Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Immense positive change has taken place in English people's sexual and emotional lives. This is reflected in changing family forms and greater acceptance of sexual variation of all kinds. These ...
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Immense positive change has taken place in English people's sexual and emotional lives. This is reflected in changing family forms and greater acceptance of sexual variation of all kinds. These changes were propelled forward by the transformation of pregnancy from an uncontrollable risk to a freely chosen product of sexual activity. There are many women throughout the globe who do not have access to adequate maternity care and contraception, and neo-liberal economic measures are eroding the improvements in people lives made possible by the political and social agitation of earlier generations. Acknowledging positive change in the past should give confidence to those who seek change in the future.Less
Immense positive change has taken place in English people's sexual and emotional lives. This is reflected in changing family forms and greater acceptance of sexual variation of all kinds. These changes were propelled forward by the transformation of pregnancy from an uncontrollable risk to a freely chosen product of sexual activity. There are many women throughout the globe who do not have access to adequate maternity care and contraception, and neo-liberal economic measures are eroding the improvements in people lives made possible by the political and social agitation of earlier generations. Acknowledging positive change in the past should give confidence to those who seek change in the future.
Morwenna Ludlow
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199280766
- eISBN:
- 9780191712906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280766.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter shows how different readings of Gregory's On Virginity have been generated by different assumptions about what he means by virginity. Most agree that he is not disgusted by sexual ...
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This chapter shows how different readings of Gregory's On Virginity have been generated by different assumptions about what he means by virginity. Most agree that he is not disgusted by sexual activity in itself, but there is considerable disagreement about what Gregory is rejecting. Topics discussed include virginity defined by the body, virginity defined socially and spiritually, and the virgin body.Less
This chapter shows how different readings of Gregory's On Virginity have been generated by different assumptions about what he means by virginity. Most agree that he is not disgusted by sexual activity in itself, but there is considerable disagreement about what Gregory is rejecting. Topics discussed include virginity defined by the body, virginity defined socially and spiritually, and the virgin body.
Kathy L. Gaca
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520235991
- eISBN:
- 9780520929463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520235991.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This chapter addresses the features of human sexuality that Plato aims to regulate more closely. It focuses on Plato's sexual regulations, the conception of genital and reproductive urges that ...
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This chapter addresses the features of human sexuality that Plato aims to regulate more closely. It focuses on Plato's sexual regulations, the conception of genital and reproductive urges that informs them, and the broader nexus of customs he would establish to control those urges. The chapter is also concerned with Plato's middle and later works, such as the Republic and Laws. Plato claims that the appetites for the pleasures of sexual activity, food, and drink are irrational. In the Republic and Laws, he insists that procreative relations elicit the benevolent involvement of the gods through the use of religious ceremonies. Plato also leaves the sexual behaviour of the citizens and guardians unmonitored after they complete their reproductive service to the city. Additionally, he does not present one fixed plan to rein in sexual desire, but suggests that it be controlled by managing the reproductive urge in a variety of ways.Less
This chapter addresses the features of human sexuality that Plato aims to regulate more closely. It focuses on Plato's sexual regulations, the conception of genital and reproductive urges that informs them, and the broader nexus of customs he would establish to control those urges. The chapter is also concerned with Plato's middle and later works, such as the Republic and Laws. Plato claims that the appetites for the pleasures of sexual activity, food, and drink are irrational. In the Republic and Laws, he insists that procreative relations elicit the benevolent involvement of the gods through the use of religious ceremonies. Plato also leaves the sexual behaviour of the citizens and guardians unmonitored after they complete their reproductive service to the city. Additionally, he does not present one fixed plan to rein in sexual desire, but suggests that it be controlled by managing the reproductive urge in a variety of ways.
Amanda H. Littauer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623788
- eISBN:
- 9781469625195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623788.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This chapter analyzes the responses of young women towards Alfred Kinsey's reports published in his Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). This publication is packed with statistics about issues ...
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This chapter analyzes the responses of young women towards Alfred Kinsey's reports published in his Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). This publication is packed with statistics about issues that most Americans were not accustomed to speaking of candidly, including masturbation, premarital petting and intercourse, extramarital sex, homosexuality, and bestiality. Kinsey demonstrated that much of Americans' sexual activity took place outside of marriage, and that the majority of the nation's citizens had violated accepted moral standards as well as state and federal laws in their pursuit of sexual pleasure. His discussion about sex made visible potential ruptures in systems of power relations. The published and private letters to Kinsey examined here reveal potential for average people to engage in public discussions about sex as part of attempts to contest authoritative knowledge.Less
This chapter analyzes the responses of young women towards Alfred Kinsey's reports published in his Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). This publication is packed with statistics about issues that most Americans were not accustomed to speaking of candidly, including masturbation, premarital petting and intercourse, extramarital sex, homosexuality, and bestiality. Kinsey demonstrated that much of Americans' sexual activity took place outside of marriage, and that the majority of the nation's citizens had violated accepted moral standards as well as state and federal laws in their pursuit of sexual pleasure. His discussion about sex made visible potential ruptures in systems of power relations. The published and private letters to Kinsey examined here reveal potential for average people to engage in public discussions about sex as part of attempts to contest authoritative knowledge.
Margarita M. Valdés
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287971
- eISBN:
- 9780191596704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287976.003.0022
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Valdés agrees with Annas's argument in general, but raises two points of further inquiry: (1) the epistemological problem regarding how people come to detect injustice to women within their own ...
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Valdés agrees with Annas's argument in general, but raises two points of further inquiry: (1) the epistemological problem regarding how people come to detect injustice to women within their own society; and (2) the question of whether the notion of human nature, as Annas introduced in her paper to explain injustice to women, might provide one or two ideal norms for human lives. Valdés concludes that Annas is unnecessarily sceptical about the possibility of rational internal criticism and that she needs a thicker notion of human nature to explicate injustice to women in our present two‐norm system.Less
Valdés agrees with Annas's argument in general, but raises two points of further inquiry: (1) the epistemological problem regarding how people come to detect injustice to women within their own society; and (2) the question of whether the notion of human nature, as Annas introduced in her paper to explain injustice to women, might provide one or two ideal norms for human lives. Valdés concludes that Annas is unnecessarily sceptical about the possibility of rational internal criticism and that she needs a thicker notion of human nature to explicate injustice to women in our present two‐norm system.
Amanda H. Littauer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623788
- eISBN:
- 9781469625195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623788.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This concluding chapter argues that the 1940s and 1950s gave rise to two alternative norms, both of which have exerted powerful historical influence in distinct ways. The first is ...
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This concluding chapter argues that the 1940s and 1950s gave rise to two alternative norms, both of which have exerted powerful historical influence in distinct ways. The first is relationship-oriented sexual ethics, or the belief that sexual activity is socially and culturally valid when it enables the members of a monogamous couple to express love and affection for one another. The second is individual sexual autonomy, understood to mean that individuals have the right to sexual self-expression and that sexuality need not be tethered either to interpersonal relationships or to state institutions. Each of these ethical standards had different implications for women than it did for men, and both of them stemmed from the actions of straight and queer women and girls. The chapter also describes how women continue to resist oppressive social forces that limit sexual autonomy in twenty-first century.Less
This concluding chapter argues that the 1940s and 1950s gave rise to two alternative norms, both of which have exerted powerful historical influence in distinct ways. The first is relationship-oriented sexual ethics, or the belief that sexual activity is socially and culturally valid when it enables the members of a monogamous couple to express love and affection for one another. The second is individual sexual autonomy, understood to mean that individuals have the right to sexual self-expression and that sexuality need not be tethered either to interpersonal relationships or to state institutions. Each of these ethical standards had different implications for women than it did for men, and both of them stemmed from the actions of straight and queer women and girls. The chapter also describes how women continue to resist oppressive social forces that limit sexual autonomy in twenty-first century.
Michael Marmot and Richard G. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198565895
- eISBN:
- 9780191723988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.15
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of ...
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This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of changing social and economic conditions of the 20th century, and of the emergence of HIV in its closing decades. It then contrasts the contemporary impact of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Britain with that in low-income countries where social and economic determinants interact with behavioural and biological factors to fuel the continuing spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.Less
This chapter discusses the complex relationship between social determinants, sexual behaviour, and sexual health. It focuses on patterns of sexual health and behaviour in Britain in the context of changing social and economic conditions of the 20th century, and of the emergence of HIV in its closing decades. It then contrasts the contemporary impact of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Britain with that in low-income countries where social and economic determinants interact with behavioural and biological factors to fuel the continuing spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Peter Boag
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520236042
- eISBN:
- 9780520930698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520236042.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores various types of same-sex affairs that the region's transient workforce participated in, concentrating on the adult-juvenile relationship that seemed to dominate this group's ...
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This chapter explores various types of same-sex affairs that the region's transient workforce participated in, concentrating on the adult-juvenile relationship that seemed to dominate this group's homosexual system. It then examines the distinctive culture that migrant laborers forged, concentrating on the same-sex sexual system they developed and that so dominated the rural work camps and byways. A brief consideration of the physical geography of the transients' same-sex sexual desires and activities in the rural Northwest is presented. Historical evidence and past studies of sexual practices demonstrate that the jocker-punk relationship was not necessarily one-sided. The transient youth and the migratory adult male influenced male same-sex sexuality in the city.Less
This chapter explores various types of same-sex affairs that the region's transient workforce participated in, concentrating on the adult-juvenile relationship that seemed to dominate this group's homosexual system. It then examines the distinctive culture that migrant laborers forged, concentrating on the same-sex sexual system they developed and that so dominated the rural work camps and byways. A brief consideration of the physical geography of the transients' same-sex sexual desires and activities in the rural Northwest is presented. Historical evidence and past studies of sexual practices demonstrate that the jocker-punk relationship was not necessarily one-sided. The transient youth and the migratory adult male influenced male same-sex sexuality in the city.
Peter Boag
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520236042
- eISBN:
- 9780520930698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520236042.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter explores the adult-juvenile working-class relationship within the urban Northwest. It argues that the Andrew Dillige–Grover King and other similar relationships did not come to official ...
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This chapter explores the adult-juvenile working-class relationship within the urban Northwest. It argues that the Andrew Dillige–Grover King and other similar relationships did not come to official attention as the result of objective application of the era's laws, instead, urban police forces in the Northwest purposely concentrated their surveillance of male-male sexual activities in the transient working-class neighborhoods. King faced charges of “vagrancy” even though his crime involved an act of sodomy. Immigrant males' sexual links to white “American” men and especially to white “American” youths deepened white middle-class racial and sexual fears. Selling sex was only part of the survival strategy for transient and other working-class boys in the urban setting. Evidence shows that some working-class men and youths who may have been homosexuals—perhaps even transgendered—did find their way into the urban Northwest's transient districts.Less
This chapter explores the adult-juvenile working-class relationship within the urban Northwest. It argues that the Andrew Dillige–Grover King and other similar relationships did not come to official attention as the result of objective application of the era's laws, instead, urban police forces in the Northwest purposely concentrated their surveillance of male-male sexual activities in the transient working-class neighborhoods. King faced charges of “vagrancy” even though his crime involved an act of sodomy. Immigrant males' sexual links to white “American” men and especially to white “American” youths deepened white middle-class racial and sexual fears. Selling sex was only part of the survival strategy for transient and other working-class boys in the urban setting. Evidence shows that some working-class men and youths who may have been homosexuals—perhaps even transgendered—did find their way into the urban Northwest's transient districts.
Rebecca J. Cook, Bernard M. Dickens, and Mahmoud F. Fathalla
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241323
- eISBN:
- 9780191696909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241323.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter analyzes the case of Miss B, a fifteen-year-old young woman, who has come to Dr CD's office and asked for contraceptive care. She explains that for several months she has been sexually ...
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This chapter analyzes the case of Miss B, a fifteen-year-old young woman, who has come to Dr CD's office and asked for contraceptive care. She explains that for several months she has been sexually active with a young man a few years older than she is whom she intends to marry, but the social circumstances of both of them preclude marriage for the following two years. When asked, she replies that she believes that her boyfriend had sexual experience with other girls before they met, but that she is confident that she is now his only sexual partner. It discusses what Dr CD's responsibilities are, given medical, ethical, legal, and human rights considerations.Less
This chapter analyzes the case of Miss B, a fifteen-year-old young woman, who has come to Dr CD's office and asked for contraceptive care. She explains that for several months she has been sexually active with a young man a few years older than she is whom she intends to marry, but the social circumstances of both of them preclude marriage for the following two years. When asked, she replies that she believes that her boyfriend had sexual experience with other girls before they met, but that she is confident that she is now his only sexual partner. It discusses what Dr CD's responsibilities are, given medical, ethical, legal, and human rights considerations.
Christine J. Gardner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520267275
- eISBN:
- 9780520950559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267275.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at how American evangelical teenagers are negotiating the gray area between sex and no sex. Although all the respondents have pledged to practice abstinence, they regularly make ...
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This chapter looks at how American evangelical teenagers are negotiating the gray area between sex and no sex. Although all the respondents have pledged to practice abstinence, they regularly make choices as to what constitutes appropriate physical intimacy within the context of the abstinence pledge. Young people choose to limit their choices in acts of self-control, creating boundaries of sexual activity. Whereas a diversity of appropriate boundaries exists, young people seem to agree on an execution of the concept of purity in which respecting others trumps self-gratification. Abstinent teens use their personal agency to discipline their sexuality and choose to surround themselves with communities of support. Positive peer pressure can reinforce the abstinence message, but it also can lead to rebellion within the peer group. Going along with the crowd can sometimes weaken the abstinence commitment by masking a false pledge.Less
This chapter looks at how American evangelical teenagers are negotiating the gray area between sex and no sex. Although all the respondents have pledged to practice abstinence, they regularly make choices as to what constitutes appropriate physical intimacy within the context of the abstinence pledge. Young people choose to limit their choices in acts of self-control, creating boundaries of sexual activity. Whereas a diversity of appropriate boundaries exists, young people seem to agree on an execution of the concept of purity in which respecting others trumps self-gratification. Abstinent teens use their personal agency to discipline their sexuality and choose to surround themselves with communities of support. Positive peer pressure can reinforce the abstinence message, but it also can lead to rebellion within the peer group. Going along with the crowd can sometimes weaken the abstinence commitment by masking a false pledge.
B. Levine Phillip
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226310138
- eISBN:
- 9780226309972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226309972.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
A Gallup poll conducted in May 1999 found that 7 percent of those surveyed reported that youth/teen pregnancy was the most important problem facing the United States today. The concern about teen ...
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A Gallup poll conducted in May 1999 found that 7 percent of those surveyed reported that youth/teen pregnancy was the most important problem facing the United States today. The concern about teen pregnancy has even led to national goals regarding its reduction. This chapter reviews the theory and empirical evidence regarding teens' sexual activity and use of birth control with an emphasis on the contribution that economic analysis can make. It first presents a series of descriptive statistics designed to document recent trends in these activities for the population as a whole and for racial/ethnic subgroups. It then analyzes two data sets to provide correlational evidence regarding who engages in sexual activity and uses contraception. State-level data are also used to identify whether changes in “prices” affect these activities, where prices are measured by economic conditions, AIDS incidence, welfare generosity, and the restrictiveness of abortion policy. The chapter also looks at the evidence on the effect of teen childbearing on the subsequent well-being of women.Less
A Gallup poll conducted in May 1999 found that 7 percent of those surveyed reported that youth/teen pregnancy was the most important problem facing the United States today. The concern about teen pregnancy has even led to national goals regarding its reduction. This chapter reviews the theory and empirical evidence regarding teens' sexual activity and use of birth control with an emphasis on the contribution that economic analysis can make. It first presents a series of descriptive statistics designed to document recent trends in these activities for the population as a whole and for racial/ethnic subgroups. It then analyzes two data sets to provide correlational evidence regarding who engages in sexual activity and uses contraception. State-level data are also used to identify whether changes in “prices” affect these activities, where prices are measured by economic conditions, AIDS incidence, welfare generosity, and the restrictiveness of abortion policy. The chapter also looks at the evidence on the effect of teen childbearing on the subsequent well-being of women.
Pards Mahdavi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378481
- eISBN:
- 9780199852345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378481.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter provides an anthropological survey of high-risk behavior among the contemporary Iranian youth, focusing on high-risk sexual activity and opiate use. It argues that while preliminary ...
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This chapter provides an anthropological survey of high-risk behavior among the contemporary Iranian youth, focusing on high-risk sexual activity and opiate use. It argues that while preliminary statistics show a rising HIV and drug problem, little is known about the settings and motivations behind such initiations into high-risk practices by urban Iranian youth. Through qualitative and ethnographic research, the chapter throws much light on the circumstances, networks, social environments, and motivations surrounding these initiation events. Moreover, it assesses the level of knowledge of high-risk behavior among the youth (e.g., knowledge of transmission of HIV or sterile injection paraphernalia). The findings of this research will be particularly beneficial to the development of educational materials with regard to sex, HIV/AIDS, and the risk reduction campaign in Iran.Less
This chapter provides an anthropological survey of high-risk behavior among the contemporary Iranian youth, focusing on high-risk sexual activity and opiate use. It argues that while preliminary statistics show a rising HIV and drug problem, little is known about the settings and motivations behind such initiations into high-risk practices by urban Iranian youth. Through qualitative and ethnographic research, the chapter throws much light on the circumstances, networks, social environments, and motivations surrounding these initiation events. Moreover, it assesses the level of knowledge of high-risk behavior among the youth (e.g., knowledge of transmission of HIV or sterile injection paraphernalia). The findings of this research will be particularly beneficial to the development of educational materials with regard to sex, HIV/AIDS, and the risk reduction campaign in Iran.
Tim Clydesdale
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226110653
- eISBN:
- 9780226110677
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226110677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
Wild parties, late nights, and lots of sex, drugs, and alcohol. Many assume these are the things that define an American teenager's first year after high school. But the reality is really quite ...
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Wild parties, late nights, and lots of sex, drugs, and alcohol. Many assume these are the things that define an American teenager's first year after high school. But the reality is really quite different. As this book reports, teenagers generally manage the increased responsibilities of everyday life immediately after graduation effectively. But, like many good things, this comes at a cost. Tracking the daily lives of fifty young people making the transition to life after high school, the book reveals how teens settle into manageable patterns of substance use and sexual activity; how they meet the requirements of postsecondary education; and how they cope with new financial expectations. Most of them, we learn, handle the changes well because they make a priority of everyday life. But the book finds that teens also stow away their identities—religious, racial, political, or otherwise—during this period in exchange for acceptance into mainstream culture. This results in the absence of a long-range purpose for their lives and imposes limits on their desire to understand national politics and global issues, sometimes even affecting the ability to reconstruct their lives when tragedies occur.Less
Wild parties, late nights, and lots of sex, drugs, and alcohol. Many assume these are the things that define an American teenager's first year after high school. But the reality is really quite different. As this book reports, teenagers generally manage the increased responsibilities of everyday life immediately after graduation effectively. But, like many good things, this comes at a cost. Tracking the daily lives of fifty young people making the transition to life after high school, the book reveals how teens settle into manageable patterns of substance use and sexual activity; how they meet the requirements of postsecondary education; and how they cope with new financial expectations. Most of them, we learn, handle the changes well because they make a priority of everyday life. But the book finds that teens also stow away their identities—religious, racial, political, or otherwise—during this period in exchange for acceptance into mainstream culture. This results in the absence of a long-range purpose for their lives and imposes limits on their desire to understand national politics and global issues, sometimes even affecting the ability to reconstruct their lives when tragedies occur.
Tatang Mitra Setia, Roberto A. Delgado, S. Suci Utami Atmoko, Ian Singleton, and Carel P. van Schaik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food ...
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Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.Less
Despite their semi-solitary nature, associations among orangutans are more common than expected by chance for most combinations of age-sex classes. Variation in party size is due to variation in food availability or sexual activity, reflecting the two main types of parties encountered in orangutans. Parties may involve mating or are formed around mothers and immatures of various ages, in which social play is the main social activity. Beyond direct association, Sumatran females tend to remain within audible range of the dominant flanged males, using his long calls to adjust their ranging. Females tend to be more philopatric than males, although it is not clear whether males disperse away from their natal range or end up including their natal range within a much larger home range. The accumulating evidence suggests that orangutans live in more than mere neighbourhoods, but in loose communities in which related females form clusters, share a preference for the same dominant flanged male, within whose earshot they tend to remain and whose ranging is more limited. Further study should reveal whether this Sumatra-derived picture also holds for Borneo.
STEPHEN CRETNEY
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297733
- eISBN:
- 9780191711275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297733.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Family Law
This chapter covers the history of the development of the law about gay relationships. The Wolfenden Committee recommends that sexual activity by adults in private should not be criminal, but that ...
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This chapter covers the history of the development of the law about gay relationships. The Wolfenden Committee recommends that sexual activity by adults in private should not be criminal, but that did not mean that the law would give its approval to gay relationships. On the contrary, ten years after Wolfenden, the courts were still saying that a homosexual lifestyle was damaging; and ten years after that, Parliament passed an Act intended to stop teachers from suggesting that a homosexual relationship was an acceptable family relationship. So how did it come to pass legislation based on the principle that homosexuals should be able to form partnerships equal — in all but name — to marriage?Less
This chapter covers the history of the development of the law about gay relationships. The Wolfenden Committee recommends that sexual activity by adults in private should not be criminal, but that did not mean that the law would give its approval to gay relationships. On the contrary, ten years after Wolfenden, the courts were still saying that a homosexual lifestyle was damaging; and ten years after that, Parliament passed an Act intended to stop teachers from suggesting that a homosexual relationship was an acceptable family relationship. So how did it come to pass legislation based on the principle that homosexuals should be able to form partnerships equal — in all but name — to marriage?
Diane Mason
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077142
- eISBN:
- 9781781701089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077142.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter begins to take a broader look at the way the symptoms of masturbation can be seen to map over those of other conditions. The chapter commences with a detailed consideration of Victorian ...
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This chapter begins to take a broader look at the way the symptoms of masturbation can be seen to map over those of other conditions. The chapter commences with a detailed consideration of Victorian medical writing on female masturbation. Although twentieth-century authors and sexologists such as Betty Dodson and Nancy Friday promote masturbation as a positive sexual activity for women, the message was very different a century before. Works aimed at women can also be seen to play on the fears of the heterosexual female who desires marriage and children. Masturbation in women was not only frequently associated with nymphomania and prostitution but was also said to impair or destroy a woman's childbearing capabilities. A close reading of popular medical texts for female readers further discloses an equation between the practice of masturbation and the loss of virginity.Less
This chapter begins to take a broader look at the way the symptoms of masturbation can be seen to map over those of other conditions. The chapter commences with a detailed consideration of Victorian medical writing on female masturbation. Although twentieth-century authors and sexologists such as Betty Dodson and Nancy Friday promote masturbation as a positive sexual activity for women, the message was very different a century before. Works aimed at women can also be seen to play on the fears of the heterosexual female who desires marriage and children. Masturbation in women was not only frequently associated with nymphomania and prostitution but was also said to impair or destroy a woman's childbearing capabilities. A close reading of popular medical texts for female readers further discloses an equation between the practice of masturbation and the loss of virginity.
THOMAS K. HUBBARD
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520223813
- eISBN:
- 9780520936508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520223813.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
The term “homosexuality” is adopted as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. The field of Gay Studies has been ...
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The term “homosexuality” is adopted as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. The field of Gay Studies has been divided between essentialists and social constructionists. Close examination of a range of ancient texts suggests that some forms of sexual preference were considered a distinguishing characteristic of individuals. Many texts even see such preferences as inborn qualities and thus “essential” aspects of human identity. The varieties of same-gender attraction are discussed. The Romans themselves did not see slave-oriented pederasty in terms of power dynamics so much as an opportunity for slaves to improve their status. The origin and chronological development of homosexual practices in Greece and Rome are also described. The presence of a grapevine in the background punctuates the influence of wine in releasing men to fulfill their animal natures (represented by the satyrs' horse-tails and pointed ears).Less
The term “homosexuality” is adopted as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. The field of Gay Studies has been divided between essentialists and social constructionists. Close examination of a range of ancient texts suggests that some forms of sexual preference were considered a distinguishing characteristic of individuals. Many texts even see such preferences as inborn qualities and thus “essential” aspects of human identity. The varieties of same-gender attraction are discussed. The Romans themselves did not see slave-oriented pederasty in terms of power dynamics so much as an opportunity for slaves to improve their status. The origin and chronological development of homosexual practices in Greece and Rome are also described. The presence of a grapevine in the background punctuates the influence of wine in releasing men to fulfill their animal natures (represented by the satyrs' horse-tails and pointed ears).
Colleen McCluskey
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199645541
- eISBN:
- 9780191744549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199645541.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion, Theology
Although there are notable exceptions, a significant part of the current secular literature argues that lust is the virtue and chastity the vice. This is in contrast with the historical tradition ...
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Although there are notable exceptions, a significant part of the current secular literature argues that lust is the virtue and chastity the vice. This is in contrast with the historical tradition that regards lust as a vice and chastity as a virtue. This chapter examines representative arguments for each perspective, comparing Aquinas’ account with the more recent treatment of Simon Blackburn. Although the traditional view is unduly narrow, the current view is too broad insofar as it fails to acknowledge the role of friendship in the pursuit of sexual pleasure. Thus, to characterize lust as a virtue and chastity as a vice is premature. As long as one can distinguish between virtuous and unvirtuous sexual activity, lust will be a vice and chastity a virtueLess
Although there are notable exceptions, a significant part of the current secular literature argues that lust is the virtue and chastity the vice. This is in contrast with the historical tradition that regards lust as a vice and chastity as a virtue. This chapter examines representative arguments for each perspective, comparing Aquinas’ account with the more recent treatment of Simon Blackburn. Although the traditional view is unduly narrow, the current view is too broad insofar as it fails to acknowledge the role of friendship in the pursuit of sexual pleasure. Thus, to characterize lust as a virtue and chastity as a vice is premature. As long as one can distinguish between virtuous and unvirtuous sexual activity, lust will be a vice and chastity a virtue
Carolyn Herbst Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834251
- eISBN:
- 9781469606385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807899540_lewis.10
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
Max Levin's article for the New England Journal of Medicine titled “The Physician and the Sexual Revolution” was critical of Alfred Kinsey and other scientific researchers in the new era and its new ...
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Max Levin's article for the New England Journal of Medicine titled “The Physician and the Sexual Revolution” was critical of Alfred Kinsey and other scientific researchers in the new era and its new set of values. While physicians maintained that pre-marital sexual relations increase the chances of a happy marriage, Levin asserted that premarital sexual activity posed a threat to future marital happiness and sexual adjustment. This epilogue examines Levin's assessment of the sexual revolution. It also describes the growing ideological tensions concerning matters of sexuality and the changing sexual and social trends, which include the increased use of contraceptives, demand for safe and legal abortions, and new expectations of the marital relationship.Less
Max Levin's article for the New England Journal of Medicine titled “The Physician and the Sexual Revolution” was critical of Alfred Kinsey and other scientific researchers in the new era and its new set of values. While physicians maintained that pre-marital sexual relations increase the chances of a happy marriage, Levin asserted that premarital sexual activity posed a threat to future marital happiness and sexual adjustment. This epilogue examines Levin's assessment of the sexual revolution. It also describes the growing ideological tensions concerning matters of sexuality and the changing sexual and social trends, which include the increased use of contraceptives, demand for safe and legal abortions, and new expectations of the marital relationship.
