Michael Keating
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240760
- eISBN:
- 9780191599644
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Nationality claims are often seen as zero‐sum politics involving incompatible conceptions of the polity. Nationalism and self‐determination are seen as equivalent to separatism. Rethinking the ...
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Nationality claims are often seen as zero‐sum politics involving incompatible conceptions of the polity. Nationalism and self‐determination are seen as equivalent to separatism. Rethinking the concepts of nationality, self‐determination, and sovereignty and placing them in a historic context allows us to treat them as more tractable and as a form of politics. This is done through a study of the UK, Spain, Belgium, and Canada. Traditions of shared sovereignty are rediscovered. Analysis of the demands of minority nationalisms shows that these do not always entail separate statehood. Public opinion is more open than often assumed. Asymmetrical constitutional arrangements provide a means of accommodating plural national claims. The emerging European polity is a model for a post‐sovereign order in which legal pluralism and constitutional diversity can accommodate multiple nationality claims.Less
Nationality claims are often seen as zero‐sum politics involving incompatible conceptions of the polity. Nationalism and self‐determination are seen as equivalent to separatism. Rethinking the concepts of nationality, self‐determination, and sovereignty and placing them in a historic context allows us to treat them as more tractable and as a form of politics. This is done through a study of the UK, Spain, Belgium, and Canada. Traditions of shared sovereignty are rediscovered. Analysis of the demands of minority nationalisms shows that these do not always entail separate statehood. Public opinion is more open than often assumed. Asymmetrical constitutional arrangements provide a means of accommodating plural national claims. The emerging European polity is a model for a post‐sovereign order in which legal pluralism and constitutional diversity can accommodate multiple nationality claims.
Benjamin Reilly
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286874
- eISBN:
- 9780191713156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286874.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter examines the theory and practice of the various approaches to the sharing and dividing of governing power in the Asia-Pacific. It first looks at the broad issues of executive structure ...
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This chapter examines the theory and practice of the various approaches to the sharing and dividing of governing power in the Asia-Pacific. It first looks at the broad issues of executive structure and the distinction between presidential and parliamentary systems across the region, at the divergent approaches taken by Asian and Pacific states to both formal and informal practices of executive inclusion, and at the empirical relationship between these variables and broader goals of political stability. An ‘index of power-sharing’ is constructed to compare the horizontal sharing of powers over time. The experience of vertical power-sharing via measures such as federalism, devolution, and autonomy is then considered. Overall, the evidence suggests that while informal executive power-sharing practices have been relatively successful, formal requirements for inclusive cabinets have been dogged by problems.Less
This chapter examines the theory and practice of the various approaches to the sharing and dividing of governing power in the Asia-Pacific. It first looks at the broad issues of executive structure and the distinction between presidential and parliamentary systems across the region, at the divergent approaches taken by Asian and Pacific states to both formal and informal practices of executive inclusion, and at the empirical relationship between these variables and broader goals of political stability. An ‘index of power-sharing’ is constructed to compare the horizontal sharing of powers over time. The experience of vertical power-sharing via measures such as federalism, devolution, and autonomy is then considered. Overall, the evidence suggests that while informal executive power-sharing practices have been relatively successful, formal requirements for inclusive cabinets have been dogged by problems.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
When some parties have many seats and some have few, we need a meaningful ‘effective’ number of parties so as to compare the effects of electoral systems on party systems. The standard way to express ...
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When some parties have many seats and some have few, we need a meaningful ‘effective’ number of parties so as to compare the effects of electoral systems on party systems. The standard way to express the effective number of parties is to convert to fractional seat shares, square them, add, and take the inverse. The same can be done with fractional vote shares. This method is not ideal, but all others are worse. Effective number of parties can be complemented by a measure of balance in party sizes.Less
When some parties have many seats and some have few, we need a meaningful ‘effective’ number of parties so as to compare the effects of electoral systems on party systems. The standard way to express the effective number of parties is to convert to fractional seat shares, square them, add, and take the inverse. The same can be done with fractional vote shares. This method is not ideal, but all others are worse. Effective number of parties can be complemented by a measure of balance in party sizes.
Jonathan Charkham and Anne Simpson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292142
- eISBN:
- 9780191684876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292142.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Business History
This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory ...
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This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory bodies, some of which may, like the Stock Exchange, work under the umbrella of some legislation, and some, like the Cadbury Committee, with no umbrella at all. The creation of the Financial Services Authority is surely helpful. The work of the takeover panel is makes for interesting analysis. It can change its rules without reference to any other authority and has no means of enforcing its rules beyond what supporters are willing to do. Yet UK shareholders have good cause to be grateful to it, because it has succeeded in ensuring relatively equal treatment between them. It has established the rules of conduct about the purchase of shares in the market and governs the timetable and what must and must not be said.Less
This chapter discusses the role of regulation in corporate governance. The UK system has generally depended on a mixture of primary and secondary legislation with rules made by various non-statutory bodies, some of which may, like the Stock Exchange, work under the umbrella of some legislation, and some, like the Cadbury Committee, with no umbrella at all. The creation of the Financial Services Authority is surely helpful. The work of the takeover panel is makes for interesting analysis. It can change its rules without reference to any other authority and has no means of enforcing its rules beyond what supporters are willing to do. Yet UK shareholders have good cause to be grateful to it, because it has succeeded in ensuring relatively equal treatment between them. It has established the rules of conduct about the purchase of shares in the market and governs the timetable and what must and must not be said.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly ...
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An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly observed. Consequently, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. Given the pros and cons of different measures of corporate governance, it is decided to undertake the empirical analysis with three plausible proxies – equity share, value traded, and international equity issuance – rather than to base conclusions on a single measure. Other potential measures of corporate governance – such as ownership concentration, corporate governance ratings, and measures of corporate governance regulation – are not utilized for various conceptual and practical reasons.Less
An evaluation is made of various ways in which corporate governance can be operationalized as part of a panel data econometric analysis. Corporate governance is not a concept that can be directly observed. Consequently, it is necessary to identify suitable proxy variables. Given the pros and cons of different measures of corporate governance, it is decided to undertake the empirical analysis with three plausible proxies – equity share, value traded, and international equity issuance – rather than to base conclusions on a single measure. Other potential measures of corporate governance – such as ownership concentration, corporate governance ratings, and measures of corporate governance regulation – are not utilized for various conceptual and practical reasons.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with perfect monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion and price wars in oligopolistic industries subject to ...
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This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with perfect monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion and price wars in oligopolistic industries subject to demand shocks, government policy and time consistency, and endogenous risk sharing (e.g., insurance).Less
This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with perfect monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion and price wars in oligopolistic industries subject to demand shocks, government policy and time consistency, and endogenous risk sharing (e.g., insurance).
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with imperfect public monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion in oligopoly with imperfectly monitored demand, ...
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This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with imperfect public monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion in oligopoly with imperfectly monitored demand, oligopoly games with privately observed costs and hence adverse selection, risk sharing and insurance, and repeated principal-agent problems. The latter example also illustrates review strategies.Less
This chapter illustrates how the theory of repeated games with imperfect public monitoring can be used in economic applications. It examines collusion in oligopoly with imperfectly monitored demand, oligopoly games with privately observed costs and hence adverse selection, risk sharing and insurance, and repeated principal-agent problems. The latter example also illustrates review strategies.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The more important levels have fewer positions, and the share of minorities goes down. The law of minority attrition is a quantitatively predictive logical model that expresses it more precisely. A ...
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The more important levels have fewer positions, and the share of minorities goes down. The law of minority attrition is a quantitatively predictive logical model that expresses it more precisely. A party with a small share of seats gets an even smaller share of seats, and the precise figure depends on assembly size and the total number of voters. The law of minority attrition might also help determine which part of the ‘rubber ceiling’ on women's advancement is natural and which part is socially imposed.Less
The more important levels have fewer positions, and the share of minorities goes down. The law of minority attrition is a quantitatively predictive logical model that expresses it more precisely. A party with a small share of seats gets an even smaller share of seats, and the precise figure depends on assembly size and the total number of voters. The law of minority attrition might also help determine which part of the ‘rubber ceiling’ on women's advancement is natural and which part is socially imposed.
Melissa S. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253661
- eISBN:
- 9780191601972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253668.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This is the second of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the ...
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This is the second of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. Melissa Williams examines citizenship as identity in relation to the project of nation-building, the shifting boundaries of citizenship in relation to globalization, citizenship as shared fate, and the role of multicultural education within the view of citizenship-as-shared-fate. She argues the other side of the same coin to that presented by Shelley Burtt in the previous chapter: according to Williams, the liberal state often demands too much in the way of loyalty from traditional groups, and when it does, it runs a strong risk of becoming oppressive and illiberal. Moreover, she holds that there is no need for a single shared identity among citizens of the liberal state. Her conception of people tied together by a shared fate is to this extent compatible with Burtt’s attempt to make liberalism’s commitment to autonomy more hospitable to groups of individuals encumbered by unchosen attachments, but her notion of citizenship as shared fate also goes further than that, and possibly stands in some tension with, Burtt’s view, since it allows and even encourages people to develop primary affiliation to all kind of groups – traditional as well as global.Less
This is the second of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. Melissa Williams examines citizenship as identity in relation to the project of nation-building, the shifting boundaries of citizenship in relation to globalization, citizenship as shared fate, and the role of multicultural education within the view of citizenship-as-shared-fate. She argues the other side of the same coin to that presented by Shelley Burtt in the previous chapter: according to Williams, the liberal state often demands too much in the way of loyalty from traditional groups, and when it does, it runs a strong risk of becoming oppressive and illiberal. Moreover, she holds that there is no need for a single shared identity among citizens of the liberal state. Her conception of people tied together by a shared fate is to this extent compatible with Burtt’s attempt to make liberalism’s commitment to autonomy more hospitable to groups of individuals encumbered by unchosen attachments, but her notion of citizenship as shared fate also goes further than that, and possibly stands in some tension with, Burtt’s view, since it allows and even encourages people to develop primary affiliation to all kind of groups – traditional as well as global.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Starting with the characteristics of the electoral systems, the ‘Duvergerian agenda’ aims at predicting the average seat and vote share distributions of parties, the effective number of parties, and ...
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Starting with the characteristics of the electoral systems, the ‘Duvergerian agenda’ aims at predicting the average seat and vote share distributions of parties, the effective number of parties, and deviation from proportional representation. In the case of simple electoral systems, prediction of seat shares of parties and cabinet duration has become possible. Simple electoral systems are those that use a usual proportional representation formula or First-Past-The-Post, so that assembly size and district magnitude tell most of the story.Less
Starting with the characteristics of the electoral systems, the ‘Duvergerian agenda’ aims at predicting the average seat and vote share distributions of parties, the effective number of parties, and deviation from proportional representation. In the case of simple electoral systems, prediction of seat shares of parties and cabinet duration has become possible. Simple electoral systems are those that use a usual proportional representation formula or First-Past-The-Post, so that assembly size and district magnitude tell most of the story.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
As with Chapter 8, the ‘seat product’ is the important quantity to watch. The effective number of parties represented in the assembly is approximately the sixth root of the seat product. The average ...
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As with Chapter 8, the ‘seat product’ is the important quantity to watch. The effective number of parties represented in the assembly is approximately the sixth root of the seat product. The average seat shares of second-largest and third-largest parties also can be calculated from the seat product. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. The results are approximate, because other factors enter.Less
As with Chapter 8, the ‘seat product’ is the important quantity to watch. The effective number of parties represented in the assembly is approximately the sixth root of the seat product. The average seat shares of second-largest and third-largest parties also can be calculated from the seat product. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. The results are approximate, because other factors enter.
Nicolai J. Foss and Snejina Michailova (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235926
- eISBN:
- 9780191717093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235926.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Knowledge governance refers to choosing structures and mechanisms that can influence the processes of sharing and creating knowledge. The book argues that knowledge governance is a distinct issue in ...
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Knowledge governance refers to choosing structures and mechanisms that can influence the processes of sharing and creating knowledge. The book argues that knowledge governance is a distinct issue in management and organization because knowledge processes differ on several dimensions from routine and more traditional processes. The relationship between governance issues and knowledge processes is under-researched, theoretically as well as empirically. Thematically, knowledge governance cuts across fields such as general management, human resource management, the management of intellectual capital, innovation theory, strategic management, technology strategy, and international business. Not surprisingly, existing ideas are developed from the perspectives of different fields and from different underlying disciplinary foundations; however, it often remains unclear how these ideas relate together and how they differ in terms of unit of analysis, mode of analysis, underlying logic and assumptions, etc. This book aims to bridge this gap.Less
Knowledge governance refers to choosing structures and mechanisms that can influence the processes of sharing and creating knowledge. The book argues that knowledge governance is a distinct issue in management and organization because knowledge processes differ on several dimensions from routine and more traditional processes. The relationship between governance issues and knowledge processes is under-researched, theoretically as well as empirically. Thematically, knowledge governance cuts across fields such as general management, human resource management, the management of intellectual capital, innovation theory, strategic management, technology strategy, and international business. Not surprisingly, existing ideas are developed from the perspectives of different fields and from different underlying disciplinary foundations; however, it often remains unclear how these ideas relate together and how they differ in terms of unit of analysis, mode of analysis, underlying logic and assumptions, etc. This book aims to bridge this gap.
Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In ...
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Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.Less
Twenty-first century capitalism has been marked by an increasing international economic independence, and considerable differences between dominant economic systems of coordination and control. In this context, national competition and coordination within industries has increased, but the governance of leading firms and the kinds of competences they develop remains quite diverse. This book suggests how we can understand this combination of diversity and integration by developing the comparative business systems framework in three major ways. First, by identifying the particular circumstances in which distinctive business systems and innovation systems become nationally established and reproduced, as well as how changing endogenous and exogenous pressures have affected the major kinds of business systems that developed in many OECD states during the post-war period. Second, by showing how variations in authority sharing with employees and business partners and in the provision of organizational careers lead institutional regimes to affect the nature of organizational capabilities that dominant firms develop and enable them to deal with different kinds of risks and opportunities in particular technologies and markets. Third, by identifying the circumstances in which multinational firms are likely to develop distinctive transnational organizational capabilities through such authority sharing and careers, and so become different kinds of companies from their more domestically focused competitors. In many if not most cases of cross-national managerial coordination, these conditions rarely exist, and so the extent to which multinational firms do indeed constitute distinct organizational forms and strategic actors is much less than is sometimes claimed.
Paul Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572489
- eISBN:
- 9780191722257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572489.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter is the first of two taking a micro view encompassing three creative industries — publishing, music, and video games — to detail the pattern of invention/creation, embodiment and ...
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This chapter is the first of two taking a micro view encompassing three creative industries — publishing, music, and video games — to detail the pattern of invention/creation, embodiment and diffusion of soft innovations. At the micro level, industry-specific indicators relating to the numbers of new product variants introduced are used with certain advantages relating to the identification of the rate of significant innovation being claimed for a specific measure that tracks the share of the sales of bestsellers that were recently introduced onto the market. In the creative sector, the indicated rates of innovation are high, with very considerable numbers of new products or titles being launched and rates of market churn of the bestsellers in the studied markets being very fast. This reflects a pattern quite different to the usual suggestion that innovation occurs at a rate of about 2.5% per annum (a measure usually based upon indicators of labour productivity growth).Less
This chapter is the first of two taking a micro view encompassing three creative industries — publishing, music, and video games — to detail the pattern of invention/creation, embodiment and diffusion of soft innovations. At the micro level, industry-specific indicators relating to the numbers of new product variants introduced are used with certain advantages relating to the identification of the rate of significant innovation being claimed for a specific measure that tracks the share of the sales of bestsellers that were recently introduced onto the market. In the creative sector, the indicated rates of innovation are high, with very considerable numbers of new products or titles being launched and rates of market churn of the bestsellers in the studied markets being very fast. This reflects a pattern quite different to the usual suggestion that innovation occurs at a rate of about 2.5% per annum (a measure usually based upon indicators of labour productivity growth).
John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266573.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the ...
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The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.Less
The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.
John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266573.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational ...
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The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.Less
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.
Scott Smith-Bannister
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206637
- eISBN:
- 9780191677250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206637.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This ...
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This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This conclusion is divided into two parts, a subdivision that both reflects the influence of name-sharing practices and highlights the fundamental differences between the current study and previous work on names and naming. To explain further: this work has found that changes in the names given to children, in the patterning of the distribution of those names, in the sources of children's names in this period, and several other aspects of the history of names occurred as a direct consequence of changes in the incidence of name-sharing between children and either their godparents or their parents. At the end of the period, England may have witnessed one of the more significant events in the history of names and naming patterns. As the proportion of children named after someone else declined a possibility emerged: the possibility that the significance of English personal names was beginning to change.Less
This concluding chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of the subject of names and naming patterns in England from 1538 to 1700. This conclusion is divided into two parts, a subdivision that both reflects the influence of name-sharing practices and highlights the fundamental differences between the current study and previous work on names and naming. To explain further: this work has found that changes in the names given to children, in the patterning of the distribution of those names, in the sources of children's names in this period, and several other aspects of the history of names occurred as a direct consequence of changes in the incidence of name-sharing between children and either their godparents or their parents. At the end of the period, England may have witnessed one of the more significant events in the history of names and naming patterns. As the proportion of children named after someone else declined a possibility emerged: the possibility that the significance of English personal names was beginning to change.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the question of whether there is a connection between income distribution and the macro-economy. The debate surrounding Kuznets’ inverted ‘U-shaped’ hypothesis is explained. ...
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This chapter examines the question of whether there is a connection between income distribution and the macro-economy. The debate surrounding Kuznets’ inverted ‘U-shaped’ hypothesis is explained. Techniques for projecting income shares under the assumption of the ‘U-shaped’ hypothesis are demonstrated.Less
This chapter examines the question of whether there is a connection between income distribution and the macro-economy. The debate surrounding Kuznets’ inverted ‘U-shaped’ hypothesis is explained. Techniques for projecting income shares under the assumption of the ‘U-shaped’ hypothesis are demonstrated.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Formulas for computing the most commonly used summary measure of income distribution are given. These include the mean, median, and mode. The methodology for computing shares of total income obtained ...
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Formulas for computing the most commonly used summary measure of income distribution are given. These include the mean, median, and mode. The methodology for computing shares of total income obtained by quantiles of income recipients, and the technique to graph the Lorenz curve and compute the Gini coefficient are described.Less
Formulas for computing the most commonly used summary measure of income distribution are given. These include the mean, median, and mode. The methodology for computing shares of total income obtained by quantiles of income recipients, and the technique to graph the Lorenz curve and compute the Gini coefficient are described.
Kenneth Husted and Snejina Michailova
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235926
- eISBN:
- 9780191717093
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235926.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues ...
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Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues that socialization tactics are a highly efficient and relatively low-cost mechanism for governing individual knowledge-sharing behaviour and can substitute more resource-demanding mechanisms. Socialization tactics can be utilized to influence R&D workers' dual allegiance (i.e., their loyalty to their own organization and to the collaboration). The chapter develops a classification of four distinct types of R&D individual collaborators' dual allegiance: Lonely Wolfs, Gone Native, Company Soldiers, and Gatekeepers. These types differ on several dimensions and hence, require different governance, e.g., predispose the employment of different context, content, and social aspects of socialization.Less
Companies involved in R&D collaboration face a serious challenge: they want to achieve the intended benefits from the collaboration without risking unintended knowledge sharing. This chapter argues that socialization tactics are a highly efficient and relatively low-cost mechanism for governing individual knowledge-sharing behaviour and can substitute more resource-demanding mechanisms. Socialization tactics can be utilized to influence R&D workers' dual allegiance (i.e., their loyalty to their own organization and to the collaboration). The chapter develops a classification of four distinct types of R&D individual collaborators' dual allegiance: Lonely Wolfs, Gone Native, Company Soldiers, and Gatekeepers. These types differ on several dimensions and hence, require different governance, e.g., predispose the employment of different context, content, and social aspects of socialization.
