Stephen Gaukroger
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296446
- eISBN:
- 9780191711985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296446.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it from earlier forms of scientific activity, which had traditionally exhibited a pattern of slow, irregular, intermittent growth that alternated with substantial periods of stagnation. Second, the emergence of a scientific culture reveals that the distinctive features of scientific culture are not sui generis, something to be elucidated merely through reflection on the supposed nature of science. Rather, they have arisen as a result of specific and contingent challenges that have emerged since the 17th century, challenges which are generated in an intellectual culture that goes beyond developments internal to particular scientific programmes. Third, this distinctiveness of Western scientific practice and its cultural and cognitive standing derives in large part from the legitimatory aspirations that it takes on in the course of the 17th century.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it from earlier forms of scientific activity, which had traditionally exhibited a pattern of slow, irregular, intermittent growth that alternated with substantial periods of stagnation. Second, the emergence of a scientific culture reveals that the distinctive features of scientific culture are not sui generis, something to be elucidated merely through reflection on the supposed nature of science. Rather, they have arisen as a result of specific and contingent challenges that have emerged since the 17th century, challenges which are generated in an intellectual culture that goes beyond developments internal to particular scientific programmes. Third, this distinctiveness of Western scientific practice and its cultural and cognitive standing derives in large part from the legitimatory aspirations that it takes on in the course of the 17th century.
Steven Nadler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250081
- eISBN:
- 9780191712586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250081.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This introduction is a summary of the themes of this book, which is a collection of previously published essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. In particular, these ...
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This introduction is a summary of the themes of this book, which is a collection of previously published essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. In particular, these essays consider the various philosophical, theological, scientific, and historical aspects of occasionalism and the variations of that doctrine found among Cartesian philosophers.Less
This introduction is a summary of the themes of this book, which is a collection of previously published essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. In particular, these essays consider the various philosophical, theological, scientific, and historical aspects of occasionalism and the variations of that doctrine found among Cartesian philosophers.
David Levine and Keith Wrightson
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198200666
- eISBN:
- 9780191674761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200666.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
In the century after 1563, the world of the copyholders of the manor of Whickham was utterly transformed by industrial development. Long before the mid-seventeenth century, however, most of the ...
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In the century after 1563, the world of the copyholders of the manor of Whickham was utterly transformed by industrial development. Long before the mid-seventeenth century, however, most of the inhabitants of Whickham were not copyholders, and never had been. While one outstanding social consequence of industrial growth had been the dissolution of the agrarian community of the sixteenth century, there are two others that also demand attention: the emergence of a new industrial population, and the creation of a new social structure. Both of these processes were in train by the turn of the sixteenth century and they proceeded alongside, and were influenced by, the struggles of the copyholders to adapt to the dynamic of economic change. It is only in the 1660s, however, that we are able to take stock of these developments in the parish as a whole – the opportunity being provided by the hearth-tax returns of the Restoration era. This chapter presents an anatomy of the population of the parish in the reign of Charles II – a population that had emerged in the course of three generations of drastic change and which lived, in William Gray's telling phrase, ‘by the benefit of coals’.Less
In the century after 1563, the world of the copyholders of the manor of Whickham was utterly transformed by industrial development. Long before the mid-seventeenth century, however, most of the inhabitants of Whickham were not copyholders, and never had been. While one outstanding social consequence of industrial growth had been the dissolution of the agrarian community of the sixteenth century, there are two others that also demand attention: the emergence of a new industrial population, and the creation of a new social structure. Both of these processes were in train by the turn of the sixteenth century and they proceeded alongside, and were influenced by, the struggles of the copyholders to adapt to the dynamic of economic change. It is only in the 1660s, however, that we are able to take stock of these developments in the parish as a whole – the opportunity being provided by the hearth-tax returns of the Restoration era. This chapter presents an anatomy of the population of the parish in the reign of Charles II – a population that had emerged in the course of three generations of drastic change and which lived, in William Gray's telling phrase, ‘by the benefit of coals’.
Simon Szreter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
From 1538 the new Protestant church of Henry VIII provided a system of registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials in all parishes of England and Wales. This chapter re-examines the original ...
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From 1538 the new Protestant church of Henry VIII provided a system of registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials in all parishes of England and Wales. This chapter re-examines the original motives behind the creation of this system, and explores the reasons for its effectiveness and persistence over the ensuing three centuries in Britain by surveying the comparative history of identity registration systems among the British overseas in the early modern period. A review of the variety of measures for registration set up in the North American and Caribbean colonies during the course of the seventeenth century confirms the importance of the security of property-holding in an increasingly commercial world as a motive for creating such systems. However, this review also indicates the importance of whether or not effective social security systems, giving entitlements to relief, accompanied these early identity registration schemes.Less
From 1538 the new Protestant church of Henry VIII provided a system of registration of baptisms, marriages, and burials in all parishes of England and Wales. This chapter re-examines the original motives behind the creation of this system, and explores the reasons for its effectiveness and persistence over the ensuing three centuries in Britain by surveying the comparative history of identity registration systems among the British overseas in the early modern period. A review of the variety of measures for registration set up in the North American and Caribbean colonies during the course of the seventeenth century confirms the importance of the security of property-holding in an increasingly commercial world as a motive for creating such systems. However, this review also indicates the importance of whether or not effective social security systems, giving entitlements to relief, accompanied these early identity registration schemes.
TAREK BERRADA
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0018
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and ...
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Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and the cabinet for private concerts, and the gallery for great occasions. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the ballroom appears in some beautiful castles and town mansions, equipped with a balcony all around or a small loft to house musicians. During the same period, some people had a cabinet devoted to music. It is only during the second half of the century that we find precise terms such as ‘chamber for music’ at Chenonceau Castle or ‘music room’ as it appears in the well-known Parisian mansion of the duchesse de Guise. This evolution is naturally symptomatic of both the royal examples and the creation of multiple social circles, the so-called ‘salons’.Less
Sources such as diaries, letters and inventories suggest that certain places were preferred for music-making during the seventeenth century: the great chamber for eating and dancing, the chamber and the cabinet for private concerts, and the gallery for great occasions. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the ballroom appears in some beautiful castles and town mansions, equipped with a balcony all around or a small loft to house musicians. During the same period, some people had a cabinet devoted to music. It is only during the second half of the century that we find precise terms such as ‘chamber for music’ at Chenonceau Castle or ‘music room’ as it appears in the well-known Parisian mansion of the duchesse de Guise. This evolution is naturally symptomatic of both the royal examples and the creation of multiple social circles, the so-called ‘salons’.
ARNALDO MORELLI
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0019
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter investigates the locations and modes of musical performance in the residences of the nobility in seventeenth-century Rome, indicating the differences between this period and the ...
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This chapter investigates the locations and modes of musical performance in the residences of the nobility in seventeenth-century Rome, indicating the differences between this period and the Renaissance. In particular, instances of music-making in the courts of princes and cardinals are identified and described, in relation to considerations of etiquette, social conventions and anthropology. This research, based on first-hand documentary research in the archives of Roman noble families, has revealed unexpected locations for music-making, which cannot always be justified in terms of acoustic or aesthetic criteria. Particular attention is paid to the places where instruments were stored, as recorded in inventories, and their typology.Less
This chapter investigates the locations and modes of musical performance in the residences of the nobility in seventeenth-century Rome, indicating the differences between this period and the Renaissance. In particular, instances of music-making in the courts of princes and cardinals are identified and described, in relation to considerations of etiquette, social conventions and anthropology. This research, based on first-hand documentary research in the archives of Roman noble families, has revealed unexpected locations for music-making, which cannot always be justified in terms of acoustic or aesthetic criteria. Particular attention is paid to the places where instruments were stored, as recorded in inventories, and their typology.
D. Bruce Hindmarsh
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245758
- eISBN:
- 9780191602436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245754.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Puritan teaching and practice during the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed a matrix within which spiritual autobiography would eventually flourish in England. Puritan pastoral theology, ...
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Puritan teaching and practice during the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed a matrix within which spiritual autobiography would eventually flourish in England. Puritan pastoral theology, such as that of William Perkins, taught that the first use of the law was to intensify the pangs of introspective conscience on the part of the unregenerate, in fact to lead them to despair, and the crisis this induced was the centre of all the various ‘morphologies’ of conversion that appeared during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries among Puritans, Pietists, and evangelicals of various sorts. This theology was reflected first in diaries and then in the full expression of narrative identity, the self-interpretation of the entirety of one’s life in terms of conversion. While Richard Kilby offers an early example of Puritan spiritual autobiography, the formal occasion for oral narrative appeared in the requirement of the gathered churches for evidence of personal conversion, a requirement that emerged in the mid-seventeenth century and then became widely adopted. Still, throughout the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth, a special motive to publish spiritual autobiography was required—especially specimens from ordinary folk without any social standing—and this motive was most often found in the need to defend oneself or the sense that the times were epochal or indeed apocalyptic.Less
Puritan teaching and practice during the late-sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed a matrix within which spiritual autobiography would eventually flourish in England. Puritan pastoral theology, such as that of William Perkins, taught that the first use of the law was to intensify the pangs of introspective conscience on the part of the unregenerate, in fact to lead them to despair, and the crisis this induced was the centre of all the various ‘morphologies’ of conversion that appeared during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries among Puritans, Pietists, and evangelicals of various sorts. This theology was reflected first in diaries and then in the full expression of narrative identity, the self-interpretation of the entirety of one’s life in terms of conversion. While Richard Kilby offers an early example of Puritan spiritual autobiography, the formal occasion for oral narrative appeared in the requirement of the gathered churches for evidence of personal conversion, a requirement that emerged in the mid-seventeenth century and then became widely adopted. Still, throughout the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth, a special motive to publish spiritual autobiography was required—especially specimens from ordinary folk without any social standing—and this motive was most often found in the need to defend oneself or the sense that the times were epochal or indeed apocalyptic.
Steven Nadler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250081
- eISBN:
- 9780191712586
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250081.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book is a collection of essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. Occasionalism is the doctrine, held by a number of early modern Cartesian thinkers, that created ...
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This book is a collection of essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. Occasionalism is the doctrine, held by a number of early modern Cartesian thinkers, that created substances are devoid of any true causal powers, and that God is the only real causal agent in the universe. All natural phenomena have God as their direct and immediate cause, with natural things and their states serving only as “occasions” for God to act. Rather than being merely an ad hoc, deus ex machina response to the mind-body problem bequeathed by Descartes to his followers (especially Malebranche, Cordemoy, and La Forge), as it has often been portrayed in the past, occasionalism is in fact a full-blooded, complex, and philosophically interesting account of causal relations. These essays examine the philosophical, scientific, theological, and religious themes and arguments of occasionalism, as well as its roots in medieval views on God and causality.Less
This book is a collection of essays on the problem of causation in seventeenth-century philosophy. Occasionalism is the doctrine, held by a number of early modern Cartesian thinkers, that created substances are devoid of any true causal powers, and that God is the only real causal agent in the universe. All natural phenomena have God as their direct and immediate cause, with natural things and their states serving only as “occasions” for God to act. Rather than being merely an ad hoc, deus ex machina response to the mind-body problem bequeathed by Descartes to his followers (especially Malebranche, Cordemoy, and La Forge), as it has often been portrayed in the past, occasionalism is in fact a full-blooded, complex, and philosophically interesting account of causal relations. These essays examine the philosophical, scientific, theological, and religious themes and arguments of occasionalism, as well as its roots in medieval views on God and causality.
Belden C. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755080
- eISBN:
- 9780199894956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755080.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans ...
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In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans identified two “Schools of Desire” that were able to allure and instruct the hearts of believers in nurturing a passion for God. These included Nature's beauty, functioning as a “second book” alongside the Scriptures, and the ordinance of Marriage, modeling the believer's relationship to Christ as lover and bridegroom. In the process of attending to these “schools,” the Puritans were drawn to a compassion for creatures in the natural world as well as to a passionate delight in their spouses.Less
In seventeenth-century Puritanism, on both sides of the Atlantic, the importance of stirring and channeling holy desire was central to the spirituality inherited from John Calvin. The Puritans identified two “Schools of Desire” that were able to allure and instruct the hearts of believers in nurturing a passion for God. These included Nature's beauty, functioning as a “second book” alongside the Scriptures, and the ordinance of Marriage, modeling the believer's relationship to Christ as lover and bridegroom. In the process of attending to these “schools,” the Puritans were drawn to a compassion for creatures in the natural world as well as to a passionate delight in their spouses.
Yasmin Annabel Haskell
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262849
- eISBN:
- 9780191734588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262849.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
From antiquity, to the Middle Ages, to the Renaissance, and to the early modern period, a genre of poetry flourished in the West that has fallen out of favour in the recent times. This is didactic ...
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From antiquity, to the Middle Ages, to the Renaissance, and to the early modern period, a genre of poetry flourished in the West that has fallen out of favour in the recent times. This is didactic poetry, poetry of instruction in astronomy, hunting, farming, philosophy, and in all fields of sciences, arts, and recreational activities. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Jesuits produced a great quantity of Latin didactic poems. These poems revealed of the early modern Jesuits, local literary fashions, classical traditions, contemporary events and inventions, scientific developments, cultural knowledge, and social mores. Didactic poetry was the best literary genre for the cultivation of the Jesuits, the modern teaching order par excellence. The majority of Jesuit didactic poems were written by teachers, most of whom were writing in a radically transformed world of print and science, and in the scholarly language of Latin that was facing its gradual decline in the eighteenth century. Most of these poems were initially written for their fellow Jesuits and not for the proper literary classes of humanities and rhetoric. By the turn of the eighteenth century, didactic poems began to take a special place among the Jesuits, and a consciousness of contributions to the Jesuit tradition and microtradition ensued wherein the didactic poems took a special part.Less
From antiquity, to the Middle Ages, to the Renaissance, and to the early modern period, a genre of poetry flourished in the West that has fallen out of favour in the recent times. This is didactic poetry, poetry of instruction in astronomy, hunting, farming, philosophy, and in all fields of sciences, arts, and recreational activities. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Jesuits produced a great quantity of Latin didactic poems. These poems revealed of the early modern Jesuits, local literary fashions, classical traditions, contemporary events and inventions, scientific developments, cultural knowledge, and social mores. Didactic poetry was the best literary genre for the cultivation of the Jesuits, the modern teaching order par excellence. The majority of Jesuit didactic poems were written by teachers, most of whom were writing in a radically transformed world of print and science, and in the scholarly language of Latin that was facing its gradual decline in the eighteenth century. Most of these poems were initially written for their fellow Jesuits and not for the proper literary classes of humanities and rhetoric. By the turn of the eighteenth century, didactic poems began to take a special place among the Jesuits, and a consciousness of contributions to the Jesuit tradition and microtradition ensued wherein the didactic poems took a special part.
Nicholas Canny
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205623
- eISBN:
- 9780191676703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
The origins of the British Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries present special difficulties because no empire, as the term subsequently came to be understood, then existed, while the ...
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The origins of the British Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries present special difficulties because no empire, as the term subsequently came to be understood, then existed, while the adjective ‘British’ meant little to most inhabitants of Britain and Ireland during the years covered by this book. During the sixteenth century, England was sometimes described as an empire, but always with a view to emphasizing the long tradition of independence from foreign potentates, including the Pope, enjoyed by its monarchs through the centuries. John Oldmixon concluded in 1708 that ‘the British Colonies are or maybe much more advantageous to the Britains than the Roman Colonies…were to the Romans’. This book sets out to demonstrate that the unfolding of the trial-and-error efforts of the subjects of the British Crown through the course of the seventeenth century can indeed be considered the origins of empire.Less
The origins of the British Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries present special difficulties because no empire, as the term subsequently came to be understood, then existed, while the adjective ‘British’ meant little to most inhabitants of Britain and Ireland during the years covered by this book. During the sixteenth century, England was sometimes described as an empire, but always with a view to emphasizing the long tradition of independence from foreign potentates, including the Pope, enjoyed by its monarchs through the centuries. John Oldmixon concluded in 1708 that ‘the British Colonies are or maybe much more advantageous to the Britains than the Roman Colonies…were to the Romans’. This book sets out to demonstrate that the unfolding of the trial-and-error efforts of the subjects of the British Crown through the course of the seventeenth century can indeed be considered the origins of empire.
Richard A. Muller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751846
- eISBN:
- 9780199914562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751846.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This is an examination of the reception of Calvin's thought in the works of seventeenth century Calvinist theologians. The chapter focuses on four ways in which Calvin's work was received: (1) the ...
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This is an examination of the reception of Calvin's thought in the works of seventeenth century Calvinist theologians. The chapter focuses on four ways in which Calvin's work was received: (1) the identity of Calvin and the character of his work, (2) referencing Calvin's Institutes and Commentaries, (3) theological uses of Calvin's work‐positive and polemical, (4) citation and use of Calvin by Herman Witsius and François Turrettini. The variety of ways in which Calvin's theology was cited and used shows that he was generally respected but not always followed, as theological Calvinism assumed a wide variety of shapes.Less
This is an examination of the reception of Calvin's thought in the works of seventeenth century Calvinist theologians. The chapter focuses on four ways in which Calvin's work was received: (1) the identity of Calvin and the character of his work, (2) referencing Calvin's Institutes and Commentaries, (3) theological uses of Calvin's work‐positive and polemical, (4) citation and use of Calvin by Herman Witsius and François Turrettini. The variety of ways in which Calvin's theology was cited and used shows that he was generally respected but not always followed, as theological Calvinism assumed a wide variety of shapes.
Rosanna Cox
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264706
- eISBN:
- 9780191734557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264706.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies
This chapter investigates the seventeenth-century cultural and historical context of Milton's portrayal the relationship of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost. This approach aims to bring the ...
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This chapter investigates the seventeenth-century cultural and historical context of Milton's portrayal the relationship of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost. This approach aims to bring the intellectual, doctrinal, and political debates with which he engaged in his portrayal of the relationship between the sexes. The chapter examines Milton' understanding of the ideas of woman, womanhood, and the cultural debates about the relationship of man and woman in marriage and in the household, and the ways in which these conceptions formed his political and theological outlook. Milton's thoughts on gender and marriage, which were grounded in reformation and seventeenth-century Puritan teachings, in political debates on family and political obligation, and in the ideological and imaginative relationships between politics and gender, formed his prose and poetry on the relationship of man and woman.Less
This chapter investigates the seventeenth-century cultural and historical context of Milton's portrayal the relationship of Adam and Eve in Paradise Lost. This approach aims to bring the intellectual, doctrinal, and political debates with which he engaged in his portrayal of the relationship between the sexes. The chapter examines Milton' understanding of the ideas of woman, womanhood, and the cultural debates about the relationship of man and woman in marriage and in the household, and the ways in which these conceptions formed his political and theological outlook. Milton's thoughts on gender and marriage, which were grounded in reformation and seventeenth-century Puritan teachings, in political debates on family and political obligation, and in the ideological and imaginative relationships between politics and gender, formed his prose and poetry on the relationship of man and woman.
Sam White
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199768677
- eISBN:
- 9780199979608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768677.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
After centuries of conquest and expansion, the Ottoman Empire descended into crisis in the 1590s as a widespread uprising known as the Celali Rebellion ushered in decades of economic dislocation, ...
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After centuries of conquest and expansion, the Ottoman Empire descended into crisis in the 1590s as a widespread uprising known as the Celali Rebellion ushered in decades of economic dislocation, military setbacks, and flight and chaos in the countryside. This chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of this social unrest, combining original archival research with new data and perspectives from climatology to present the crisis as a critical conjuncture of ecological pressures and deteriorating climate brought on by the Little Ice Age. Already by the 1580s, rapid population growth had placed the empire's elaborate provisioning systems under stress. As the Ottomans fell into a grueling war with the Habsburgs in 1593, the Eastern Mediterranean also descended into its worst drought in six centuries, punctuated by the coldest winters in memory. A widespread epizootic proved fatal to imperial stability, as unbearable wartime requisitions combined with famine and desperation to foment rebellion. The depopulation of the countryside and the nomadic invasions that followed unraveled centuries of settlement and demographic expansion. This chapter thus illustrates some of the major environmental forces at work in the Ottoman Middle East and the power of environmental history to reinterpret the region's past.Less
After centuries of conquest and expansion, the Ottoman Empire descended into crisis in the 1590s as a widespread uprising known as the Celali Rebellion ushered in decades of economic dislocation, military setbacks, and flight and chaos in the countryside. This chapter offers a fundamental reinterpretation of this social unrest, combining original archival research with new data and perspectives from climatology to present the crisis as a critical conjuncture of ecological pressures and deteriorating climate brought on by the Little Ice Age. Already by the 1580s, rapid population growth had placed the empire's elaborate provisioning systems under stress. As the Ottomans fell into a grueling war with the Habsburgs in 1593, the Eastern Mediterranean also descended into its worst drought in six centuries, punctuated by the coldest winters in memory. A widespread epizootic proved fatal to imperial stability, as unbearable wartime requisitions combined with famine and desperation to foment rebellion. The depopulation of the countryside and the nomadic invasions that followed unraveled centuries of settlement and demographic expansion. This chapter thus illustrates some of the major environmental forces at work in the Ottoman Middle East and the power of environmental history to reinterpret the region's past.
P. J. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205623
- eISBN:
- 9780191676703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an ancient pattern of long-distance trade between Asia and Europe grew greatly in scale. The demand for Asian imports, especially in western Europe, ...
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During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an ancient pattern of long-distance trade between Asia and Europe grew greatly in scale. The demand for Asian imports, especially in western Europe, grew with increased purchasing power among certain sections of the population. New supplies of bullion from America gave European merchants the means with which to buy more Asian goods. The opening up of the route round the Cape of Good Hope enabled an ever-increasing volume of Asian goods to be transported to Europe at reduced cost and with a reasonable reliability. Finally, commercial organizations evolved which proved themselves capable of effectively transacting trade on a large scale over great distances. The English East India Company was one of these organizations. At the end of the seventeenth century, it was set to become the most successful of the European traders operating in Asia.Less
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an ancient pattern of long-distance trade between Asia and Europe grew greatly in scale. The demand for Asian imports, especially in western Europe, grew with increased purchasing power among certain sections of the population. New supplies of bullion from America gave European merchants the means with which to buy more Asian goods. The opening up of the route round the Cape of Good Hope enabled an ever-increasing volume of Asian goods to be transported to Europe at reduced cost and with a reasonable reliability. Finally, commercial organizations evolved which proved themselves capable of effectively transacting trade on a large scale over great distances. The English East India Company was one of these organizations. At the end of the seventeenth century, it was set to become the most successful of the European traders operating in Asia.
Mary Dunn
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267217
- eISBN:
- 9780823272327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267217.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Chapter 2 proposes that rather than reading the abandonment as an act of submission to God’s orders, we might instead explain it as an act of resistance against the norms of seventeenth-century ...
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Chapter 2 proposes that rather than reading the abandonment as an act of submission to God’s orders, we might instead explain it as an act of resistance against the norms of seventeenth-century French family life. Scholars have squabbled about just what the seventeenth-century French family looked like, but if the available evidence makes one thing clear, it is that early modern French parents were charged with the absolute and essential obligation to protect the patrimony of their children. In electing to abandon Claude “without any assured support,” Marie behaved differently—and knowingly so—from her contemporaries. At least as much as it was an act of submission performed in deference to the uncompromising will of God, then, the abandonment was an act of resistance carried out by Marie in defiance of the expectations of her time and the standards of her place.Less
Chapter 2 proposes that rather than reading the abandonment as an act of submission to God’s orders, we might instead explain it as an act of resistance against the norms of seventeenth-century French family life. Scholars have squabbled about just what the seventeenth-century French family looked like, but if the available evidence makes one thing clear, it is that early modern French parents were charged with the absolute and essential obligation to protect the patrimony of their children. In electing to abandon Claude “without any assured support,” Marie behaved differently—and knowingly so—from her contemporaries. At least as much as it was an act of submission performed in deference to the uncompromising will of God, then, the abandonment was an act of resistance carried out by Marie in defiance of the expectations of her time and the standards of her place.
D.A. BRADING
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264461
- eISBN:
- 9780191734625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264461.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole ...
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This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole inhabitants who made their own identity pronounced on its building and culture. For 300 years, the city of Mexico was the capital of viceroyalty. It was the capital of New Spain and was the seat of the metropolitan archbishopric of Mexico. During the first decades of the seventeenth century, a generation of young Creoles entered the secular priesthood and the religious orders. They challenged the predominance of European Spaniards, affirmed their talents and identity, and started looking back to the glorious past the conquistadors had destroyed. However, the development of the city was constrained and limited by the city’s status as the viceregal capital of New Spain. Its status hence meant that the city depended on the political decisions and cultural influences emanating from the Spanish. Out of this tension, a creative process of change emerged in which different ethnic groups and cultures intermingled and conflicted to ensure that the social composition and character of Mexico City would be different from the other cities in Spanish America. However, these changes were not brought without due loss. Due to the conquest and the Old World diseases the Mexico population fell to the near brink of oblivion. These epidemics and natural calamities continued to afflict the city throughout the colonial period.Less
This chapter demonstrates that while Spain had a clear vision of what the conquered Aztec city should be, the city of the conquistadors was relatively short for it was soon transformed by its Creole inhabitants who made their own identity pronounced on its building and culture. For 300 years, the city of Mexico was the capital of viceroyalty. It was the capital of New Spain and was the seat of the metropolitan archbishopric of Mexico. During the first decades of the seventeenth century, a generation of young Creoles entered the secular priesthood and the religious orders. They challenged the predominance of European Spaniards, affirmed their talents and identity, and started looking back to the glorious past the conquistadors had destroyed. However, the development of the city was constrained and limited by the city’s status as the viceregal capital of New Spain. Its status hence meant that the city depended on the political decisions and cultural influences emanating from the Spanish. Out of this tension, a creative process of change emerged in which different ethnic groups and cultures intermingled and conflicted to ensure that the social composition and character of Mexico City would be different from the other cities in Spanish America. However, these changes were not brought without due loss. Due to the conquest and the Old World diseases the Mexico population fell to the near brink of oblivion. These epidemics and natural calamities continued to afflict the city throughout the colonial period.
A. C. S. Peacock
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265819
- eISBN:
- 9780191771972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265819.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Southeast Asia was linked to the Ottoman Empire by economic ties, in particular the spice trade, but the nature of this relationship is poorly understood, especially for the seventeenth century. Its ...
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Southeast Asia was linked to the Ottoman Empire by economic ties, in particular the spice trade, but the nature of this relationship is poorly understood, especially for the seventeenth century. Its study is hampered by the lack of archival evidence, and this chapter draws on a variety of sources, both literary and archival, to investigate Southeast Asian exports to the Ottoman lands. It argues, in contrast to much existing scholarship, that direct commercial links remained important throughout the period, and that European traders such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) remained largely excluded from this trade till the end of the seventeenth century. Ottoman exports to Southeast Asia, predominantly textiles and horses, are also examined. The chapter also considers the role of Ottoman subjects who sought to make their fortunes in Southeast Asia.Less
Southeast Asia was linked to the Ottoman Empire by economic ties, in particular the spice trade, but the nature of this relationship is poorly understood, especially for the seventeenth century. Its study is hampered by the lack of archival evidence, and this chapter draws on a variety of sources, both literary and archival, to investigate Southeast Asian exports to the Ottoman lands. It argues, in contrast to much existing scholarship, that direct commercial links remained important throughout the period, and that European traders such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) remained largely excluded from this trade till the end of the seventeenth century. Ottoman exports to Southeast Asia, predominantly textiles and horses, are also examined. The chapter also considers the role of Ottoman subjects who sought to make their fortunes in Southeast Asia.
TESSA MURDOCH
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0016
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Following her abdication, Queen Christina of Sweden took up residence in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome from 1655. She had already developed a keen interest in music, gained from tuition from a French ...
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Following her abdication, Queen Christina of Sweden took up residence in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome from 1655. She had already developed a keen interest in music, gained from tuition from a French dancing master, and playing the star role in the ballet The Captured Cupid in honour of her mother's birthday in 1649. Christina's arrival in Rome was marked by performances in her honour in the Palazzo Barberini and Palazzo Pamphili of specially commissioned works by contemporary composers Marco Marazzoli and A.F. Tenaglia, and by her favourite Giacomo Carissimi. Inspired by the chamber music proportions of the cappella of the Collegio Germanico, many of Carissimi's secular arias were composed for his royal Swedish patron. After two years in France, Christina returned to Rome, where she took up residence in the Palazzo Riario on the Janiculum. Inventories record her musical instruments and describe the contents of the Great Hall in which concerts were held.Less
Following her abdication, Queen Christina of Sweden took up residence in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome from 1655. She had already developed a keen interest in music, gained from tuition from a French dancing master, and playing the star role in the ballet The Captured Cupid in honour of her mother's birthday in 1649. Christina's arrival in Rome was marked by performances in her honour in the Palazzo Barberini and Palazzo Pamphili of specially commissioned works by contemporary composers Marco Marazzoli and A.F. Tenaglia, and by her favourite Giacomo Carissimi. Inspired by the chamber music proportions of the cappella of the Collegio Germanico, many of Carissimi's secular arias were composed for his royal Swedish patron. After two years in France, Christina returned to Rome, where she took up residence in the Palazzo Riario on the Janiculum. Inventories record her musical instruments and describe the contents of the Great Hall in which concerts were held.
Michael J. Braddick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205623
- eISBN:
- 9780191676703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205623.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
It is a commonplace of the historiography of early modern England that the national government was weak. Lacking a bureaucracy and armed forces, and the financial means with which to acquire these ...
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It is a commonplace of the historiography of early modern England that the national government was weak. Lacking a bureaucracy and armed forces, and the financial means with which to acquire these things, it delegated responsibilities to subordinate bodies. This was even more striking in relation to government activity further afield. During the seventeenth century the ‘overseas activities’ of government — trade, war, and settlement — were undertaken by means of an administrative repertoire of delegation and ‘government by licence’. On the other hand, both at home and overseas, the seventeenth century saw an increasing amount of administrative activity taken on more directly by national government. This chapter examines the increasingly direct responsibility for war, trade, and colonization assumed by the national government and considers issues relating to ‘Imperial policy’ only in this more general context.Less
It is a commonplace of the historiography of early modern England that the national government was weak. Lacking a bureaucracy and armed forces, and the financial means with which to acquire these things, it delegated responsibilities to subordinate bodies. This was even more striking in relation to government activity further afield. During the seventeenth century the ‘overseas activities’ of government — trade, war, and settlement — were undertaken by means of an administrative repertoire of delegation and ‘government by licence’. On the other hand, both at home and overseas, the seventeenth century saw an increasing amount of administrative activity taken on more directly by national government. This chapter examines the increasingly direct responsibility for war, trade, and colonization assumed by the national government and considers issues relating to ‘Imperial policy’ only in this more general context.
