Laura Valentini
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593859
- eISBN:
- 9780191731457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593859.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter develops a new account of the types of social relations that principles of justice are meant to assess. It argues that the function of justice is to limit the ways in which we may ...
More
This chapter develops a new account of the types of social relations that principles of justice are meant to assess. It argues that the function of justice is to limit the ways in which we may permissibly coerce one another and distinguishes between two types of coercion: interactional (directly perpetrated by agents) and systemic (occurring through systems of rules). Two key insights underpin this coercion-based normative framework. First, from a liberal perspective, certain restrictions of freedom – those defined here as coercive – need special justification. The principles articulating the required justification are those that should be called principles of justice. Second, the relevant restrictions of freedom need not be direct, that is, perpetrated by an agent – collective or individual – against other agents. They can also be indirect, resulting from formal and informal social rules, supported by a large enough number of agents. This conclusion has important implications for our thinking about justice in the global realm, where there clearly are pervasive systems of formal and informal social rules, but no overarching, state-like group agent.Less
This chapter develops a new account of the types of social relations that principles of justice are meant to assess. It argues that the function of justice is to limit the ways in which we may permissibly coerce one another and distinguishes between two types of coercion: interactional (directly perpetrated by agents) and systemic (occurring through systems of rules). Two key insights underpin this coercion-based normative framework. First, from a liberal perspective, certain restrictions of freedom – those defined here as coercive – need special justification. The principles articulating the required justification are those that should be called principles of justice. Second, the relevant restrictions of freedom need not be direct, that is, perpetrated by an agent – collective or individual – against other agents. They can also be indirect, resulting from formal and informal social rules, supported by a large enough number of agents. This conclusion has important implications for our thinking about justice in the global realm, where there clearly are pervasive systems of formal and informal social rules, but no overarching, state-like group agent.
José Medina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929023
- eISBN:
- 9780199301522
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929023.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members ...
More
This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from interacting epistemically in fruitful ways—from listening to each other, learning from each other, and mutually enriching each other’s perspectives. Medina’s epistemology of resistance offers a contextualist theory of our complicity with epistemic injustices and a social connection model of shared responsibility for improving epistemic conditions of participation in social practices. Through the articulation of a new interactionism and polyphonic contextualism, the book develops a sustained argument about the role of the imagination in mediating social perceptions and interactions. It concludes that only through the cultivation of practices of resistance can we develop a social imagination that can help us become sensitive to the suffering of excluded and stigmatized subjects. Drawing on Feminist Standpoint Theory and Critical Race Theory, this book makes contributions to social epistemology and to recent discussions of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, epistemic responsibility, counter-performativity, and solidarity in the fight against racism and sexism.Less
This book explores the epistemic side of oppression, focusing on racial and sexual oppression and their interconnections. It elucidates how social insensitivities and imposed silences prevent members of different groups from interacting epistemically in fruitful ways—from listening to each other, learning from each other, and mutually enriching each other’s perspectives. Medina’s epistemology of resistance offers a contextualist theory of our complicity with epistemic injustices and a social connection model of shared responsibility for improving epistemic conditions of participation in social practices. Through the articulation of a new interactionism and polyphonic contextualism, the book develops a sustained argument about the role of the imagination in mediating social perceptions and interactions. It concludes that only through the cultivation of practices of resistance can we develop a social imagination that can help us become sensitive to the suffering of excluded and stigmatized subjects. Drawing on Feminist Standpoint Theory and Critical Race Theory, this book makes contributions to social epistemology and to recent discussions of testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, epistemic responsibility, counter-performativity, and solidarity in the fight against racism and sexism.
José Medina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199929023
- eISBN:
- 9780199301522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929023.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of ...
More
This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of the mental causation of one’s actions. I argue that responsible agency also requires minimal social knowledge of others and minimal empirical knowledge of the world. I subsume these epistemic implications of responsible agency under what I call the thesis of cognitive minimums: the requirement that one be minimally knowledgeable about one’s mind, the social world, and the empirical world. Focusing on the cognitive minimums of self-knowledge and social knowledge, I argue that there are different ways in which we may partake in shared culpable ignorance about non-mainstream subjects, groups, and experiences, and I begin to develop an account of shared responsibility with respect to epistemic justice for the correction of blind spots and social insensitivities associated with racism and (hetero)sexism.Less
This chapter elucidates the relationship between responsible agency and knowledge. I argue that responsible agency requires only minimal self-knowledge that need not include explanatory knowledge of the mental causation of one’s actions. I argue that responsible agency also requires minimal social knowledge of others and minimal empirical knowledge of the world. I subsume these epistemic implications of responsible agency under what I call the thesis of cognitive minimums: the requirement that one be minimally knowledgeable about one’s mind, the social world, and the empirical world. Focusing on the cognitive minimums of self-knowledge and social knowledge, I argue that there are different ways in which we may partake in shared culpable ignorance about non-mainstream subjects, groups, and experiences, and I begin to develop an account of shared responsibility with respect to epistemic justice for the correction of blind spots and social insensitivities associated with racism and (hetero)sexism.
Margot E Salomon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199284429
- eISBN:
- 9780191713736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284429.003.003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter addresses the sources of cooperation for economic, social and cultural rights in international law, and explores the contemporary content of this obligation. Drawing on a broad range of ...
More
This chapter addresses the sources of cooperation for economic, social and cultural rights in international law, and explores the contemporary content of this obligation. Drawing on a broad range of hard and soft law instruments, the centrality of international cooperation for addressing the deprivations of poverty is reaffirmed legally, and given shape operationally. The complementary principle of a shared responsibility for human rights, recently pronounced by the international community, strengthens this legal obligation to cooperate internationally.Less
This chapter addresses the sources of cooperation for economic, social and cultural rights in international law, and explores the contemporary content of this obligation. Drawing on a broad range of hard and soft law instruments, the centrality of international cooperation for addressing the deprivations of poverty is reaffirmed legally, and given shape operationally. The complementary principle of a shared responsibility for human rights, recently pronounced by the international community, strengthens this legal obligation to cooperate internationally.
Mike W. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195133257
- eISBN:
- 9780199848706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133257.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
According to a traditional image, “true professionals” are independent agents who, unlike businesspersons, serve clients without having to submit to the authority of managers. With the advent of ...
More
According to a traditional image, “true professionals” are independent agents who, unlike businesspersons, serve clients without having to submit to the authority of managers. With the advent of managed health care and large legal offices, most physicians and attorneys now work within authority-structured corporations. Indeed, all issues in professional ethics, not only those surrounding personal commitments, increasingly concern interactions between professionals and their organizations, and also among members of different professions. This chapter discusses three aspects of shared responsibility: the interplay between professionals' authority as experts and managers' authority within organizations, the possibility of corporations and professionals serving shared or widely overlapping goals, and how respect for authority is compatible in principle with professional autonomy. It also explores professionals' right of conscience that leaves room for personal ideals within authority relationships. Although the focus is on the profession of engineering, the main points apply to all professions.Less
According to a traditional image, “true professionals” are independent agents who, unlike businesspersons, serve clients without having to submit to the authority of managers. With the advent of managed health care and large legal offices, most physicians and attorneys now work within authority-structured corporations. Indeed, all issues in professional ethics, not only those surrounding personal commitments, increasingly concern interactions between professionals and their organizations, and also among members of different professions. This chapter discusses three aspects of shared responsibility: the interplay between professionals' authority as experts and managers' authority within organizations, the possibility of corporations and professionals serving shared or widely overlapping goals, and how respect for authority is compatible in principle with professional autonomy. It also explores professionals' right of conscience that leaves room for personal ideals within authority relationships. Although the focus is on the profession of engineering, the main points apply to all professions.
Thad Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369434
- eISBN:
- 9780199852826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369434.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter introduces another ideology—republicanism—in order to interrogate sprawl in terms of civic virtue of self-governance and assumed shared responsibility. Civic republicans challenge the ...
More
This chapter introduces another ideology—republicanism—in order to interrogate sprawl in terms of civic virtue of self-governance and assumed shared responsibility. Civic republicans challenge the current American society—its institutions, culture norms, societal practices, and existing preferences to the extent of undercutting freedom as self-governance. As history dictates, however, sprawl apparently resulted from the desires of American society to live the suburban convenience, not out of a desire to foster active citizenship.Less
This chapter introduces another ideology—republicanism—in order to interrogate sprawl in terms of civic virtue of self-governance and assumed shared responsibility. Civic republicans challenge the current American society—its institutions, culture norms, societal practices, and existing preferences to the extent of undercutting freedom as self-governance. As history dictates, however, sprawl apparently resulted from the desires of American society to live the suburban convenience, not out of a desire to foster active citizenship.
Adam D. Reich
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160405
- eISBN:
- 9781400850372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160405.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines informality and collegiality at PubliCare Hospital. In part, informality and collegiality at PubliCare seemed to result from organizational inertia—the same people had been ...
More
This chapter examines informality and collegiality at PubliCare Hospital. In part, informality and collegiality at PubliCare seemed to result from organizational inertia—the same people had been working in the same ways for decades. However, this environment also seemed to reflect the care that the hospital delivered. Just as practitioners were forced to rely on informal ties and reciprocal obligations to take care of their patients, the same ties and obligations found their way into practitioners' relationships with one another. As one doctor put it, “You're in it together, and there's a camaraderie [at PubliCare].” The chapter considers the possible factors that contributed to PubliCare's egalitarianism, as well as the shared responsibility between its doctors, nurses, and managers. It also looks at Westside Health Corporation's alliance with Sierra Medical Foundation, its enlistment of entrepreneurs, and its decision to close PubliCare.Less
This chapter examines informality and collegiality at PubliCare Hospital. In part, informality and collegiality at PubliCare seemed to result from organizational inertia—the same people had been working in the same ways for decades. However, this environment also seemed to reflect the care that the hospital delivered. Just as practitioners were forced to rely on informal ties and reciprocal obligations to take care of their patients, the same ties and obligations found their way into practitioners' relationships with one another. As one doctor put it, “You're in it together, and there's a camaraderie [at PubliCare].” The chapter considers the possible factors that contributed to PubliCare's egalitarianism, as well as the shared responsibility between its doctors, nurses, and managers. It also looks at Westside Health Corporation's alliance with Sierra Medical Foundation, its enlistment of entrepreneurs, and its decision to close PubliCare.
Brooke A. Ackerly
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190662936
- eISBN:
- 9780190662974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
The cases of global injustice any of us has in mind when thinking about the requirements of justice condition our take on justice and responsibility. Chapter 1 provides two cases of injustice itself: ...
More
The cases of global injustice any of us has in mind when thinking about the requirements of justice condition our take on justice and responsibility. Chapter 1 provides two cases of injustice itself: garment worker labor rights struggles and the global food crisis. Throughout the book, the author refers back to specifics in these discussions. The empirical and conceptual complexity of these problems illustrates the kind of problem she thinks is most challenging for global justice and responsibility. She introduces other approaches to responsibility with which just responsibility has an affinity: Larry May’s shared moral responsibility, Hannah Arendt’s political and collective responsibility, and Iris Marion Young’s connected responsibility. A comprehensive discussion of how the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity takes responsibility for injustice illustrates the kinds of practices that are part of a political approach to taking responsibility for injustice itself.Less
The cases of global injustice any of us has in mind when thinking about the requirements of justice condition our take on justice and responsibility. Chapter 1 provides two cases of injustice itself: garment worker labor rights struggles and the global food crisis. Throughout the book, the author refers back to specifics in these discussions. The empirical and conceptual complexity of these problems illustrates the kind of problem she thinks is most challenging for global justice and responsibility. She introduces other approaches to responsibility with which just responsibility has an affinity: Larry May’s shared moral responsibility, Hannah Arendt’s political and collective responsibility, and Iris Marion Young’s connected responsibility. A comprehensive discussion of how the Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity takes responsibility for injustice illustrates the kinds of practices that are part of a political approach to taking responsibility for injustice itself.
Catherine Redgwell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198767954
- eISBN:
- 9780191821783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198767954.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter discusses burden-sharing in the context of secondary obligations (responsibility) under international law relating to the energy sector. The allocation of shared responsibilities among ...
More
This chapter discusses burden-sharing in the context of secondary obligations (responsibility) under international law relating to the energy sector. The allocation of shared responsibilities among multiple state and/or other actors is relatively unexplored in international law. The possibility was not excluded by the International Law Commission (ILC) in its work on the responsibility of States and of International Organizations (IOs), but it provided only limited guidance on the allocation of responsibility in such cases. Thus, this chapter considers the practice of shared responsibility (and ‘softer’ forms of shared accountability) in the specific context of international energy activities regulated at international law (i.e. the system of law governing relations between states).Less
This chapter discusses burden-sharing in the context of secondary obligations (responsibility) under international law relating to the energy sector. The allocation of shared responsibilities among multiple state and/or other actors is relatively unexplored in international law. The possibility was not excluded by the International Law Commission (ILC) in its work on the responsibility of States and of International Organizations (IOs), but it provided only limited guidance on the allocation of responsibility in such cases. Thus, this chapter considers the practice of shared responsibility (and ‘softer’ forms of shared accountability) in the specific context of international energy activities regulated at international law (i.e. the system of law governing relations between states).
Judith Schrempf-Stirling and Robert Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447336013
- eISBN:
- 9781447336051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447336013.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Obesity has become a global health epidemic and, as a result, a vivid debate about who bears responsibility has emerged. The book chapter elaborates on three fundamental elements that significantly ...
More
Obesity has become a global health epidemic and, as a result, a vivid debate about who bears responsibility has emerged. The book chapter elaborates on three fundamental elements that significantly influence agency in the context of food decisions: awareness and knowledge, the presence of alternatives, and addictive or addiction-like tendencies of human physiology and psychology. Under current conditions consumers do not have full agency to take full responsibility for obesity. Instead, corporations and governments play an active role in restoring consumer agency to make responsible food choices.Less
Obesity has become a global health epidemic and, as a result, a vivid debate about who bears responsibility has emerged. The book chapter elaborates on three fundamental elements that significantly influence agency in the context of food decisions: awareness and knowledge, the presence of alternatives, and addictive or addiction-like tendencies of human physiology and psychology. Under current conditions consumers do not have full agency to take full responsibility for obesity. Instead, corporations and governments play an active role in restoring consumer agency to make responsible food choices.
Ilias Plakokefalos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198784630
- eISBN:
- 9780191827051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of ...
More
This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of the jus post bellum. When two actors are engaged in armed conflict, there arise no serious issues as to sharing responsibility for violations. But the fact that modern armed conflicts often involve more than two actors (e.g. Libya 2011) complicates the matters arising out of environmental harm, as there may be two or more actors contributing to the same harmful event. This is a typical situation of shared responsibility. Shared responsibility provides that the problem of reparations for environmental harm is to be examined in situations where there is a multiplicity of actors that contribute to a single harmful outcome. This definition covers the breach of obligations under jus ad bellum and jus in bello, as well as under international environmental law.Less
This chapter explores the problems that environmental damage in armed conflict pose to the determination of shared responsibility, and especially the determination of reparations, in the context of the jus post bellum. When two actors are engaged in armed conflict, there arise no serious issues as to sharing responsibility for violations. But the fact that modern armed conflicts often involve more than two actors (e.g. Libya 2011) complicates the matters arising out of environmental harm, as there may be two or more actors contributing to the same harmful event. This is a typical situation of shared responsibility. Shared responsibility provides that the problem of reparations for environmental harm is to be examined in situations where there is a multiplicity of actors that contribute to a single harmful outcome. This definition covers the breach of obligations under jus ad bellum and jus in bello, as well as under international environmental law.
Amy E. Eckert
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801454202
- eISBN:
- 9781501703577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801454202.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter begins by considering the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules, which regulate different aspects of war, as well as the relationship between international law and ...
More
This chapter begins by considering the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules, which regulate different aspects of war, as well as the relationship between international law and the just war tradition, as two sets of rules that apply to the regulation of armed conflict. It then looks at one of two key challenges that privatization poses to jus in bello rules. The challenge stems from the fact that jus in bello rules, though intended to regulate the conduct of individuals during war time, incorporate some statist assumptions. These rules exist primarily for the purpose of protecting populations that are particularly vulnerable to the horrors of war. While constraining the conduct of private military contractor (PMC) personnel presents the more pressing moral problem, these individuals are sometimes in need of protection themselves. As such, their ambiguous status as something between civilian noncombatants and military members poses a unique set of problems. Finally, the chapter turns to the question of who bears responsibility for the violations of jus in bello norms, suggesting a system of shared responsibility for PMC personnel who violate jus in bello norms, the PMCs that employ them and, in some cases, the states that hire the PMCs.Less
This chapter begins by considering the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules, which regulate different aspects of war, as well as the relationship between international law and the just war tradition, as two sets of rules that apply to the regulation of armed conflict. It then looks at one of two key challenges that privatization poses to jus in bello rules. The challenge stems from the fact that jus in bello rules, though intended to regulate the conduct of individuals during war time, incorporate some statist assumptions. These rules exist primarily for the purpose of protecting populations that are particularly vulnerable to the horrors of war. While constraining the conduct of private military contractor (PMC) personnel presents the more pressing moral problem, these individuals are sometimes in need of protection themselves. As such, their ambiguous status as something between civilian noncombatants and military members poses a unique set of problems. Finally, the chapter turns to the question of who bears responsibility for the violations of jus in bello norms, suggesting a system of shared responsibility for PMC personnel who violate jus in bello norms, the PMCs that employ them and, in some cases, the states that hire the PMCs.
Marilyn Watson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190867263
- eISBN:
- 9780190867294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Laura used a variety of activities to help her students see themselves as part of a caring community from which they drew benefits and to which they had responsibilities. She engaged them in setting ...
More
Laura used a variety of activities to help her students see themselves as part of a caring community from which they drew benefits and to which they had responsibilities. She engaged them in setting goals and norms for the classroom, provided lots of opportunities for shared experiences, and helped them build a shared history. She used class meetings to help them feel part of the whole class, and, together with her students, created special customs and experiences that helped define them as a group. Perhaps, most important, she encouraged her students to share in the responsibility for creating and maintaining their community, and she helped them do so.Less
Laura used a variety of activities to help her students see themselves as part of a caring community from which they drew benefits and to which they had responsibilities. She engaged them in setting goals and norms for the classroom, provided lots of opportunities for shared experiences, and helped them build a shared history. She used class meetings to help them feel part of the whole class, and, together with her students, created special customs and experiences that helped define them as a group. Perhaps, most important, she encouraged her students to share in the responsibility for creating and maintaining their community, and she helped them do so.
Bram Peper, Laura den Dulk, and Anneke van Doorne-Huiskes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422200
- eISBN:
- 9781447304326
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422200.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter describes the context in the Netherlands where current public policy defines the work-family ‘balance’ as a shared responsibility between government, employees and employers. However, ...
More
This chapter describes the context in the Netherlands where current public policy defines the work-family ‘balance’ as a shared responsibility between government, employees and employers. However, assumptions about gendered responsibilities remain rather traditional. Drawing on a case study of a Dutch finance company, the chapter describes an organisation that adopts several formal supportive policies and experiences many tensions. It shows how work-family policies play out in paradoxical and ambivalent ways in the organisation at different levels, and the consequences for working parents and their managers. The chapter argues that although employers recognise and acknowledge that work-family policies and supports make sense in the changing economic environments and are intended to enhance employee satisfaction, in practice these policies do not feature in senior management strategic business planning and hence, are not included in the organisational culture. As a result, workers do not feel entitle to take advantage of them.Less
This chapter describes the context in the Netherlands where current public policy defines the work-family ‘balance’ as a shared responsibility between government, employees and employers. However, assumptions about gendered responsibilities remain rather traditional. Drawing on a case study of a Dutch finance company, the chapter describes an organisation that adopts several formal supportive policies and experiences many tensions. It shows how work-family policies play out in paradoxical and ambivalent ways in the organisation at different levels, and the consequences for working parents and their managers. The chapter argues that although employers recognise and acknowledge that work-family policies and supports make sense in the changing economic environments and are intended to enhance employee satisfaction, in practice these policies do not feature in senior management strategic business planning and hence, are not included in the organisational culture. As a result, workers do not feel entitle to take advantage of them.
Martha Minow
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199781911
- eISBN:
- 9780190252519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199781911.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the social shift of economic risk to individuals and the need to overcome the barriers—psychological, cognitive, analytic, and ideological—to understanding the risk ...
More
This chapter focuses on the social shift of economic risk to individuals and the need to overcome the barriers—psychological, cognitive, analytic, and ideological—to understanding the risk allocation. It begins with a historical overview of risks to human health, welfare, and well-being before explaining why it is difficult to see risk and its shift from government and businesses to individuals and families. It then looks at policy proposals to address these shifts, from income support to consumer credit reforms. The chapter concludes by arguing that democratic action toward addressing social policy challenges posed by these shifts is not possible in the absence of a greater sense of shared risks and shared responsibility.Less
This chapter focuses on the social shift of economic risk to individuals and the need to overcome the barriers—psychological, cognitive, analytic, and ideological—to understanding the risk allocation. It begins with a historical overview of risks to human health, welfare, and well-being before explaining why it is difficult to see risk and its shift from government and businesses to individuals and families. It then looks at policy proposals to address these shifts, from income support to consumer credit reforms. The chapter concludes by arguing that democratic action toward addressing social policy challenges posed by these shifts is not possible in the absence of a greater sense of shared risks and shared responsibility.
Alan Gamlen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833499
- eISBN:
- 9780191871931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833499.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter 6 shifts to Phase 2 in the rise of diaspora institutions, describing the spread of diaspora institutions from the mid-1990s, as a ‘model’ of migration management in regional integration ...
More
Chapter 6 shifts to Phase 2 in the rise of diaspora institutions, describing the spread of diaspora institutions from the mid-1990s, as a ‘model’ of migration management in regional integration schemes like the EU. Diaspora institutions helped regional leaders to merge their member states into new regional units. Because these diaspora institutions involved the projection of one state’s authority into the domestic domain of another, they required states to soften their sovereignties and share responsibility for migrants. They demonstrated how an integrated region with porous ‘intercultural’ borders could address Europe’s abiding ethnic minority issues where a Europe of sealed nation-states could not. And they helped the new EU border states build the migration management capacities to deal with their new responsibilities as the sentries of Europe’s new perimeter. But sometimes, this process has released pent-up nationalisms and dredged up past territorial disputes.Less
Chapter 6 shifts to Phase 2 in the rise of diaspora institutions, describing the spread of diaspora institutions from the mid-1990s, as a ‘model’ of migration management in regional integration schemes like the EU. Diaspora institutions helped regional leaders to merge their member states into new regional units. Because these diaspora institutions involved the projection of one state’s authority into the domestic domain of another, they required states to soften their sovereignties and share responsibility for migrants. They demonstrated how an integrated region with porous ‘intercultural’ borders could address Europe’s abiding ethnic minority issues where a Europe of sealed nation-states could not. And they helped the new EU border states build the migration management capacities to deal with their new responsibilities as the sentries of Europe’s new perimeter. But sometimes, this process has released pent-up nationalisms and dredged up past territorial disputes.
Stephanie Collins
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198840275
- eISBN:
- 9780191875762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198840275.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Moral duties are regularly attributed to groups. We might think that the United Kingdom has a moral duty to defend human rights, that environmentalists have a moral duty to push for global systemic ...
More
Moral duties are regularly attributed to groups. We might think that the United Kingdom has a moral duty to defend human rights, that environmentalists have a moral duty to push for global systemic reform, or that the affluent have a moral duty to alleviate poverty. This book asks (i) whether such groups are apt to bear duties and (ii) what this implies for their members. It defends a ‘Tripartite Model’ of group duties, which divides groups into three fundamental categories. First, combinations are collections of agents that do not have any goals or decision-making procedures in common. Combinations cannot bear moral duties. Instead, we should re-cast their purported duties as a series of duties—one held by each agent in the combination. Each duty demands its bearer to ‘I-reason’: to do the best they can, given whatever they happen to believe the others will do. Second, coalitions are groups whose members share goals but lack decision-making procedures. Coalitions also cannot bear duties, but their alleged duties should be replaced with members’ several duties to ‘we-reason’: to do one’s part in a particular group pattern of actions, on the presumption that others will do likewise. Third, collectives have group-level procedures for making decisions. They can bear duties. Collectives’ duties imply duties for collectives’ members to use their role in the collective with a view to the collective doing its duty.Less
Moral duties are regularly attributed to groups. We might think that the United Kingdom has a moral duty to defend human rights, that environmentalists have a moral duty to push for global systemic reform, or that the affluent have a moral duty to alleviate poverty. This book asks (i) whether such groups are apt to bear duties and (ii) what this implies for their members. It defends a ‘Tripartite Model’ of group duties, which divides groups into three fundamental categories. First, combinations are collections of agents that do not have any goals or decision-making procedures in common. Combinations cannot bear moral duties. Instead, we should re-cast their purported duties as a series of duties—one held by each agent in the combination. Each duty demands its bearer to ‘I-reason’: to do the best they can, given whatever they happen to believe the others will do. Second, coalitions are groups whose members share goals but lack decision-making procedures. Coalitions also cannot bear duties, but their alleged duties should be replaced with members’ several duties to ‘we-reason’: to do one’s part in a particular group pattern of actions, on the presumption that others will do likewise. Third, collectives have group-level procedures for making decisions. They can bear duties. Collectives’ duties imply duties for collectives’ members to use their role in the collective with a view to the collective doing its duty.
Marina Sharpe
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198826224
- eISBN:
- 9780191865169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198826224.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s main findings, which relate to the initial impetus for a regional refugee instrument, the meaning of key terms of the 1969 Convention, its ...
More
Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s main findings, which relate to the initial impetus for a regional refugee instrument, the meaning of key terms of the 1969 Convention, its relationships with the international refugee convention and with regional human rights law, and the institutional architecture supportive of this treaty framework. It also addresses several overarching issues: the lack of formal supervision of the 1969 Convention, the challenge of effective implementation, and both negative and constructive forms of international responsibility sharing. Finally, it suggests a protection priority the AU and states should focus on going forward: fostering the local integration of refugees in protracted situations, including by respecting refugees’ work rights and their freedom of movement.Less
Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s main findings, which relate to the initial impetus for a regional refugee instrument, the meaning of key terms of the 1969 Convention, its relationships with the international refugee convention and with regional human rights law, and the institutional architecture supportive of this treaty framework. It also addresses several overarching issues: the lack of formal supervision of the 1969 Convention, the challenge of effective implementation, and both negative and constructive forms of international responsibility sharing. Finally, it suggests a protection priority the AU and states should focus on going forward: fostering the local integration of refugees in protracted situations, including by respecting refugees’ work rights and their freedom of movement.
Daphné Richemond-Barak
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190457242
- eISBN:
- 9780190457280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190457242.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Tunnel-digging, or tunneling, hardly features in international legal instruments. Unlike land, space, and sea, the underground remains largely unregulated. In trying to decipher international law’s ...
More
Tunnel-digging, or tunneling, hardly features in international legal instruments. Unlike land, space, and sea, the underground remains largely unregulated. In trying to decipher international law’s take on the underground, this chapter searches for answers in general international law. Does international law recognize state sovereignty over the underground as it does for air, land, and space, or does sovereignty over the underground fall into an unregulated loophole? A close analysis reveals that states have sovereignty over underground resources located in areas under their control or jurisdiction, provided these rights have not been transferred to private entities. This chapter argues that the same principles governing sovereignty over land, air, and water—sovereignty, development, shared resources, cooperation, and peace and security—should apply to state sovereignty over the underground. The implications for the legality of tunnel-digging under international law are far-reaching.Less
Tunnel-digging, or tunneling, hardly features in international legal instruments. Unlike land, space, and sea, the underground remains largely unregulated. In trying to decipher international law’s take on the underground, this chapter searches for answers in general international law. Does international law recognize state sovereignty over the underground as it does for air, land, and space, or does sovereignty over the underground fall into an unregulated loophole? A close analysis reveals that states have sovereignty over underground resources located in areas under their control or jurisdiction, provided these rights have not been transferred to private entities. This chapter argues that the same principles governing sovereignty over land, air, and water—sovereignty, development, shared resources, cooperation, and peace and security—should apply to state sovereignty over the underground. The implications for the legality of tunnel-digging under international law are far-reaching.
George P. Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190903572
- eISBN:
- 9780190903602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190903572.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
This chapter examines the concept of complicity. The basic question is whether complicity is a crime in and of itself or a way of assisting another person to commit a crime. On the whole, the idea of ...
More
This chapter examines the concept of complicity. The basic question is whether complicity is a crime in and of itself or a way of assisting another person to commit a crime. On the whole, the idea of complicity in the actions of another has become a standard part of modern legal and moral thought. One no longer thinks of individuals acting solely on their own account but of groups of people interacting in order to produce a crime of shared responsibility. This is particularly true in the crimes of genocide, aggression, and crimes against humanity. As for holding individual actors accountable, as Article 25 of the Rome Statute attempts to do, it would make sense to hold each liable for their causal role in the crime. That is, complicity should be seen not as a crime in itself but as a contribution to the crime of another.Less
This chapter examines the concept of complicity. The basic question is whether complicity is a crime in and of itself or a way of assisting another person to commit a crime. On the whole, the idea of complicity in the actions of another has become a standard part of modern legal and moral thought. One no longer thinks of individuals acting solely on their own account but of groups of people interacting in order to produce a crime of shared responsibility. This is particularly true in the crimes of genocide, aggression, and crimes against humanity. As for holding individual actors accountable, as Article 25 of the Rome Statute attempts to do, it would make sense to hold each liable for their causal role in the crime. That is, complicity should be seen not as a crime in itself but as a contribution to the crime of another.