Pranab Bardhan (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287629
- eISBN:
- 9780191595912
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In this book, the authors theorize about the rationale and consequences of some economic institutions and contractual arrangements that are particularly predominant in poor agrarian economies. The ...
More
In this book, the authors theorize about the rationale and consequences of some economic institutions and contractual arrangements that are particularly predominant in poor agrarian economies. The models illustrate how some of the tools of advanced economic theory can be fruitfully used in understanding the aspects of age‐old agrarian institutions (like sharecropping, labour contracts, interlinked economic arrangements straddling labour, land, credit and product markets, producer and credit cooperatives, risk‐sharing institutions, etc.).Less
In this book, the authors theorize about the rationale and consequences of some economic institutions and contractual arrangements that are particularly predominant in poor agrarian economies. The models illustrate how some of the tools of advanced economic theory can be fruitfully used in understanding the aspects of age‐old agrarian institutions (like sharecropping, labour contracts, interlinked economic arrangements straddling labour, land, credit and product markets, producer and credit cooperatives, risk‐sharing institutions, etc.).
Naresh Sharma and Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288329
- eISBN:
- 9780191596599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288328.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Presents an analytical description and interpretation of tenancy in Palanpur. The basic features of tenancy in Palanpur are highlighted. The incidence of tenancy and the prevailing types of tenancy ...
More
Presents an analytical description and interpretation of tenancy in Palanpur. The basic features of tenancy in Palanpur are highlighted. The incidence of tenancy and the prevailing types of tenancy contracts are described. The relationship between landlords and tenants is studied. The persistence and efficiency of sharecropping is analysed. The differential access to land of skilled farmers is investigated in an appendix.Less
Presents an analytical description and interpretation of tenancy in Palanpur. The basic features of tenancy in Palanpur are highlighted. The incidence of tenancy and the prevailing types of tenancy contracts are described. The relationship between landlords and tenants is studied. The persistence and efficiency of sharecropping is analysed. The differential access to land of skilled farmers is investigated in an appendix.
Nirvikar Singh
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287629
- eISBN:
- 9780191595912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287623.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Surveys the theoretical literature on the rationale of sharecropping, with special emphasis on the roles of risk‐sharing, incentive provision, wealth constraints, and screening in an environment of ...
More
Surveys the theoretical literature on the rationale of sharecropping, with special emphasis on the roles of risk‐sharing, incentive provision, wealth constraints, and screening in an environment of pervasive uncertainty, and information asymmetry.Less
Surveys the theoretical literature on the rationale of sharecropping, with special emphasis on the roles of risk‐sharing, incentive provision, wealth constraints, and screening in an environment of pervasive uncertainty, and information asymmetry.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally ...
More
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub‐Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub‐Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally ...
More
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub-Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses the characteristics of the peasant household in terms of land, labour, savings, and credit. It has ten sections: (1) the peasant household (which is normally land owning); (2) credit constraints and the organization of production—using family or hired labour; (3) moral hazard, wage labour, and tenancy (the predominating forms are fixed‐rental contracts and sharecropping or metayage); (4) village enclaves as production units; (5) land, labour, and credit markets: observations on rural India; (6) agrarian relations in sub-Saharan Africa; (7) consumption as investment; (8) lack of credit among the assetless; (9) consumption smoothing; and (10) unemployment. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *9) gives theoretical presentations on four aspects of households and credit constraints. These are (1) a model of the peasant household; (2) the precautionary motive for saving; (3) credit, insurance, and agricultural investment; and (4) why may credit be rationed.
T. N. Srinivasan
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287629
- eISBN:
- 9780191595912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287623.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In this chapter, the author looks into the conditions under which borrowing under a voluntary ‘bonded labour’ contract (whereby one may repay loans by providing labour services at less than one's ...
More
In this chapter, the author looks into the conditions under which borrowing under a voluntary ‘bonded labour’ contract (whereby one may repay loans by providing labour services at less than one's opportunity cost) will be chosen by a sharecropper, if another source of credit besides the landlord is available.Less
In this chapter, the author looks into the conditions under which borrowing under a voluntary ‘bonded labour’ contract (whereby one may repay loans by providing labour services at less than one's opportunity cost) will be chosen by a sharecropper, if another source of credit besides the landlord is available.
Pranab Bardhan and Christopher Udry
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198773719
- eISBN:
- 9780191595929
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198773714.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Commences with some comments on the evolution of property rights in land and on reasons for rural land markets being relatively ‘thin’; the rest of the chapter then analyzes the more active ...
More
Commences with some comments on the evolution of property rights in land and on reasons for rural land markets being relatively ‘thin’; the rest of the chapter then analyzes the more active land‐lease market. First, a principal‐agent model of tenancy under uncertainty and private information is presented. It is shown how sharecropping may be used to deal with the trade‐off between risk‐sharing and incentive that arises in the presence of moral hazard. An extension of the model that allows the tenant to decide on a non‐labour input as well throws light on the ‘equal share’ rule in input costs. In the last section, a principal‐agent model with a limited liability constraint is used to study the inefficiency associated with tenancy when credit markets are imperfect and also to point to the possibility of a ‘tenancy ladder’ emerging for tenants with differing wealth constraints.Less
Commences with some comments on the evolution of property rights in land and on reasons for rural land markets being relatively ‘thin’; the rest of the chapter then analyzes the more active land‐lease market. First, a principal‐agent model of tenancy under uncertainty and private information is presented. It is shown how sharecropping may be used to deal with the trade‐off between risk‐sharing and incentive that arises in the presence of moral hazard. An extension of the model that allows the tenant to decide on a non‐labour input as well throws light on the ‘equal share’ rule in input costs. In the last section, a principal‐agent model with a limited liability constraint is used to study the inefficiency associated with tenancy when credit markets are imperfect and also to point to the possibility of a ‘tenancy ladder’ emerging for tenants with differing wealth constraints.
Uday Shankar Saha and Mandira Saha
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented ...
More
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.Less
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.
Dolly Sumner Lunt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469607788
- eISBN:
- 9781469607801
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9781469607795_Lunt
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's ...
More
Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's troops and their habit of pillaging and burning everything in their path, she records stories of visits by local raiders posing as U.S. soldiers and the sleepless nights she has spent watching fires on the horizon. Despite Lunt's efforts to hide her valuable possessions, which include sending her mules into the woods, dividing her stores of meat among the slaves, and burying the silver, the passing Union troops raid her house and plantation and take her slaves with them. They also set fire to cotton bales in her barn, but the blaze burns out before spreading, largely sparing Lunt's property the widespread destruction suffered by neighboring plantations. In her last entries, dated December 1865, Lunt writes optimistically about the recovery of her farm, her new sharecropping system, and the first cheerful Christmas in years.Less
Dolly Sumner Lunt begins her diary, published in 1918, by recalling her anxiety about the approach of General Sherman's Union army on January 1, 1864. While she worries about the arrival of Sherman's troops and their habit of pillaging and burning everything in their path, she records stories of visits by local raiders posing as U.S. soldiers and the sleepless nights she has spent watching fires on the horizon. Despite Lunt's efforts to hide her valuable possessions, which include sending her mules into the woods, dividing her stores of meat among the slaves, and burying the silver, the passing Union troops raid her house and plantation and take her slaves with them. They also set fire to cotton bales in her barn, but the blaze burns out before spreading, largely sparing Lunt's property the widespread destruction suffered by neighboring plantations. In her last entries, dated December 1865, Lunt writes optimistically about the recovery of her farm, her new sharecropping system, and the first cheerful Christmas in years.
Dik Roth and Linden Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082927
- eISBN:
- 9780199082247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082927.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter discusses the politics of groundwater markets and its interrelation with social differentiation and class–caste relations. Based on an intensive social anthropological study of a village ...
More
This chapter discusses the politics of groundwater markets and its interrelation with social differentiation and class–caste relations. Based on an intensive social anthropological study of a village in north Gujarat, it investigates the factors that shaped unrestrained use of groundwater and the responses of various social groups. These factors range from the issues of access and control over productive resources such as land and groundwater, a local ecology that endorsed groundwater development and institutions like groundwater markets, and sharecropping that mediated the change process. The chapter uses a triadic framework of agrarian institutions, ecological variables in agrarian change, and the domain of the state in influencing nature and society. Further, it locates the context of the study in the larger political economy of Gujarat where dominant classes have determined differential class-based access to productive resources through sources of legitimacy and power.Less
This chapter discusses the politics of groundwater markets and its interrelation with social differentiation and class–caste relations. Based on an intensive social anthropological study of a village in north Gujarat, it investigates the factors that shaped unrestrained use of groundwater and the responses of various social groups. These factors range from the issues of access and control over productive resources such as land and groundwater, a local ecology that endorsed groundwater development and institutions like groundwater markets, and sharecropping that mediated the change process. The chapter uses a triadic framework of agrarian institutions, ecological variables in agrarian change, and the domain of the state in influencing nature and society. Further, it locates the context of the study in the larger political economy of Gujarat where dominant classes have determined differential class-based access to productive resources through sources of legitimacy and power.
Robin D. G. Kelley
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625485
- eISBN:
- 9781469625508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625485.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the Share Croppers' Union (SCU) on August 6, 1931. Al Murphy, appointed as SCU secretary, was a tremendous asset to the fledgling organization. ...
More
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the Share Croppers' Union (SCU) on August 6, 1931. Al Murphy, appointed as SCU secretary, was a tremendous asset to the fledgling organization. Recognizing the need to expand into the black belt, he established headquarters in Montgomery where he worked closely with the city's leading black Communists. Murphy also developed strategies that emphasized self-preservation and cunning, in line with croppers' underground tradition of resistance. These include no meetings to be held in empty houses; SCU members were told not to walk in large crowds nor engage in armed action. The cotton pickers' strike in 1934 marked the SCU's first major victory since its creation.Less
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the Share Croppers' Union (SCU) on August 6, 1931. Al Murphy, appointed as SCU secretary, was a tremendous asset to the fledgling organization. Recognizing the need to expand into the black belt, he established headquarters in Montgomery where he worked closely with the city's leading black Communists. Murphy also developed strategies that emphasized self-preservation and cunning, in line with croppers' underground tradition of resistance. These include no meetings to be held in empty houses; SCU members were told not to walk in large crowds nor engage in armed action. The cotton pickers' strike in 1934 marked the SCU's first major victory since its creation.
Fiona Vernal
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199843404
- eISBN:
- 9780199950546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843404.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Chapter six explores the crisis of 1884 when the WMMS considered evicting the residents and dissolving the mission. Criticism of the mission was symptomatic of a general disillusionment with the ...
More
Chapter six explores the crisis of 1884 when the WMMS considered evicting the residents and dissolving the mission. Criticism of the mission was symptomatic of a general disillusionment with the anaemic pace of conversion, paltry membership rates compared to the overall population and displeasure with the growth of unorthodox, syncretic versions of Christianity. Missionaries took umbrage at African criticism of missionary paternalism and unorthodox interpretations of Christianity. Africans questioned the sanctity of freehold tenure as the only guarantor of land access. They also asserted the legitimacy of long-term occupancy as well as usufruct rights and pushed for autonomy to use the land in the way they saw fit, including leaving it fallow or sharecropping with non-residents. To avoid complicity in colonial dispossession, however, the missionary society reluctantly voted to give the mission a second chance to full its original blueprint, thereby and reviving some moral sway for missionary paternalism.Less
Chapter six explores the crisis of 1884 when the WMMS considered evicting the residents and dissolving the mission. Criticism of the mission was symptomatic of a general disillusionment with the anaemic pace of conversion, paltry membership rates compared to the overall population and displeasure with the growth of unorthodox, syncretic versions of Christianity. Missionaries took umbrage at African criticism of missionary paternalism and unorthodox interpretations of Christianity. Africans questioned the sanctity of freehold tenure as the only guarantor of land access. They also asserted the legitimacy of long-term occupancy as well as usufruct rights and pushed for autonomy to use the land in the way they saw fit, including leaving it fallow or sharecropping with non-residents. To avoid complicity in colonial dispossession, however, the missionary society reluctantly voted to give the mission a second chance to full its original blueprint, thereby and reviving some moral sway for missionary paternalism.
Julia Simon
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190666552
- eISBN:
- 9780190666583
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190666552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Philosophy of Music, Popular
Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues ...
More
Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues focus on the present moment, creating an experience of time for both performer and listener that is inflected by the material conditions that gave rise to the genre. Examining time as it is represented, enacted, and experienced through the blues engages questions concerning how material conditions in the early twentieth century shaped a musical genre. The formal characteristics of the blues—ostinato patterns, cyclical changes, improvisation, call and response—emerge from and speak to economic, social, and political relations under Jim Crow segregation. A close examination of the structuring of time under sharecropping, convict lease, and migration reveals their significance to aesthetic constraints in the blues. Likewise, contexts and frames of reception, such as traveling shows, advertisements for 78 rpm records, and a sense of tradition structure the experience of time for an audience of listeners. Blues music provides a rich and complex articulation of a dynamic form of resonant temporality that speaks against the dominant culture through its insistence on the present moment. Ultimately, Time in the Blues, argues for the relevance, significance, and importance of time in the blues for shared values of community and a vision of social justice.Less
Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues focus on the present moment, creating an experience of time for both performer and listener that is inflected by the material conditions that gave rise to the genre. Examining time as it is represented, enacted, and experienced through the blues engages questions concerning how material conditions in the early twentieth century shaped a musical genre. The formal characteristics of the blues—ostinato patterns, cyclical changes, improvisation, call and response—emerge from and speak to economic, social, and political relations under Jim Crow segregation. A close examination of the structuring of time under sharecropping, convict lease, and migration reveals their significance to aesthetic constraints in the blues. Likewise, contexts and frames of reception, such as traveling shows, advertisements for 78 rpm records, and a sense of tradition structure the experience of time for an audience of listeners. Blues music provides a rich and complex articulation of a dynamic form of resonant temporality that speaks against the dominant culture through its insistence on the present moment. Ultimately, Time in the Blues, argues for the relevance, significance, and importance of time in the blues for shared values of community and a vision of social justice.
Erin Stewart Mauldin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190865177
- eISBN:
- 9780190865207
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190865177.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
An important reconsideration of the Civil War’s role in southern history, Unredeemed Land examines the ways that military conflict and emancipation reconfigured the landscape of the rural South, and ...
More
An important reconsideration of the Civil War’s role in southern history, Unredeemed Land examines the ways that military conflict and emancipation reconfigured the landscape of the rural South, and uncovers the environmental constraints that shaped the rural South’s transition to capitalism during the late nineteenth century. Dixie’s “King Cotton” required extensive land-use techniques, fresh soil, and slave-based agriculture in order to remain profitable. But wartime destruction and the rise of the contract labor system closed off those possibilities and necessitated increasingly intensive cultivation in ways that worked against the environment. The resulting disconnect between farmers’ use of the land and what the natural environment could support went hand-in-hand with the economic dislocation of freedpeople, poor farmers, and sharecroppers. Drawing on extensive archival and governmental sources and a wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship in the natural sciences, this work demonstrates how the Civil War and emancipation accelerated ongoing ecological change and altered land use in ways that hastened the postbellum collapse of the region’s subsistence economy, encouraged the expansion of cotton production, and ultimately kept cotton farmers trapped in a cycle of debt and tenancy.Less
An important reconsideration of the Civil War’s role in southern history, Unredeemed Land examines the ways that military conflict and emancipation reconfigured the landscape of the rural South, and uncovers the environmental constraints that shaped the rural South’s transition to capitalism during the late nineteenth century. Dixie’s “King Cotton” required extensive land-use techniques, fresh soil, and slave-based agriculture in order to remain profitable. But wartime destruction and the rise of the contract labor system closed off those possibilities and necessitated increasingly intensive cultivation in ways that worked against the environment. The resulting disconnect between farmers’ use of the land and what the natural environment could support went hand-in-hand with the economic dislocation of freedpeople, poor farmers, and sharecroppers. Drawing on extensive archival and governmental sources and a wealth of interdisciplinary scholarship in the natural sciences, this work demonstrates how the Civil War and emancipation accelerated ongoing ecological change and altered land use in ways that hastened the postbellum collapse of the region’s subsistence economy, encouraged the expansion of cotton production, and ultimately kept cotton farmers trapped in a cycle of debt and tenancy.
Rob Christensen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469651040
- eISBN:
- 9781469651064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651040.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Great Depression made a hard life even worse. Out of the rural poverty, Kerr Scott led a re-organized State Grange to fight for famer interests. This provided Kerr Scott with a political base to ...
More
The Great Depression made a hard life even worse. Out of the rural poverty, Kerr Scott led a re-organized State Grange to fight for famer interests. This provided Kerr Scott with a political base to be elected state agriculture commissioner in 1936 as a New Deal Democrat.Less
The Great Depression made a hard life even worse. Out of the rural poverty, Kerr Scott led a re-organized State Grange to fight for famer interests. This provided Kerr Scott with a political base to be elected state agriculture commissioner in 1936 as a New Deal Democrat.
Osizwe Raena Jamila Harwell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781496807588
- eISBN:
- 9781496807625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496807588.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Chapter three deepens Campbell’s story by considering the emergence of her first novel Your Blues Ain’t Like Mine. The content of Your Blues is connected to racial consciousness and concern for ...
More
Chapter three deepens Campbell’s story by considering the emergence of her first novel Your Blues Ain’t Like Mine. The content of Your Blues is connected to racial consciousness and concern for racial violence that Campbell develops as a college student during the Black Liberation period. The recurrent themes in Your Blues reveal a direct relationship to Campbell’s activism at the University of Pittsburgh. Finally, the chapter also highlights the emergence of Campbell’s signature style of integrating specific historical, social, and political themes into all her fictional writing.Less
Chapter three deepens Campbell’s story by considering the emergence of her first novel Your Blues Ain’t Like Mine. The content of Your Blues is connected to racial consciousness and concern for racial violence that Campbell develops as a college student during the Black Liberation period. The recurrent themes in Your Blues reveal a direct relationship to Campbell’s activism at the University of Pittsburgh. Finally, the chapter also highlights the emergence of Campbell’s signature style of integrating specific historical, social, and political themes into all her fictional writing.
James C. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300191165
- eISBN:
- 9780300206814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300191165.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some ...
More
This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some form of wage labor and then on to sharecropping, shifts that reflected both struggles over racial control and the demands of bright tobacco, which remained the region's economic engine.Less
This chapter examines changes in labor relations in Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania in the first few years following Emancipation. Most local African Americans first moved from slavery to some form of wage labor and then on to sharecropping, shifts that reflected both struggles over racial control and the demands of bright tobacco, which remained the region's economic engine.
Steven E. Nash
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469626246
- eISBN:
- 9781469628080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626246.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Chapter 2 discusses the process of emancipation in western North Carolina. In 1860, African Americans constituted only 10.2 percent of the mountain counties’ total inhabitants. In terms of their ...
More
Chapter 2 discusses the process of emancipation in western North Carolina. In 1860, African Americans constituted only 10.2 percent of the mountain counties’ total inhabitants. In terms of their desires, however, members of the black minority pursued goals comparable to their peers in the plantation South. Reuniting families, securing land and employment, and getting an education figured prominently in their understanding of freedom. The mountains did pose some challenges. The smaller black population and the small county seats offered less in the way of urban areas for former slaves. Such urban areas proved invaluable to community building in the plantation South. Smaller population size also informed the type of labor opportunities available. An antebellum tradition of sharecropping in the mountains helped speed the section’s transition from slavery to sharecropping after the war. As in other sections of the South, their efforts to establish their independence generated a variety of reactions ranging from acceptance to bloodshed.Less
Chapter 2 discusses the process of emancipation in western North Carolina. In 1860, African Americans constituted only 10.2 percent of the mountain counties’ total inhabitants. In terms of their desires, however, members of the black minority pursued goals comparable to their peers in the plantation South. Reuniting families, securing land and employment, and getting an education figured prominently in their understanding of freedom. The mountains did pose some challenges. The smaller black population and the small county seats offered less in the way of urban areas for former slaves. Such urban areas proved invaluable to community building in the plantation South. Smaller population size also informed the type of labor opportunities available. An antebellum tradition of sharecropping in the mountains helped speed the section’s transition from slavery to sharecropping after the war. As in other sections of the South, their efforts to establish their independence generated a variety of reactions ranging from acceptance to bloodshed.
Christopher B. Bean
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780823268757
- eISBN:
- 9780823271771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268757.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
The Bureau’s apex is chronicled here. It became a true bureaucracy: numerous paperwork and, at times, inefficiency. Agents discovered this firsthand. It chronicles the domestic issues brought for ...
More
The Bureau’s apex is chronicled here. It became a true bureaucracy: numerous paperwork and, at times, inefficiency. Agents discovered this firsthand. It chronicles the domestic issues brought for resolution, their breakdown by gender, and their outcome. Cases included marital disputes about property, accusations of abandonment, polygamy, domestic abuse, and child custody. Contrary to indictments, Bureau agents did not always rule against women, defending them against oppression at their husband’s hands. Freedwomen saw agents as protectors. As with other adjudications, field agents’ “best judgment” guided them to an equitable resolution. With this entry into domesticity, agents battled against behavior contrary to societal norms, reminding freedpeople of their responsibilities as husbands, wives, and citizens. Education was a way to achieve this. More than any head, Kiddoo emphasized education, with subordinates varying in interest for the subject and success.Less
The Bureau’s apex is chronicled here. It became a true bureaucracy: numerous paperwork and, at times, inefficiency. Agents discovered this firsthand. It chronicles the domestic issues brought for resolution, their breakdown by gender, and their outcome. Cases included marital disputes about property, accusations of abandonment, polygamy, domestic abuse, and child custody. Contrary to indictments, Bureau agents did not always rule against women, defending them against oppression at their husband’s hands. Freedwomen saw agents as protectors. As with other adjudications, field agents’ “best judgment” guided them to an equitable resolution. With this entry into domesticity, agents battled against behavior contrary to societal norms, reminding freedpeople of their responsibilities as husbands, wives, and citizens. Education was a way to achieve this. More than any head, Kiddoo emphasized education, with subordinates varying in interest for the subject and success.
Stuart B. Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807828755
- eISBN:
- 9781469603667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807895627_schwartz.10
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses the introduction of sugarcane and the beginnings of the sugar industry in Brazil from 1550–1670. It begins with an overview of the Brazilian sugar economy and the expansion of ...
More
This chapter discusses the introduction of sugarcane and the beginnings of the sugar industry in Brazil from 1550–1670. It begins with an overview of the Brazilian sugar economy and the expansion of the industry in the Atlantic market. This is followed by a brief overview of the Dutch experience with sugar production during their occupation of the Brazilian Northeast (1630–54). The chapter also examines the extensive use of sharecropping and other forms of contract, the transition from indigenous labor force to African slaves, and increased sugar shipping from Brazil during the period of the industry's rapid growth.Less
This chapter discusses the introduction of sugarcane and the beginnings of the sugar industry in Brazil from 1550–1670. It begins with an overview of the Brazilian sugar economy and the expansion of the industry in the Atlantic market. This is followed by a brief overview of the Dutch experience with sugar production during their occupation of the Brazilian Northeast (1630–54). The chapter also examines the extensive use of sharecropping and other forms of contract, the transition from indigenous labor force to African slaves, and increased sugar shipping from Brazil during the period of the industry's rapid growth.
