrutinised and placed within the wider context of twentieth century British business. The case study begins in 1870, with an introduction explaining how Christopher Furness came to join the family company, Thomas Furness and Co. in order develop services, expand, and instigate the changes and mergers that brought the Furness Group into existence. There are thirteen chronologically presented chapters, a bibliography, and seven appendices of data including an ownership timeline, tonnage statistics, acquisitions, a list of maritime associates, and a timeline of Christopher Furness’ life. The book concludes in 1919 with the de-merging of the Furness Group’s shipping and industrial holdings, the resignation of the Furness family from the company’s board, the sale of their shares, and the move into managing the firm’s industrial interests.
Phillip Hichborn
William Thiesen (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034379
- eISBN:
- 9780813039374
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034379.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book recounts a harrowing 1860 clipper ship passage from Boston to San Francisco by way of Cape Horn, as recorded by Philip Hichborn, the ship's carpenter, in his journal. On board the Dashing ...
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This book recounts a harrowing 1860 clipper ship passage from Boston to San Francisco by way of Cape Horn, as recorded by Philip Hichborn, the ship's carpenter, in his journal. On board the Dashing Wave, even the disagreeable food was a blessing as it distracted the crew from the oppressive cruelty of the elements. The weather and heavy seas of Cape Horn pushed the sailors to their physical limits and often punctuated their watches with moments of despair, amazement, and fear. Hichborn would later rise to become a major figure in the U.S. Navy, but on this, his first voyage, he was still unfamiliar with life aboard ship. As ship's carpenter, he was not obligated to stand watch at night, giving him unique opportunities to observe and make notes on an extraordinary cruise that weathered devastating gales, ice, and snow; the death of a crew member; and a near mutiny. Most accounts of seafaring are written by captains, mates, or members of the forecastle crew, but this account captures life aboard a nineteenth-century tall ship from the point of view of a landsman. As such, it lays bare the social and professional interactions of a team of strangers stressed to the point of rebellion and murder—revealing that the rigid traditional hierarchy of a ship could be challenged by a man of skill and personality.Less
This book recounts a harrowing 1860 clipper ship passage from Boston to San Francisco by way of Cape Horn, as recorded by Philip Hichborn, the ship's carpenter, in his journal. On board the Dashing Wave, even the disagreeable food was a blessing as it distracted the crew from the oppressive cruelty of the elements. The weather and heavy seas of Cape Horn pushed the sailors to their physical limits and often punctuated their watches with moments of despair, amazement, and fear. Hichborn would later rise to become a major figure in the U.S. Navy, but on this, his first voyage, he was still unfamiliar with life aboard ship. As ship's carpenter, he was not obligated to stand watch at night, giving him unique opportunities to observe and make notes on an extraordinary cruise that weathered devastating gales, ice, and snow; the death of a crew member; and a near mutiny. Most accounts of seafaring are written by captains, mates, or members of the forecastle crew, but this account captures life aboard a nineteenth-century tall ship from the point of view of a landsman. As such, it lays bare the social and professional interactions of a team of strangers stressed to the point of rebellion and murder—revealing that the rigid traditional hierarchy of a ship could be challenged by a man of skill and personality.
Stanley L. Engerman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter deals with the background and implementation of the registration of slaves on the island of Trinidad after 1813. Registration was introduced by James Stephen in the British Colonial ...
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This chapter deals with the background and implementation of the registration of slaves on the island of Trinidad after 1813. Registration was introduced by James Stephen in the British Colonial Office as a means of limiting the inflow of slaves in the illegal slave trade. Slave registration was extended to the other British colonies and then extended every three years until the end of slavery in 1834. Other registrations of slaves are noted, including the manifests of the coastal shipping of slaves in the USA after 1808.Less
This chapter deals with the background and implementation of the registration of slaves on the island of Trinidad after 1813. Registration was introduced by James Stephen in the British Colonial Office as a means of limiting the inflow of slaves in the illegal slave trade. Slave registration was extended to the other British colonies and then extended every three years until the end of slavery in 1834. Other registrations of slaves are noted, including the manifests of the coastal shipping of slaves in the USA after 1808.
Benjamin Sammons
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375688
- eISBN:
- 9780199871599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375688.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter examines the famous “Catalogue of Ships” from Iliad (2.484–760). It argues that the catalogue functions as a kind of episode that caps off the narrative and thematic structure of Book 2. ...
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This chapter examines the famous “Catalogue of Ships” from Iliad (2.484–760). It argues that the catalogue functions as a kind of episode that caps off the narrative and thematic structure of Book 2. The difficulties of the catalogue’s introduction, usually taken as a testament to the bard’s close relationship to the Muses, at the same time establish the poet as an autonomous and responsible agent. The problems of the invocation are reflected by peculiarities of the catalogue itself; these call into question the breadth of the poet’s undertaking and his own traditional role as guardian of memory and kleos, such that the poet uses his catalogue to explore some of the problems inherent to epic as a genre. In the final part of the catalogue, which includes Achilles’ entry, there is a fundamental change that addresses these problems and repositions the poet’s own story in relation to the larger tradition.Less
This chapter examines the famous “Catalogue of Ships” from Iliad (2.484–760). It argues that the catalogue functions as a kind of episode that caps off the narrative and thematic structure of Book 2. The difficulties of the catalogue’s introduction, usually taken as a testament to the bard’s close relationship to the Muses, at the same time establish the poet as an autonomous and responsible agent. The problems of the invocation are reflected by peculiarities of the catalogue itself; these call into question the breadth of the poet’s undertaking and his own traditional role as guardian of memory and kleos, such that the poet uses his catalogue to explore some of the problems inherent to epic as a genre. In the final part of the catalogue, which includes Achilles’ entry, there is a fundamental change that addresses these problems and repositions the poet’s own story in relation to the larger tradition.
David J Starkey and Gelina Harlaftis (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128848
- eISBN:
- 9781786944801
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128848.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political ...
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This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political and economic interactions between nations. It seeks to demonstrate that the elements of shipping, internationalisation, and globalisation are intertwined. The purpose of this journal is to trace the development and examine the consequences of globalisation as it relates to maritime history. The four main issues under consideration are:- information networks and cooperation in transoceanic shipping; the expansion of markets; technological change; and the adaptability of entrepreneurs, institutions, and nation states to changing business environments. Geographically, the focus of the contributing essays splits between Europe and Japan.Less
This book is concerned with the role played by the sea transport industries in the development of global markets. It claims that the sea transport industry in fundamentally intrinsic to the political and economic interactions between nations. It seeks to demonstrate that the elements of shipping, internationalisation, and globalisation are intertwined. The purpose of this journal is to trace the development and examine the consequences of globalisation as it relates to maritime history. The four main issues under consideration are:- information networks and cooperation in transoceanic shipping; the expansion of markets; technological change; and the adaptability of entrepreneurs, institutions, and nation states to changing business environments. Geographically, the focus of the contributing essays splits between Europe and Japan.
John Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497308
- eISBN:
- 9781786944542
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497308.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a ...
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This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a thorough exploration of the British coastal trade, his specialisation, during the period of industrialisation and technological development that would lead to modern shipping. The purpose is to demonstrate the whether or not the coastal trade was the main carrier of internal trade and a pioneer of the technical developments that modernised the shipping industry. Each essay makes an original contribution to the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the fluctuating importance of the coastal trade and size of the coastal fleet over time; the relationship between coastal shipping, canals, and railways; a comparison between the coastal liner and coastal tramp trade; the significance of the river Thames in enabling trade; coastal trade economics; maritime freight rates; the early twentieth century shipping depression; competition between coastal liner companies; and a detailed study of the role of the government in coastal shipping. The book also contains case studies of the London coal trade; coastal trade through the River Dee port; and the Liverpool-Hull trade route. It contains a foreword, introduction, and bibliography of Armstrong’s writings. There is no overall conclusion, except the assertion that coastal shipping plays a tremendous role in British maritime history, and a call for further
research into the field.Less
This book collects seventeen previously published essays by John Armstrong concerning the British coastal trade. Armstrong is a leading maritime historian and the essays provided here offer a thorough exploration of the British coastal trade, his specialisation, during the period of industrialisation and technological development that would lead to modern shipping. The purpose is to demonstrate the whether or not the coastal trade was the main carrier of internal trade and a pioneer of the technical developments that modernised the shipping industry. Each essay makes an original contribution to the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the fluctuating importance of the coastal trade and size of the coastal fleet over time; the relationship between coastal shipping, canals, and railways; a comparison between the coastal liner and coastal tramp trade; the significance of the river Thames in enabling trade; coastal trade economics; maritime freight rates; the early twentieth century shipping depression; competition between coastal liner companies; and a detailed study of the role of the government in coastal shipping. The book also contains case studies of the London coal trade; coastal trade through the River Dee port; and the Liverpool-Hull trade route. It contains a foreword, introduction, and bibliography of Armstrong’s writings. There is no overall conclusion, except the assertion that coastal shipping plays a tremendous role in British maritime history, and a call for further
research into the field.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The author narrates his departure from Calcutta. He arrived at Kedjeree and embarked on board a vessel bound to Denmark. He describes the ship as well as the character of the captain and officers. ...
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The author narrates his departure from Calcutta. He arrived at Kedjeree and embarked on board a vessel bound to Denmark. He describes the ship as well as the character of the captain and officers. The ship sailed to the mouth of the river. There was an embargo. An English vessel burned while at anchor — plundered by the Danish captain. The French frigate La Forte was captured by an English frigate, both of which passed up the river. The embargo was eventually taken off. The author proceeded on his voyage.Less
The author narrates his departure from Calcutta. He arrived at Kedjeree and embarked on board a vessel bound to Denmark. He describes the ship as well as the character of the captain and officers. The ship sailed to the mouth of the river. There was an embargo. An English vessel burned while at anchor — plundered by the Danish captain. The French frigate La Forte was captured by an English frigate, both of which passed up the river. The embargo was eventually taken off. The author proceeded on his voyage.
Marc Flandreau
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199257867
- eISBN:
- 9780191601279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257868.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Chapter 2 studies the arbitrage mechanism between gold and silver monies at the national level, focusing on the French experience 1848-1870. It shows that, when the effects of the California and ...
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Chapter 2 studies the arbitrage mechanism between gold and silver monies at the national level, focusing on the French experience 1848-1870. It shows that, when the effects of the California and Australia gold discoveries combined with the existence of transaction costs contributed to a regionalization of the circulation by currency types in bimetallic economies, rather than to the displacement of silver by gold. As a result, gold became predominant in advanced regions, while silver remained in rural areas.Less
Chapter 2 studies the arbitrage mechanism between gold and silver monies at the national level, focusing on the French experience 1848-1870. It shows that, when the effects of the California and Australia gold discoveries combined with the existence of transaction costs contributed to a regionalization of the circulation by currency types in bimetallic economies, rather than to the displacement of silver by gold. As a result, gold became predominant in advanced regions, while silver remained in rural areas.
Mushirul Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198063117
- eISBN:
- 9780199080199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198063117.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter describes the author's original circumstances and the reason for his travel to Europe. He recalls how he embarked in a French ship in the Hejira year 1180 from the town of Higelee and ...
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This chapter describes the author's original circumstances and the reason for his travel to Europe. He recalls how he embarked in a French ship in the Hejira year 1180 from the town of Higelee and presents an account of the compass, winds, etc. During the reign of Nouab Jaffer Alee Khan, being on terms of intimacy with Shaikh Suleem Oollah Moonshee, and Mirza Mahomed Cassim, the Head Moonshee of the deceased Nouab, he acquired a facility in writing and reading Persian. Being young at the time, he was pleased with the prospect of an excursion to Europe, and embarked with Captain S. After a week's voyage, the Captain told him that Lord Clive had taken from him Shah Alum's letter, and intimated that the present for his Majesty of England had not yet arrived from Benares.Less
This chapter describes the author's original circumstances and the reason for his travel to Europe. He recalls how he embarked in a French ship in the Hejira year 1180 from the town of Higelee and presents an account of the compass, winds, etc. During the reign of Nouab Jaffer Alee Khan, being on terms of intimacy with Shaikh Suleem Oollah Moonshee, and Mirza Mahomed Cassim, the Head Moonshee of the deceased Nouab, he acquired a facility in writing and reading Persian. Being young at the time, he was pleased with the prospect of an excursion to Europe, and embarked with Captain S. After a week's voyage, the Captain told him that Lord Clive had taken from him Shah Alum's letter, and intimated that the present for his Majesty of England had not yet arrived from Benares.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, ...
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Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.Less
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.
Jaap R. Bruijn
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the European naval power from the late 16th to the end of the 18th centuries. The nature of intra-state conflicts and the growing interest in shipping and trade forced ...
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This chapter examines the European naval power from the late 16th to the end of the 18th centuries. The nature of intra-state conflicts and the growing interest in shipping and trade forced governments to pay attention to the availability of adequate naval strength. Navies were initially assembled by private entrepreneurs, but from 1650 onwards, state institutions became increasingly responsible for all aspects connected with the navy. These include ship design, arsenals, training of naval officers, and conscription.Less
This chapter examines the European naval power from the late 16th to the end of the 18th centuries. The nature of intra-state conflicts and the growing interest in shipping and trade forced governments to pay attention to the availability of adequate naval strength. Navies were initially assembled by private entrepreneurs, but from 1650 onwards, state institutions became increasingly responsible for all aspects connected with the navy. These include ship design, arsenals, training of naval officers, and conscription.
Lars U. Scholl
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780968128886
- eISBN:
- 9781786944764
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780968128886.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both ...
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This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both economic and social themes. Topics include maritime trade, deployment of merchant ships, the state regulations concerning shipping, shipwrecks and loss of life, passenger cargoes, slavery, cotton, timber and coffee trades, and the working conditions of seamen over the course of the century. The plight of the maritime labourer is at the core of this collection. The essays primarily focus on British shipping, and firmly places it within an international context. The book is introduced by Lars U. Scholl, followed by two tributes to Williams’ career, one by Peter N. Davies, the other by Lewis R. Fischer. Scholl concludes the volume with a thorough bibliography of Williams’ maritime writings: books, chapters, and articles.Less
This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both economic and social themes. Topics include maritime trade, deployment of merchant ships, the state regulations concerning shipping, shipwrecks and loss of life, passenger cargoes, slavery, cotton, timber and coffee trades, and the working conditions of seamen over the course of the century. The plight of the maritime labourer is at the core of this collection. The essays primarily focus on British shipping, and firmly places it within an international context. The book is introduced by Lars U. Scholl, followed by two tributes to Williams’ career, one by Peter N. Davies, the other by Lewis R. Fischer. Scholl concludes the volume with a thorough bibliography of Williams’ maritime writings: books, chapters, and articles.
Maria Fusaro and Amélia Polónia (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780986497339
- eISBN:
- 9781786944511
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497339.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study aims to provide new insights into the connections between maritime history and global history. It demonstrates the significance of maritime activity as a conduit of global exchange by ...
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This study aims to provide new insights into the connections between maritime history and global history. It demonstrates the significance of maritime activity as a conduit of global exchange by examining local, national, and international interdependencies and trade networks, and a broad range of time periods, geographical areas, and various sub-divisions of maritime historical research. It is composed of ten essays, with an introductory chapter and concluding chapter. The first five essays discuss the effects globalisation on shipping in the early modern period; the following three discuss maritime transportation and the economics of industrialisation from the nineteenth century to the present day; the next discusses the impact of global entrepreneurialism on maritime history; the penultimate discusses the connections and variables between maritime and global history; and the concluding chapter examines the theoretical assumptions surrounding the two disciplines, using the globalisation of Early Modern Spain as a case study to do so. The study demonstrates that the core strength of maritime history is its essential place in global history, and that the process of globalisation began at sea.Less
This study aims to provide new insights into the connections between maritime history and global history. It demonstrates the significance of maritime activity as a conduit of global exchange by examining local, national, and international interdependencies and trade networks, and a broad range of time periods, geographical areas, and various sub-divisions of maritime historical research. It is composed of ten essays, with an introductory chapter and concluding chapter. The first five essays discuss the effects globalisation on shipping in the early modern period; the following three discuss maritime transportation and the economics of industrialisation from the nineteenth century to the present day; the next discusses the impact of global entrepreneurialism on maritime history; the penultimate discusses the connections and variables between maritime and global history; and the concluding chapter examines the theoretical assumptions surrounding the two disciplines, using the globalisation of Early Modern Spain as a case study to do so. The study demonstrates that the core strength of maritime history is its essential place in global history, and that the process of globalisation began at sea.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. ...
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In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.Less
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.
David M. Williams and Andrew P. White
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780969588504
- eISBN:
- 9781786944931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780969588504.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Technology of Shipping throughout history, with ship types categorised as either Ancient and Medieval or Modern.
A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Technology of Shipping throughout history, with ship types categorised as either Ancient and Medieval or Modern.
