Peter W. Glynn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological ...
More
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.Less
This chapter describes the physical setting, biogeography, El Niño cycle and climate change effects of the coral reefs of Panama. A focus on the unique role of low diversity but complex ecological interactions, as well the importance of corals in supporting a diverse and often cryptic part of the food web is presented. Spatial and temporal variation is described as well as the potential role of human resource use and climate change on the ecosystem.
Sean O'Connell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199263318
- eISBN:
- 9780191718793
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263318.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book examines credit in working class communities since 1880, focusing on forms of borrowing that were dependent on personal relationships and social networks. It provides an extended historical ...
More
This book examines credit in working class communities since 1880, focusing on forms of borrowing that were dependent on personal relationships and social networks. It provides an extended historical discussion of credit unions, legal and illegal moneylenders (loan sharks), and looks at the concept of ‘financial exclusion’. Initially, the book focuses on the history of tallymen, check traders, and their eventual movement into moneylending following the loss of their more affluent customers, due to increased spending power and an increasingly liberalized credit market. They also faced growing competition from mail order companies operating through networks of female agents, whose success owed much to the reciprocal cultural and economic conventions that lay at the heart of traditional working class credit relationships. Discussion of these forms of credit is related to theoretical debates about cultural aspects of credit exchange that ensured the continuing success of such forms of lending, despite persistent controversies about their use. The book contrasts commercial forms of credit with formal and informal co-operative alternatives, such as the mutuality clubs operated by co-operative retailers and credit unions. It charts the impact of post-war immigration upon credit patterns, particularly in relation to the migrant (Irish and Caribbean) origins of many credit unions and explains the relative lack of success of the credit union movement. The book contributes to anti-debt debates by exploring the historical difficulties of developing legislation in relation to the millions of borrowers who have patronized what has come to be termed the sub-prime sector.Less
This book examines credit in working class communities since 1880, focusing on forms of borrowing that were dependent on personal relationships and social networks. It provides an extended historical discussion of credit unions, legal and illegal moneylenders (loan sharks), and looks at the concept of ‘financial exclusion’. Initially, the book focuses on the history of tallymen, check traders, and their eventual movement into moneylending following the loss of their more affluent customers, due to increased spending power and an increasingly liberalized credit market. They also faced growing competition from mail order companies operating through networks of female agents, whose success owed much to the reciprocal cultural and economic conventions that lay at the heart of traditional working class credit relationships. Discussion of these forms of credit is related to theoretical debates about cultural aspects of credit exchange that ensured the continuing success of such forms of lending, despite persistent controversies about their use. The book contrasts commercial forms of credit with formal and informal co-operative alternatives, such as the mutuality clubs operated by co-operative retailers and credit unions. It charts the impact of post-war immigration upon credit patterns, particularly in relation to the migrant (Irish and Caribbean) origins of many credit unions and explains the relative lack of success of the credit union movement. The book contributes to anti-debt debates by exploring the historical difficulties of developing legislation in relation to the millions of borrowers who have patronized what has come to be termed the sub-prime sector.
Sean O'Connell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199263318
- eISBN:
- 9780191718793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263318.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explains the success of companies such as Provident Financial and Cattles (both members of the FTSE 250 by the 1990s). Their agents serviced the growing sub-prime sector and ...
More
This chapter explains the success of companies such as Provident Financial and Cattles (both members of the FTSE 250 by the 1990s). Their agents serviced the growing sub-prime sector and commercialized backstreet feminized affectual relationships between borrowers and lenders. The extent to which their success was dependent on the decline of pawnbroking and mail order agency (and the limitations of the government's Social Fund) is explained. The motivations and limited options of moneylenders' customers are explored as are accusations of ‘predatory lending’ and exploitation. Moneylenders fought PR battles to exclude themselves from the label ‘loan shark’, as images of criminal moneylenders increasingly replaced ones of ‘Shylocks’. The chapter examines the role of violent loan sharks, explaining their small but significant market. Particularly important was the fact that government resisted calls for interest rate caps because it feared legal lenders would abandon their riskiest borrowers, leaving them vulnerable to loan sharks.Less
This chapter explains the success of companies such as Provident Financial and Cattles (both members of the FTSE 250 by the 1990s). Their agents serviced the growing sub-prime sector and commercialized backstreet feminized affectual relationships between borrowers and lenders. The extent to which their success was dependent on the decline of pawnbroking and mail order agency (and the limitations of the government's Social Fund) is explained. The motivations and limited options of moneylenders' customers are explored as are accusations of ‘predatory lending’ and exploitation. Moneylenders fought PR battles to exclude themselves from the label ‘loan shark’, as images of criminal moneylenders increasingly replaced ones of ‘Shylocks’. The chapter examines the role of violent loan sharks, explaining their small but significant market. Particularly important was the fact that government resisted calls for interest rate caps because it feared legal lenders would abandon their riskiest borrowers, leaving them vulnerable to loan sharks.
Jan Brokken
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461855
- eISBN:
- 9781626740914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461855.003.0019
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter is an evocation of the fishing village of Boca San Michel, near Willemstad and tells the story of the death of Max Zimmerman, one of its fishermen and neighbour to the author including a ...
More
This chapter is an evocation of the fishing village of Boca San Michel, near Willemstad and tells the story of the death of Max Zimmerman, one of its fishermen and neighbour to the author including a description of a death procession and being laid to rest with to the strains of a muffled tambú drum playing.Less
This chapter is an evocation of the fishing village of Boca San Michel, near Willemstad and tells the story of the death of Max Zimmerman, one of its fishermen and neighbour to the author including a description of a death procession and being laid to rest with to the strains of a muffled tambú drum playing.
J.E. Smyth
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124063
- eISBN:
- 9780813134765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124063.003.0007
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter examines historical films produced in Hollywood about the life and death of American president Abraham Lincoln made during the period from 1930 to 1941. During this period, Lincoln's ...
More
This chapter examines historical films produced in Hollywood about the life and death of American president Abraham Lincoln made during the period from 1930 to 1941. During this period, Lincoln's presence sanctified whatever theme or subject the historian chose and he generously supported whatever period film a studio happened to create. Lincoln lent authenticity to insignificant scripts, healed any divisive tale of the Civil War and he was a prestigious touch added to secure that elusive critical and box-office appeal. Examples of these films include D.W. Griffith's Abraham Lincoln, Darryl Zanuck and Nunnally Johnson's The Prisoner of Shark Island, and John Ford's Young Mr. Lincoln.Less
This chapter examines historical films produced in Hollywood about the life and death of American president Abraham Lincoln made during the period from 1930 to 1941. During this period, Lincoln's presence sanctified whatever theme or subject the historian chose and he generously supported whatever period film a studio happened to create. Lincoln lent authenticity to insignificant scripts, healed any divisive tale of the Civil War and he was a prestigious touch added to secure that elusive critical and box-office appeal. Examples of these films include D.W. Griffith's Abraham Lincoln, Darryl Zanuck and Nunnally Johnson's The Prisoner of Shark Island, and John Ford's Young Mr. Lincoln.
Marcelo Sánchez
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271937
- eISBN:
- 9780520952300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271937.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit ...
More
Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit new ecological opportunities or contributed to their demise. This chapter discusses the following topics: ocean acidification in the past and today; major patterns of larval evolution in the oceans; climate change and mammalian developmental evolution; Jurassic sharks; survival and diversification in the early mammalian lineage; and islands as experiments in life history evolution.Less
Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit new ecological opportunities or contributed to their demise. This chapter discusses the following topics: ocean acidification in the past and today; major patterns of larval evolution in the oceans; climate change and mammalian developmental evolution; Jurassic sharks; survival and diversification in the early mammalian lineage; and islands as experiments in life history evolution.
Quentin R. Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034799
- eISBN:
- 9780813039688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034799.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Ulysses expedition killed 2,037 whales and processed approximately 79,000 barrels of oil in Shark Bay, Australia, during the first equatorial season of its career. The Ulysses processed her ...
More
The Ulysses expedition killed 2,037 whales and processed approximately 79,000 barrels of oil in Shark Bay, Australia, during the first equatorial season of its career. The Ulysses processed her whales and manufactured the whale oil within the territorial limits of Australia and within the port limits of Carnarvon, Western Australia. At this time the people in authority on this expedition were apparently not terribly interested in adhering to the requirements of United States whaling regulations. Observations indicate that there was a growing animosity on land toward whaling ships of foreign registry operating off the Australian coast. The Australians were deriving very little financial return from the two expeditions. This is understandable since the whaling ships were making thousands of dollars daily off the Australian coast. The Ulysses bought tons of provisions and tons of water while off the coast of Australia.Less
The Ulysses expedition killed 2,037 whales and processed approximately 79,000 barrels of oil in Shark Bay, Australia, during the first equatorial season of its career. The Ulysses processed her whales and manufactured the whale oil within the territorial limits of Australia and within the port limits of Carnarvon, Western Australia. At this time the people in authority on this expedition were apparently not terribly interested in adhering to the requirements of United States whaling regulations. Observations indicate that there was a growing animosity on land toward whaling ships of foreign registry operating off the Australian coast. The Australians were deriving very little financial return from the two expeditions. This is understandable since the whaling ships were making thousands of dollars daily off the Australian coast. The Ulysses bought tons of provisions and tons of water while off the coast of Australia.
Quentin R. Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034799
- eISBN:
- 9780813039688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034799.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, ...
More
Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, but such instances were comparatively few and far between and no exceptions were made on the records. The expedition's killer boats were allowed to take only an allotted number of whales daily, the number being determined by the factory shop manager. This system prevailed for most of the season. The Australian records was examined every morning by the American inspector. Strictly speaking, the Ulysses had little to do with the actual formulation of Form WI-1 as an official record for the United States government. In Antarctica, the company's disregard for maintaining this form in an accurate manner was even more pronounced. The method of recording the data is in need of some explanation, which this chapter attempts to give.Less
Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, but such instances were comparatively few and far between and no exceptions were made on the records. The expedition's killer boats were allowed to take only an allotted number of whales daily, the number being determined by the factory shop manager. This system prevailed for most of the season. The Australian records was examined every morning by the American inspector. Strictly speaking, the Ulysses had little to do with the actual formulation of Form WI-1 as an official record for the United States government. In Antarctica, the company's disregard for maintaining this form in an accurate manner was even more pronounced. The method of recording the data is in need of some explanation, which this chapter attempts to give.
Wolf H. Berger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247789
- eISBN:
- 9780520942547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247789.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter focuses on the large animals found in the sea. It describes their evolutionary history and patterns of behavior such as feeding, breeding, and migration. Cetaceans as a group (whales and ...
More
This chapter focuses on the large animals found in the sea. It describes their evolutionary history and patterns of behavior such as feeding, breeding, and migration. Cetaceans as a group (whales and dolphins) are the largest and the fastest swimming animals in the sea. Both toothed whales and those lacking teeth have enormously large representatives, but the largest are baleen whales. The largest of the toothed cetaceans is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), while the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest among the baleen whales. The baleen whales, together with the giant sperm whale, are called great whales. Other vertebrate groups also have large animals: pinnipeds have elephant seals and the walrus; sharks and their kin include whale sharks; the great white, and manta rays; and bony fishes have swordfish and sturgeon. Among the mollusks, the giant squid is the largest.Less
This chapter focuses on the large animals found in the sea. It describes their evolutionary history and patterns of behavior such as feeding, breeding, and migration. Cetaceans as a group (whales and dolphins) are the largest and the fastest swimming animals in the sea. Both toothed whales and those lacking teeth have enormously large representatives, but the largest are baleen whales. The largest of the toothed cetaceans is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), while the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest among the baleen whales. The baleen whales, together with the giant sperm whale, are called great whales. Other vertebrate groups also have large animals: pinnipeds have elephant seals and the walrus; sharks and their kin include whale sharks; the great white, and manta rays; and bony fishes have swordfish and sturgeon. Among the mollusks, the giant squid is the largest.
Frank H. T. Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501702440
- eISBN:
- 9781501706233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702440.003.0006
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
This chapter examines the early vertebrates. The major group to which vertebrates are assigned—phylum Chordata—includes two small groups (the tunicates and the cephalochordates) and one large group: ...
More
This chapter examines the early vertebrates. The major group to which vertebrates are assigned—phylum Chordata—includes two small groups (the tunicates and the cephalochordates) and one large group: the vertebrates (or Craniata). Most chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, with complete, relatively complex digestive tracts. There are nine major groups of vertebrates, five of them “fishes” and four of them tetrapods. Although chordates constitute only some three percent of all living species, they are widely distributed, marvelously adapted, numerically abundant, and strikingly successful. All share a few distinguishing characteristics for at least part of their development: a single hollow nerve cord, which is differentiated in vertebrates into the brain and spinal cord; a notochord, a flexible rodlike axis, running underneath and supporting the nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits; a tail extending beyond the anus; and segmentation, reflected in the muscles and the vertebral column.Less
This chapter examines the early vertebrates. The major group to which vertebrates are assigned—phylum Chordata—includes two small groups (the tunicates and the cephalochordates) and one large group: the vertebrates (or Craniata). Most chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, with complete, relatively complex digestive tracts. There are nine major groups of vertebrates, five of them “fishes” and four of them tetrapods. Although chordates constitute only some three percent of all living species, they are widely distributed, marvelously adapted, numerically abundant, and strikingly successful. All share a few distinguishing characteristics for at least part of their development: a single hollow nerve cord, which is differentiated in vertebrates into the brain and spinal cord; a notochord, a flexible rodlike axis, running underneath and supporting the nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits; a tail extending beyond the anus; and segmentation, reflected in the muscles and the vertebral column.
Peter A. Klimley and Steven Oerding
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This book provides a resource on the biological and physiological characteristics of the cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays, and chimaeras. In sixteen chapters, the book covers a broad spectrum of ...
More
This book provides a resource on the biological and physiological characteristics of the cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays, and chimaeras. In sixteen chapters, the book covers a broad spectrum of topics, including taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and physiology. For example, it explains the body design of sharks and why the ridged, toothlike denticles that cover their entire bodies are present on only part of the rays' bodies and are absent from those of chimaeras. Another chapter explores the anatomy of the jaws and the role of the muscles and teeth in jaw extension, seizure, and handling of prey.Less
This book provides a resource on the biological and physiological characteristics of the cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays, and chimaeras. In sixteen chapters, the book covers a broad spectrum of topics, including taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and physiology. For example, it explains the body design of sharks and why the ridged, toothlike denticles that cover their entire bodies are present on only part of the rays' bodies and are absent from those of chimaeras. Another chapter explores the anatomy of the jaws and the role of the muscles and teeth in jaw extension, seizure, and handling of prey.
Ulla D. Berg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479803460
- eISBN:
- 9781479863778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479803460.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter analyzes how aspiring migrants navigate the world of document fixers, loan sharks, travel agents, lawyers, and state bureaucrats—including consular staff and U.S. immigration ...
More
This chapter analyzes how aspiring migrants navigate the world of document fixers, loan sharks, travel agents, lawyers, and state bureaucrats—including consular staff and U.S. immigration officials—in preparation for international migration. It presents accounts of the institutions, technologies, social and cultural forms, and relationships that shape and constrain migrants' efforts. Migrants of provincial and lower-class backgrounds often extend themselves through objects, technologies, and embodied skills to realize their migration projects; they do so with guidance from tramitadores (document fixers) and other service providers in Peru's growing migration industry. The chapter also discusses the complex politics of race and class that underline the historically unequal access to mobility in Peru, and in turn intersects with U.S. racialization of Latin American migrants that begins with their first encounters with U.S. consular staff in Lima.Less
This chapter analyzes how aspiring migrants navigate the world of document fixers, loan sharks, travel agents, lawyers, and state bureaucrats—including consular staff and U.S. immigration officials—in preparation for international migration. It presents accounts of the institutions, technologies, social and cultural forms, and relationships that shape and constrain migrants' efforts. Migrants of provincial and lower-class backgrounds often extend themselves through objects, technologies, and embodied skills to realize their migration projects; they do so with guidance from tramitadores (document fixers) and other service providers in Peru's growing migration industry. The chapter also discusses the complex politics of race and class that underline the historically unequal access to mobility in Peru, and in turn intersects with U.S. racialization of Latin American migrants that begins with their first encounters with U.S. consular staff in Lima.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the brains of the cartilaginous fishes and their learning capabilities. Sharks, rays, and chimaeras can learn as quickly as birds and mammals, and have brains of ...
More
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the brains of the cartilaginous fishes and their learning capabilities. Sharks, rays, and chimaeras can learn as quickly as birds and mammals, and have brains of a comparable size and elaboration.Less
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the brains of the cartilaginous fishes and their learning capabilities. Sharks, rays, and chimaeras can learn as quickly as birds and mammals, and have brains of a comparable size and elaboration.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the courtship behavior and reproductive biology of sharks and rays. It covers the spermatogenesis and sexual maturation of male sharks and rays; sexual maturation and embryonic ...
More
This chapter discusses the courtship behavior and reproductive biology of sharks and rays. It covers the spermatogenesis and sexual maturation of male sharks and rays; sexual maturation and embryonic development of female sharks and rays; the reproductive cycle; courtship and copulation; and promiscuity and multiple paternity.Less
This chapter discusses the courtship behavior and reproductive biology of sharks and rays. It covers the spermatogenesis and sexual maturation of male sharks and rays; sexual maturation and embryonic development of female sharks and rays; the reproductive cycle; courtship and copulation; and promiscuity and multiple paternity.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the jaws and teeth of cartilaginous fishes as well as the role of the muscles and teeth in jaw extension, seizure, and handling of prey. Most sharks, rays, and ...
More
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the jaws and teeth of cartilaginous fishes as well as the role of the muscles and teeth in jaw extension, seizure, and handling of prey. Most sharks, rays, and chimaeras are tertiary consumers, occupying the same trophic level as the prey of the white shark. These species feed upon small fishes, cephalopods, and mollusks that in turn feed on zooplankton. There are three steps in active predation: approach, seizure, and handling of the prey. The extent of attachment of the jaws to the cranium has lessened over evolutionary time in the cartilaginous fishes. The ancient sharks needed to swallow their prey whole due to the rigid attachment of the jaws to the cranium. The jaws of the modern sharks trend toward a less rigid attachment to the cranium.Less
This chapter discusses the anatomy of the jaws and teeth of cartilaginous fishes as well as the role of the muscles and teeth in jaw extension, seizure, and handling of prey. Most sharks, rays, and chimaeras are tertiary consumers, occupying the same trophic level as the prey of the white shark. These species feed upon small fishes, cephalopods, and mollusks that in turn feed on zooplankton. There are three steps in active predation: approach, seizure, and handling of the prey. The extent of attachment of the jaws to the cranium has lessened over evolutionary time in the cartilaginous fishes. The ancient sharks needed to swallow their prey whole due to the rigid attachment of the jaws to the cranium. The jaws of the modern sharks trend toward a less rigid attachment to the cranium.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the diverse types of movement patterns exhibited by sharks and rays. Some elasmobranchs are ambushers, and their movements are restricted to a confined area. Many skates, some ...
More
This chapter discusses the diverse types of movement patterns exhibited by sharks and rays. Some elasmobranchs are ambushers, and their movements are restricted to a confined area. Many skates, some stingrays, and angelsharks remain in wait on the bottom for long periods of time to ambush crabs and shrimps or fishes that walk or swim close to the bottom. Many cartilaginous fishes exhibit two types of travel modes, performing highly directional and rapid movements as they migrate between resting or foraging locations, and then exhibiting randomly directed slow movements when interacting socially or foraging at their feeding grounds. During their migrations, these species display two types of swimming behaviors, oscillatory diving and surface swimming.Less
This chapter discusses the diverse types of movement patterns exhibited by sharks and rays. Some elasmobranchs are ambushers, and their movements are restricted to a confined area. Many skates, some stingrays, and angelsharks remain in wait on the bottom for long periods of time to ambush crabs and shrimps or fishes that walk or swim close to the bottom. Many cartilaginous fishes exhibit two types of travel modes, performing highly directional and rapid movements as they migrate between resting or foraging locations, and then exhibiting randomly directed slow movements when interacting socially or foraging at their feeding grounds. During their migrations, these species display two types of swimming behaviors, oscillatory diving and surface swimming.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the interactions between the cartilaginous fishes and humans. It describes the risk of being bitten by a shark or being impaled by the barb of a stingray and the growing ...
More
This chapter discusses the interactions between the cartilaginous fishes and humans. It describes the risk of being bitten by a shark or being impaled by the barb of a stingray and the growing interest of ecologically aware tourists in viewing sharks underwater. It recounts a few infamous shark attacks to illustrate the severe economic repercussions of such a highly publicized mishap; explains the motivations behind this behavior; it also places the modest risk of shark attack in the context of many other greater risks in daily life. The chapter also considers the economic value of shark and ray ecotourism, and provides information on what species can now be viewed underwater and where to go to see them.Less
This chapter discusses the interactions between the cartilaginous fishes and humans. It describes the risk of being bitten by a shark or being impaled by the barb of a stingray and the growing interest of ecologically aware tourists in viewing sharks underwater. It recounts a few infamous shark attacks to illustrate the severe economic repercussions of such a highly publicized mishap; explains the motivations behind this behavior; it also places the modest risk of shark attack in the context of many other greater risks in daily life. The chapter also considers the economic value of shark and ray ecotourism, and provides information on what species can now be viewed underwater and where to go to see them.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter focuses on the recent expansion of fisheries for sharks and rays, and the decline of the populations of sharks and rays in the world's oceans. It describes historical examples of the ...
More
This chapter focuses on the recent expansion of fisheries for sharks and rays, and the decline of the populations of sharks and rays in the world's oceans. It describes historical examples of the collapse of shark fisheries; the methods of managing elasmobranch fisheries including recent regulations; and the recent establishment of reserves to protect sharks and rays. It suggests that the factors which made the sharks, rays, and chimaeras so successful over time also have made them very vulnerable today in a world dominated by humans.Less
This chapter focuses on the recent expansion of fisheries for sharks and rays, and the decline of the populations of sharks and rays in the world's oceans. It describes historical examples of the collapse of shark fisheries; the methods of managing elasmobranch fisheries including recent regulations; and the recent establishment of reserves to protect sharks and rays. It suggests that the factors which made the sharks, rays, and chimaeras so successful over time also have made them very vulnerable today in a world dominated by humans.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
There are currently 503 species of sharks, 699 species of rays, and 49 species of chimaeras in the class Chondrichthyes. The name Chondrichthyes comes from the Greek prefix khondros meaning ...
More
There are currently 503 species of sharks, 699 species of rays, and 49 species of chimaeras in the class Chondrichthyes. The name Chondrichthyes comes from the Greek prefix khondros meaning “cartilage” and suffix ikhthus for “fish.” These species are referred to as the cartilaginous fishes. This chapter provides an overview of the subsequent chapters, which describe benchmark studies on the cartilaginous fishes. The results are presented in diagrams and graphs to introduce readers to authentic scientific data. “Spotlights” are included in each chapter to focus attention on the sophisticated methods used by pioneer scientists to make important scientific discoveries.Less
There are currently 503 species of sharks, 699 species of rays, and 49 species of chimaeras in the class Chondrichthyes. The name Chondrichthyes comes from the Greek prefix khondros meaning “cartilage” and suffix ikhthus for “fish.” These species are referred to as the cartilaginous fishes. This chapter provides an overview of the subsequent chapters, which describe benchmark studies on the cartilaginous fishes. The results are presented in diagrams and graphs to introduce readers to authentic scientific data. “Spotlights” are included in each chapter to focus attention on the sophisticated methods used by pioneer scientists to make important scientific discoveries.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses the long evolutionary history of the cartilaginous fishes. Topics covered include the sharks and chimaeras of the Paleozoic era (species diversification, Early Paleozoic ...
More
This chapter discusses the long evolutionary history of the cartilaginous fishes. Topics covered include the sharks and chimaeras of the Paleozoic era (species diversification, Early Paleozoic sharks, Late Paleozoic sharks, Paleozoic chimaeras); the Paleozoic ecosystem (Permian extinctions, sharks and rays of the Mesozoic Era); the demise of the giant-tooth shark; and orders of extant the cartilaginous fishes.Less
This chapter discusses the long evolutionary history of the cartilaginous fishes. Topics covered include the sharks and chimaeras of the Paleozoic era (species diversification, Early Paleozoic sharks, Late Paleozoic sharks, Paleozoic chimaeras); the Paleozoic ecosystem (Permian extinctions, sharks and rays of the Mesozoic Era); the demise of the giant-tooth shark; and orders of extant the cartilaginous fishes.
