Susan Tiefenbrun
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385779
- eISBN:
- 9780199776061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination ...
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This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination against women and an increase in forced prostitution and trafficking in China. Millions of women are missing in China because of female child abandonment and infanticide. The scarcity of women has resulted in a major increase in the trafficking and sale of foreign women into China. As China shifted from a planned economy to a market economy in 1979, the price of women in China increased in accordance with the market economy principle of supply and demand. The One-Child Policy has caused women to become a high-cost commodity.Less
This chapter shows how failures in China's One-Child Policy, the inadequate enforcement of Chinese laws protecting women, and the longstanding cultural preference for males have led to discrimination against women and an increase in forced prostitution and trafficking in China. Millions of women are missing in China because of female child abandonment and infanticide. The scarcity of women has resulted in a major increase in the trafficking and sale of foreign women into China. As China shifted from a planned economy to a market economy in 1979, the price of women in China increased in accordance with the market economy principle of supply and demand. The One-Child Policy has caused women to become a high-cost commodity.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Throughout the 20th century, several international agreements tackled human trafficking, starting with the 1904 International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic. This chapter ...
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Throughout the 20th century, several international agreements tackled human trafficking, starting with the 1904 International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic. This chapter opens with a historical overview of these agreements. Its focus, however, is on the American legislation on human trafficking: the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (hereafter the Trafficking Act or the Act). The Trafficking Act is a domestic law rather than an international agreement to which governments have consented. Yet in its purpose, the Act resembles the international regulatory agreements examined in this book: it sets global standards for the elimination of illicit trade and seeks to bring governments worldwide into compliance with these standards. The second section explores the domestic political process that culminated in the passage of the Trafficking Act. It examines how moral entrepreneurs stimulate government concern about the negative effects of illicit trade abroad. The third and fourth sections explore Israel's policy on sex trafficking and labor trafficking, respectively. Throughout the 1990s the Israeli government was indifferent to human trafficking and failed to take action against it. Only following the 2001 and 2006 Trafficking in Persons Reports, issued by the State Department, did remarkable changes occur in Israel's policy. The Israeli case illustrates how coercion can change government calculations and motivate the suppression of illicit trade.Less
Throughout the 20th century, several international agreements tackled human trafficking, starting with the 1904 International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic. This chapter opens with a historical overview of these agreements. Its focus, however, is on the American legislation on human trafficking: the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (hereafter the Trafficking Act or the Act). The Trafficking Act is a domestic law rather than an international agreement to which governments have consented. Yet in its purpose, the Act resembles the international regulatory agreements examined in this book: it sets global standards for the elimination of illicit trade and seeks to bring governments worldwide into compliance with these standards. The second section explores the domestic political process that culminated in the passage of the Trafficking Act. It examines how moral entrepreneurs stimulate government concern about the negative effects of illicit trade abroad. The third and fourth sections explore Israel's policy on sex trafficking and labor trafficking, respectively. Throughout the 1990s the Israeli government was indifferent to human trafficking and failed to take action against it. Only following the 2001 and 2006 Trafficking in Persons Reports, issued by the State Department, did remarkable changes occur in Israel's policy. The Israeli case illustrates how coercion can change government calculations and motivate the suppression of illicit trade.
Jacqui True
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755929
- eISBN:
- 9780199979516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755929.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 4 examines violence against women in the context of the political economy of globalization. The first part of the chapter examines the global and local environments that accentuate gendered ...
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Chapter 4 examines violence against women in the context of the political economy of globalization. The first part of the chapter examines the global and local environments that accentuate gendered inequalities, migration for precarious employment, and the attendant risks of violence. The second part considers women's survival strategies, especially the choice to migrate, given the need for their labor in developed countries and for their income in often impoverished families and countries. The third part of the chapter investigates state responses to labor exploitation, highlighting the criminal justice approach adopted to stem trafficking in particular. The chapter argues that governments in sending and receiving countries have failed to protect migrant women workers and to attend to the socioeconomic inequalities at the root of labor exploitation and trafficking. The fourth part of the chapter analyzes a similar failure at the international level, noting how countertrafficking strategies tend to perpetuate violence against women with their focus almost solely on prosecution rather than prevention. The chapter concludes by considering alternative strategies for preventing violence suggested by a political economy perspective.Less
Chapter 4 examines violence against women in the context of the political economy of globalization. The first part of the chapter examines the global and local environments that accentuate gendered inequalities, migration for precarious employment, and the attendant risks of violence. The second part considers women's survival strategies, especially the choice to migrate, given the need for their labor in developed countries and for their income in often impoverished families and countries. The third part of the chapter investigates state responses to labor exploitation, highlighting the criminal justice approach adopted to stem trafficking in particular. The chapter argues that governments in sending and receiving countries have failed to protect migrant women workers and to attend to the socioeconomic inequalities at the root of labor exploitation and trafficking. The fourth part of the chapter analyzes a similar failure at the international level, noting how countertrafficking strategies tend to perpetuate violence against women with their focus almost solely on prosecution rather than prevention. The chapter concludes by considering alternative strategies for preventing violence suggested by a political economy perspective.
Allen D. Hertzke
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374360
- eISBN:
- 9780199871902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374360.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, ...
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This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, African-Americans, and feminists. This movement has pushed successfully for legislation and active policy on international religious freedom, Sudan, sexual trafficking, debt forgiveness, AIDS, and North Korea. Despite its repeated successes, it has often been ignored by journalists, or else its programs and personnel have been misstated, so that the broadest coalition in foreign policy is sometimes reduced to the purported politics of the “Christian right.” The result is that this major evolution in American human rights concerns and in U.S. foreign policy has been missed or misunderstood.Less
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, African-Americans, and feminists. This movement has pushed successfully for legislation and active policy on international religious freedom, Sudan, sexual trafficking, debt forgiveness, AIDS, and North Korea. Despite its repeated successes, it has often been ignored by journalists, or else its programs and personnel have been misstated, so that the broadest coalition in foreign policy is sometimes reduced to the purported politics of the “Christian right.” The result is that this major evolution in American human rights concerns and in U.S. foreign policy has been missed or misunderstood.
Mary White Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479859290
- eISBN:
- 9781479875597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479859290.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Chapter 3 addresses the confusing, conflicting, and comingled landscape of sex work research, literature, and popular discourse. First, the authors address the deep divide amongst feminists about ...
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Chapter 3 addresses the confusing, conflicting, and comingled landscape of sex work research, literature, and popular discourse. First, the authors address the deep divide amongst feminists about prostitution. Long a contentious issue for feminists, we review arguments that all prostitution is violence against women and arguments that prostitution is a viable, potentially empowering occupation. The authors sort through dichotomous positions about whether or not prostitution should be abolished or legalized. Next, they address the controversy between prostitution and trafficking. Currently, the United States is experiencing a moral panic about sex trafficking. An unlikely coalition between scholars and advocacy groups from radical feminism and the Christian right argue that all prostitution is trafficking. The purpose in this chapter is to untangle this conflation. Finally, the authors situate legal prostitution as different from illegal prostitution and legal prostitution in international contexts.Less
Chapter 3 addresses the confusing, conflicting, and comingled landscape of sex work research, literature, and popular discourse. First, the authors address the deep divide amongst feminists about prostitution. Long a contentious issue for feminists, we review arguments that all prostitution is violence against women and arguments that prostitution is a viable, potentially empowering occupation. The authors sort through dichotomous positions about whether or not prostitution should be abolished or legalized. Next, they address the controversy between prostitution and trafficking. Currently, the United States is experiencing a moral panic about sex trafficking. An unlikely coalition between scholars and advocacy groups from radical feminism and the Christian right argue that all prostitution is trafficking. The purpose in this chapter is to untangle this conflation. Finally, the authors situate legal prostitution as different from illegal prostitution and legal prostitution in international contexts.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation ...
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From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?Less
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?
Jessica R. Pliley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266472
- eISBN:
- 9780191884214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This Chapter examines the challenges that historians face when researching illicit labour and the shadow economy – in this case, prostitution and sex trafficking. It argues that generating reliable ...
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This Chapter examines the challenges that historians face when researching illicit labour and the shadow economy – in this case, prostitution and sex trafficking. It argues that generating reliable data about the extent of prostitution and sex trafficking continues to be an insurmountable challenge for historians, just as it was for the historical subjects historians study. It notes that like today’s debates about what practices actually constitute forced labour, the parameters of the term ‘white slavery’ were similarly contested. And it suggests that political forces produced the quantifiable data about white slavery, but the very archives that house the sources historians use are themselves political spaces and function to legitimize state power, reformers’ values, and narratives where the ‘victim’ was rendered silent.Less
This Chapter examines the challenges that historians face when researching illicit labour and the shadow economy – in this case, prostitution and sex trafficking. It argues that generating reliable data about the extent of prostitution and sex trafficking continues to be an insurmountable challenge for historians, just as it was for the historical subjects historians study. It notes that like today’s debates about what practices actually constitute forced labour, the parameters of the term ‘white slavery’ were similarly contested. And it suggests that political forces produced the quantifiable data about white slavery, but the very archives that house the sources historians use are themselves political spaces and function to legitimize state power, reformers’ values, and narratives where the ‘victim’ was rendered silent.
Lucinda Joy Peach
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831592
- eISBN:
- 9780824869311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831592.003.0013
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes how international human rights is held out as the appropriate paradigm for empowering trafficked women and commercial sex work by otherwise ideologically opposed members of the ...
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This chapter describes how international human rights is held out as the appropriate paradigm for empowering trafficked women and commercial sex work by otherwise ideologically opposed members of the anti-sex-trafficking community and discusses why this reliance can be problematic, especially with respect to the Asia-Pacific region. Since Thailand historically has been the center for sex trafficking and the commercial sex industry in the Asia-Pacific region, and receives a significant part of the attention given to sex trafficking in the Asia-Pacific region, this chapter focuses on the responses of the anti-sex-trafficking community to the morality and appropriate legal status of commercial sex work in Thailand and of Thai women.Less
This chapter describes how international human rights is held out as the appropriate paradigm for empowering trafficked women and commercial sex work by otherwise ideologically opposed members of the anti-sex-trafficking community and discusses why this reliance can be problematic, especially with respect to the Asia-Pacific region. Since Thailand historically has been the center for sex trafficking and the commercial sex industry in the Asia-Pacific region, and receives a significant part of the attention given to sex trafficking in the Asia-Pacific region, this chapter focuses on the responses of the anti-sex-trafficking community to the morality and appropriate legal status of commercial sex work in Thailand and of Thai women.
Jennifer Musto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520281950
- eISBN:
- 9780520957749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520281950.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The introduction outlines the existing debate about the degree to which trafficked persons are treated as criminals, despite law enforcement’s rhetorical shift toward a “victim-centered approach.” ...
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The introduction outlines the existing debate about the degree to which trafficked persons are treated as criminals, despite law enforcement’s rhetorical shift toward a “victim-centered approach.” The line between protection and punishment in domestic trafficking situations is blurred, reflecting a complex interplay between state and nonstate actors as they cooperate to identify and ostensibly help people in exploitative sex-trafficking situations. Girls and women seen as “at-risk” may experience punishments such as arrest, detention, and networked surveillance, even as they receive protection including victim-centered identification, court supervision, social service referrals, and NGO assistance. The introduction establishes these contradictory and overlapping approaches as linked to neoliberalism and reflective of a carceral form of protection. It further challenges the claim to a paradigm shift in policing based on new “victim-centered” rhetoric, arguing that no such shift can take place in the absence of an overhaul of a rapidly expanding carceral state.Less
The introduction outlines the existing debate about the degree to which trafficked persons are treated as criminals, despite law enforcement’s rhetorical shift toward a “victim-centered approach.” The line between protection and punishment in domestic trafficking situations is blurred, reflecting a complex interplay between state and nonstate actors as they cooperate to identify and ostensibly help people in exploitative sex-trafficking situations. Girls and women seen as “at-risk” may experience punishments such as arrest, detention, and networked surveillance, even as they receive protection including victim-centered identification, court supervision, social service referrals, and NGO assistance. The introduction establishes these contradictory and overlapping approaches as linked to neoliberalism and reflective of a carceral form of protection. It further challenges the claim to a paradigm shift in policing based on new “victim-centered” rhetoric, arguing that no such shift can take place in the absence of an overhaul of a rapidly expanding carceral state.
Padam Simkhada
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426109
- eISBN:
- 9781447301714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426109.003.0016
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the ...
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This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the problem is considerable. Programmes have been developed to address child trafficking but there has been recent criticism of national and local political apathy on the issue, and the continued chronic lack of law enforcement to address this problem. Girls who are trafficked for sex work are typically unmarried, non-literate, coming from rural backgrounds, and very young, factors that make them very vulnerable. Trafficking usually occurs with the collusion of parents or carers. Promises are made about the possibilities of work, and the push of poverty drives many young girls to put themselves in the hands of experienced, manipulative traffickers. The chapter identifies four key routes into sex trafficking: employment-induced migration, fraudulent marriage, deception (through false visits), and force (through abduction).Less
This chapter deals with child trafficking from Nepal to other countries, particularly India. It cites the difficulties of obtaining accurate figures, although it is known that the scale of the problem is considerable. Programmes have been developed to address child trafficking but there has been recent criticism of national and local political apathy on the issue, and the continued chronic lack of law enforcement to address this problem. Girls who are trafficked for sex work are typically unmarried, non-literate, coming from rural backgrounds, and very young, factors that make them very vulnerable. Trafficking usually occurs with the collusion of parents or carers. Promises are made about the possibilities of work, and the push of poverty drives many young girls to put themselves in the hands of experienced, manipulative traffickers. The chapter identifies four key routes into sex trafficking: employment-induced migration, fraudulent marriage, deception (through false visits), and force (through abduction).
Ko-lin Chin and James O. Finckenauer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814772577
- eISBN:
- 9780814769683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814772577.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter discusses the results of the present study. It first deals with the issue of defining and estimating the volume of sex trafficking. Among the findings of the study are that the women ...
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This chapter discusses the results of the present study. It first deals with the issue of defining and estimating the volume of sex trafficking. Among the findings of the study are that the women studied, who would be counted as victims in many of the prevailing estimates of human trafficking, are not really victims at all, if based on the narrow definition that a transnational trafficking victim is one who is forced, deceived, or coerced to go overseas for commercial sex. It calls for the need to make explicit exactly how sex trafficking victims are being defined in any discussions of the scope and magnitude of the problem and of any antitrafficking policies. The chapter then turns to the notion of symbolic politics, which refers to a policy making situation wherein perceptions trump substance; where the appearance of action, sometimes without actually doing or intending to do anything, becomes paramount in reassuring political constituents. It is argued that the dispute about prostitution and sex trafficking may have fallen into this policy trap.Less
This chapter discusses the results of the present study. It first deals with the issue of defining and estimating the volume of sex trafficking. Among the findings of the study are that the women studied, who would be counted as victims in many of the prevailing estimates of human trafficking, are not really victims at all, if based on the narrow definition that a transnational trafficking victim is one who is forced, deceived, or coerced to go overseas for commercial sex. It calls for the need to make explicit exactly how sex trafficking victims are being defined in any discussions of the scope and magnitude of the problem and of any antitrafficking policies. The chapter then turns to the notion of symbolic politics, which refers to a policy making situation wherein perceptions trump substance; where the appearance of action, sometimes without actually doing or intending to do anything, becomes paramount in reassuring political constituents. It is argued that the dispute about prostitution and sex trafficking may have fallen into this policy trap.
Jessa Lingel
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691188904
- eISBN:
- 9780691199887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691188904.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter looks at what made craigslist personals distinctive from other online dating platforms, focusing on shifting norms around anonymity and a persistent social stigma. More than any other ...
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This chapter looks at what made craigslist personals distinctive from other online dating platforms, focusing on shifting norms around anonymity and a persistent social stigma. More than any other section, the personals demonstrate a Web 1.0 vision of social connection, where experimentation and risk were valued over trust infrastructure. Craigslist's politics of openness and inclusion were contested most fiercely when it came to sex and dating, demonstrated by legislation like Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) as well as the tendency to stigmatize craigslist personals and the people who use them. Like newspaper classified ads of the past, craigslist personals were often viewed suspiciously by the general public, sensationally by the media, and as a gateway to the margins by academics. By being so open and accessible, craigslist invited spectators and voyeurs, as well as critics. Stigma here emerges as a response to the gap between social expectations of sex and dating and the messy, shady, serendipitous reality of the web.Less
This chapter looks at what made craigslist personals distinctive from other online dating platforms, focusing on shifting norms around anonymity and a persistent social stigma. More than any other section, the personals demonstrate a Web 1.0 vision of social connection, where experimentation and risk were valued over trust infrastructure. Craigslist's politics of openness and inclusion were contested most fiercely when it came to sex and dating, demonstrated by legislation like Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) as well as the tendency to stigmatize craigslist personals and the people who use them. Like newspaper classified ads of the past, craigslist personals were often viewed suspiciously by the general public, sensationally by the media, and as a gateway to the margins by academics. By being so open and accessible, craigslist invited spectators and voyeurs, as well as critics. Stigma here emerges as a response to the gap between social expectations of sex and dating and the messy, shady, serendipitous reality of the web.
Thema Bryant-Davis, Tyonna Adams, and Anthea Gray
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479819850
- eISBN:
- 9781479846658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479819850.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter discusses the experiences of women and girl survivors of sex trafficking in the United States. It highlights the risk factors that make women and girls vulnerable to sex traffickers and ...
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This chapter discusses the experiences of women and girl survivors of sex trafficking in the United States. It highlights the risk factors that make women and girls vulnerable to sex traffickers and victimization, examines the impact of sex trafficking on women’s and girls’ health, and describes the circumstances that lead to their forced involvement in the sex trade and their contact with the justice system. Gender, class, and racial stereotypes are barriers that prevent trafficking survivors from obtaining legal protection. Other barriers include fear of violence, lack of awareness of resources, and fear of deportation. When seeking legal help, trafficking survivors often experience revictimization and are treated as criminals. Lastly, this chapter identifies the need for more research on survivors of sex trafficking, highlights promising legal and mental health interventions, and proposes guidelines for greater gender and cultural responsiveness in programming.Less
This chapter discusses the experiences of women and girl survivors of sex trafficking in the United States. It highlights the risk factors that make women and girls vulnerable to sex traffickers and victimization, examines the impact of sex trafficking on women’s and girls’ health, and describes the circumstances that lead to their forced involvement in the sex trade and their contact with the justice system. Gender, class, and racial stereotypes are barriers that prevent trafficking survivors from obtaining legal protection. Other barriers include fear of violence, lack of awareness of resources, and fear of deportation. When seeking legal help, trafficking survivors often experience revictimization and are treated as criminals. Lastly, this chapter identifies the need for more research on survivors of sex trafficking, highlights promising legal and mental health interventions, and proposes guidelines for greater gender and cultural responsiveness in programming.
Sarah Deer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816696314
- eISBN:
- 9781452952338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816696314.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter explains how sex trafficking and prostitution in the lives of contemporary Native women are almost indistinguishable from the colonial tactics of enslavement, exploitation, exportation, ...
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This chapter explains how sex trafficking and prostitution in the lives of contemporary Native women are almost indistinguishable from the colonial tactics of enslavement, exploitation, exportation, and relocation. The chapter elucidates how some contemporary efforts to stop sex trafficking in the United States are disingenuous because they fail to account for the widespread sexual slavery of Native women throughout the past five hundred years. Recent reports of “man camps” at fracking sites make this issue even more salient today, as these camps repeat earlier histories of the rape of Native women during the Gold Rush and other moments in American economic booms.Less
This chapter explains how sex trafficking and prostitution in the lives of contemporary Native women are almost indistinguishable from the colonial tactics of enslavement, exploitation, exportation, and relocation. The chapter elucidates how some contemporary efforts to stop sex trafficking in the United States are disingenuous because they fail to account for the widespread sexual slavery of Native women throughout the past five hundred years. Recent reports of “man camps” at fracking sites make this issue even more salient today, as these camps repeat earlier histories of the rape of Native women during the Gold Rush and other moments in American economic booms.
Carisa R. Showden and Samantha Majic (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816689583
- eISBN:
- 9781452949338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816689583.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
Negotiating Sex Work provides a timely and necessary intervention in to current public and political debates about sex work, debates which are primarily divided between those who view selling sexual ...
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Negotiating Sex Work provides a timely and necessary intervention in to current public and political debates about sex work, debates which are primarily divided between those who view selling sexual services as legitimate work, and those who view it as a form of coercive sexual exploitation (or sex trafficking). By presenting scholarship from a range of countries and disciplinary and methodological traditions, this book intervenes in this long-standing debate by emphasizing sex workers’ political agency, an emphasis that highlights the limits of the poles in political and policy debates. In so doing, it specifically offers a critique of the broader sex trafficking debates that dominate the current politics of sex work.Less
Negotiating Sex Work provides a timely and necessary intervention in to current public and political debates about sex work, debates which are primarily divided between those who view selling sexual services as legitimate work, and those who view it as a form of coercive sexual exploitation (or sex trafficking). By presenting scholarship from a range of countries and disciplinary and methodological traditions, this book intervenes in this long-standing debate by emphasizing sex workers’ political agency, an emphasis that highlights the limits of the poles in political and policy debates. In so doing, it specifically offers a critique of the broader sex trafficking debates that dominate the current politics of sex work.
Ko-lin Chin and James O. Finckenauer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814772577
- eISBN:
- 9780814769683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814772577.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter begins with some background on migration and the distinction between human smuggling and trafficking. It then sets out the book's primary goal, which is to explore the link between ...
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This chapter begins with some background on migration and the distinction between human smuggling and trafficking. It then sets out the book's primary goal, which is to explore the link between commercial sex, the transnational movement of women to overseas sex venues, and sex trafficking, and to consider whether that linkage is as characterized by the U.S. government and the United Nations in their respective codifications of human trafficking. A secondary goal is to provide information to facilitate the development of better strategies and responses to cope with these phenomena. The remainder of the chapter describes the present study, covering the research methodology, ethical issues, validity and reliability, and limitations.Less
This chapter begins with some background on migration and the distinction between human smuggling and trafficking. It then sets out the book's primary goal, which is to explore the link between commercial sex, the transnational movement of women to overseas sex venues, and sex trafficking, and to consider whether that linkage is as characterized by the U.S. government and the United Nations in their respective codifications of human trafficking. A secondary goal is to provide information to facilitate the development of better strategies and responses to cope with these phenomena. The remainder of the chapter describes the present study, covering the research methodology, ethical issues, validity and reliability, and limitations.
Steven W. Bender
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814789520
- eISBN:
- 9780814789537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814789520.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Continuing the book’s treatment of vice tourism by U.S. travelers to Mexico, this chapter addresses the seduction of illicit flesh that brought generations of U.S. youth across the border to lose ...
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Continuing the book’s treatment of vice tourism by U.S. travelers to Mexico, this chapter addresses the seduction of illicit flesh that brought generations of U.S. youth across the border to lose their virginity in bordertown brothels. Prostitution flourished in the border towns after U.S. towns closed their red-light districts in the early 1900s, luring youth and servicemen south of the border in the ensuing decades. Today, the scourge of child prostitution draws U.S. sex tourists into Mexico, and vice also crosses the border in the other direction by means of an active sex trafficking network that delivers undocumented Mexican youth victims to U.S. johns.Less
Continuing the book’s treatment of vice tourism by U.S. travelers to Mexico, this chapter addresses the seduction of illicit flesh that brought generations of U.S. youth across the border to lose their virginity in bordertown brothels. Prostitution flourished in the border towns after U.S. towns closed their red-light districts in the early 1900s, luring youth and servicemen south of the border in the ensuing decades. Today, the scourge of child prostitution draws U.S. sex tourists into Mexico, and vice also crosses the border in the other direction by means of an active sex trafficking network that delivers undocumented Mexican youth victims to U.S. johns.
Grace Chang
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037573
- eISBN:
- 9780252094828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037573.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines the implications of U.S. antitrafficking policy and practice for both trafficking survivors and immigrant workers across labor sectors. In U.S. media and public policy ...
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This chapter examines the implications of U.S. antitrafficking policy and practice for both trafficking survivors and immigrant workers across labor sectors. In U.S. media and public policy discourses alike, the term “human trafficking” has become synonymous with sex trafficking, which in turn has been equated with sexual violence and prostitution. Yet the many forms of violence enacted in human trafficking can include racial and sexual violence as well as economic and imperialist violence. This chapter argues that the current U.S. anti-sex trafficking agenda is so narrowly focused on the sex industry and instead gives more emphasis on enforcement and prosecution as well as the explicit and exclusive criminalization of prostitution. In order to highlight the dangers and pitfalls of this policy, the chapter considers a case of extreme labor abuse, tantamount to trafficking, of immigrant workers in the United States in the meatpacking industry in Postville, Iowa.Less
This chapter examines the implications of U.S. antitrafficking policy and practice for both trafficking survivors and immigrant workers across labor sectors. In U.S. media and public policy discourses alike, the term “human trafficking” has become synonymous with sex trafficking, which in turn has been equated with sexual violence and prostitution. Yet the many forms of violence enacted in human trafficking can include racial and sexual violence as well as economic and imperialist violence. This chapter argues that the current U.S. anti-sex trafficking agenda is so narrowly focused on the sex industry and instead gives more emphasis on enforcement and prosecution as well as the explicit and exclusive criminalization of prostitution. In order to highlight the dangers and pitfalls of this policy, the chapter considers a case of extreme labor abuse, tantamount to trafficking, of immigrant workers in the United States in the meatpacking industry in Postville, Iowa.
Ko-lin Chin and James O. Finckenauer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814772577
- eISBN:
- 9780814769683
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814772577.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Every year, thousands of Chinese women travel to Asia and the United States in order to engage in commercial sex work. This book challenges the current sex trafficking paradigm that considers all sex ...
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Every year, thousands of Chinese women travel to Asia and the United States in order to engage in commercial sex work. This book challenges the current sex trafficking paradigm that considers all sex workers as victims, or sexual slaves, and as unwilling participants in the world of commercial sex. Bringing to life an on-the-ground portrait of this usually hidden world, the book provides a detailed look at all of its participants: sex workers, pimps, agents, mommies, escort agency owners, brothel owners, and drivers. Ultimately, it probes the social, economic, and political organization of prostitution and sex trafficking, contradicting many of the “moral crusaders” of the human trafficking world.Less
Every year, thousands of Chinese women travel to Asia and the United States in order to engage in commercial sex work. This book challenges the current sex trafficking paradigm that considers all sex workers as victims, or sexual slaves, and as unwilling participants in the world of commercial sex. Bringing to life an on-the-ground portrait of this usually hidden world, the book provides a detailed look at all of its participants: sex workers, pimps, agents, mommies, escort agency owners, brothel owners, and drivers. Ultimately, it probes the social, economic, and political organization of prostitution and sex trafficking, contradicting many of the “moral crusaders” of the human trafficking world.
Traci C. West
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479849031
- eISBN:
- 9781479851737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479849031.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Conversations with NGO activists in this chapter demonstrate how racial dynamics in sex tourism and sex trafficking in Salvador Brazil can assist in defining the harm of gender-based violence and in ...
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Conversations with NGO activists in this chapter demonstrate how racial dynamics in sex tourism and sex trafficking in Salvador Brazil can assist in defining the harm of gender-based violence and in revealing direct transnational connections to U.S. consumerist desire and antiviolence strategizing. West criticizes the ways in which Christian moral judgments about sinfulness and normative sexual expression calibrate whose gendered bodies among the economically marginal are seen as precious and whose are not, though resistance to Christian sexism is also highlighted in the ideas of one Christian anti-trafficking activist. In sum, the argument stresses that intercultural learning and activist resistance to sexual violence and exploitation necessitate an antiracist understanding of vulnerability as well as holistic engagement of mind, body, and spirit.Less
Conversations with NGO activists in this chapter demonstrate how racial dynamics in sex tourism and sex trafficking in Salvador Brazil can assist in defining the harm of gender-based violence and in revealing direct transnational connections to U.S. consumerist desire and antiviolence strategizing. West criticizes the ways in which Christian moral judgments about sinfulness and normative sexual expression calibrate whose gendered bodies among the economically marginal are seen as precious and whose are not, though resistance to Christian sexism is also highlighted in the ideas of one Christian anti-trafficking activist. In sum, the argument stresses that intercultural learning and activist resistance to sexual violence and exploitation necessitate an antiracist understanding of vulnerability as well as holistic engagement of mind, body, and spirit.
