Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. ...
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It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. If this is so, we shall have left the epoch of the democratic class struggle and, possibly, regressed to a world dominated by the ‘social question’ and social polarization. These compelling reasons can be summarized under two labels: the first is globalization and technology, both of which undoubtedly enrich all nations, although in the process, they also accelerate industrial decline and contribute to unemployment; the second is tertiarization, which favours those with human and social capital, but which also may cause stagnation because of low productivity. In any case, both reasons point in the same direction: the less skilled are likely to become losers—be it as unemployed, or as low‐paid workers. The different sections of the chapter are: Jobs and Unemployment Trends Across Welfare Regimes; The Dilemmas of Globalization and Technological Change; Dilemmas of the New Service Economy; Identifying Services; Service Sectors; Service Occupations; Lousy Jobs or Outsiders? — post‐industrial job trends towards service job growth; The Cost‐Disease and Service Expansion; The Micro‐Foundations of Post‐industrial Employment; and The New Keynesian Household.Less
It is argued that there are compelling reasons why we should be heading towards a fundamental incompatibility between the cherished goal of equality and the equally cherished goal of full employment. If this is so, we shall have left the epoch of the democratic class struggle and, possibly, regressed to a world dominated by the ‘social question’ and social polarization. These compelling reasons can be summarized under two labels: the first is globalization and technology, both of which undoubtedly enrich all nations, although in the process, they also accelerate industrial decline and contribute to unemployment; the second is tertiarization, which favours those with human and social capital, but which also may cause stagnation because of low productivity. In any case, both reasons point in the same direction: the less skilled are likely to become losers—be it as unemployed, or as low‐paid workers. The different sections of the chapter are: Jobs and Unemployment Trends Across Welfare Regimes; The Dilemmas of Globalization and Technological Change; Dilemmas of the New Service Economy; Identifying Services; Service Sectors; Service Occupations; Lousy Jobs or Outsiders? — post‐industrial job trends towards service job growth; The Cost‐Disease and Service Expansion; The Micro‐Foundations of Post‐industrial Employment; and The New Keynesian Household.
Paul Pierson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the third of three chapters on the sources of pressure on contemporary national welfare states, all of which seek to show how examining the sources of strain carries implications for ...
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This is the third of three chapters on the sources of pressure on contemporary national welfare states, all of which seek to show how examining the sources of strain carries implications for identifying who is likely to fight with whom over what; the authors of the three chapters are not of one mind on this issue. Here, Pierson focuses on trends within affluent democracies that constitute potential sources of the strains usually attributed to globalization. Like Iversen in the previous chapter, he highlights the role of the shift from manufacturing to services, but rather than focusing on the disruption of employment, his concern is the shift in the workforce to activities where productivity improvements are more limited; the result has been slower economic growth, which generates fiscal strain for mature welfare states. This, for Pierson, is one of a series of ‘post‐industrial shifts’ that produce severe pressures on the welfare state — others include the maturation of governmental commitments, the transformation of household structures, and population ageing. All these shifts create intense fiscal problems; in addition, social change in a context where programmes are often slow to adapt generates mismatches between the inherited capacities of welfare states and contemporary demands for social provision.Less
This is the third of three chapters on the sources of pressure on contemporary national welfare states, all of which seek to show how examining the sources of strain carries implications for identifying who is likely to fight with whom over what; the authors of the three chapters are not of one mind on this issue. Here, Pierson focuses on trends within affluent democracies that constitute potential sources of the strains usually attributed to globalization. Like Iversen in the previous chapter, he highlights the role of the shift from manufacturing to services, but rather than focusing on the disruption of employment, his concern is the shift in the workforce to activities where productivity improvements are more limited; the result has been slower economic growth, which generates fiscal strain for mature welfare states. This, for Pierson, is one of a series of ‘post‐industrial shifts’ that produce severe pressures on the welfare state — others include the maturation of governmental commitments, the transformation of household structures, and population ageing. All these shifts create intense fiscal problems; in addition, social change in a context where programmes are often slow to adapt generates mismatches between the inherited capacities of welfare states and contemporary demands for social provision.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter starts with brief overviews of global trade flows in services, the barriers that restrict such trade, and the economics of service sector protection and liberalization. This is followed ...
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This chapter starts with brief overviews of global trade flows in services, the barriers that restrict such trade, and the economics of service sector protection and liberalization. This is followed by a summary of the main elements of the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) and a discussion of the experience obtained in the first five years of the operation of the GATS in expanding the coverage of the agreement. The chapter ends with a brief assessment of the usefulness of the GATS as an instrument for the pursuit of service sector reform. The different sections are as follows: Conceptual and empirical issues; Barriers and potential gains from reform; The Uruguay Round negotiations; The GATS; Sector‐specific negotiations and agreements; Electronic commerce; The challenge of expanding the GATS; and Conclusion.Less
This chapter starts with brief overviews of global trade flows in services, the barriers that restrict such trade, and the economics of service sector protection and liberalization. This is followed by a summary of the main elements of the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) and a discussion of the experience obtained in the first five years of the operation of the GATS in expanding the coverage of the agreement. The chapter ends with a brief assessment of the usefulness of the GATS as an instrument for the pursuit of service sector reform. The different sections are as follows: Conceptual and empirical issues; Barriers and potential gains from reform; The Uruguay Round negotiations; The GATS; Sector‐specific negotiations and agreements; Electronic commerce; The challenge of expanding the GATS; and Conclusion.
Rupa Chanda
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069959
- eISBN:
- 9780199080021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069959.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter outlines the service sector commitments made by the member countries of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in the World Trade Organization and in their other bilateral or ...
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This chapter outlines the service sector commitments made by the member countries of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in the World Trade Organization and in their other bilateral or regional agreements. It examines the main characteristics of these commitments, their relation to their unilateral liberalization in these areas, how their multilateral commitments compare with their regional/bilateral commitments in services, and essentially what this reflects about their willingness and preparedness to negotiate and liberalize services in the context of SAFTA. The chapter also describes the status of these commitments with the existing levels of liberalization to indicate the countries' willingness to liberalize unilaterally as opposed to multilaterally or regionally. This discussion thus provides a sort of reality check on where intra-regional integration is feasible and not just where there is potential.Less
This chapter outlines the service sector commitments made by the member countries of the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) in the World Trade Organization and in their other bilateral or regional agreements. It examines the main characteristics of these commitments, their relation to their unilateral liberalization in these areas, how their multilateral commitments compare with their regional/bilateral commitments in services, and essentially what this reflects about their willingness and preparedness to negotiate and liberalize services in the context of SAFTA. The chapter also describes the status of these commitments with the existing levels of liberalization to indicate the countries' willingness to liberalize unilaterally as opposed to multilaterally or regionally. This discussion thus provides a sort of reality check on where intra-regional integration is feasible and not just where there is potential.
Anne Wren
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199657285
- eISBN:
- 9780191745133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657285.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This introductory chapter offers a new agenda for research in political economy centered on the transformation of advanced capitalist democracies from industrial to services-based economies. It ...
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This introductory chapter offers a new agenda for research in political economy centered on the transformation of advanced capitalist democracies from industrial to services-based economies. It introduces the research questions which form the core of this agenda and the central themes of the volume; explains what the existing political economy literature can and cannot tell us about these questions; and outlines (based on the analysis in the volume) the principal economic and political characteristics of a set of alternative models of service sector development, which can provide a framework for future analyses of the political economy of service societies. In particular, it outlines a set of arguments about the ways in which the institutional configurations of existing socioeconomic regimes (or “varieties of capitalism”) influence their service sector development trajectories, and examines some of the economic, distributional, and political implications of the pursuit of alternative paths to service sector development (e.g., the rate of service employment creation, and the types of service sector jobs which are created, patterns of inequality, rates of labor force participation, the distribution of political preferences over policy among different labor market groups, patterns of political coalition formation, and partisan electoral outcomes). It concludes by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of alternative service sector development models (some of which have been highlighted by the recent financial crisis), which have implications for the long-term economic and political sustainability of these regimes.Less
This introductory chapter offers a new agenda for research in political economy centered on the transformation of advanced capitalist democracies from industrial to services-based economies. It introduces the research questions which form the core of this agenda and the central themes of the volume; explains what the existing political economy literature can and cannot tell us about these questions; and outlines (based on the analysis in the volume) the principal economic and political characteristics of a set of alternative models of service sector development, which can provide a framework for future analyses of the political economy of service societies. In particular, it outlines a set of arguments about the ways in which the institutional configurations of existing socioeconomic regimes (or “varieties of capitalism”) influence their service sector development trajectories, and examines some of the economic, distributional, and political implications of the pursuit of alternative paths to service sector development (e.g., the rate of service employment creation, and the types of service sector jobs which are created, patterns of inequality, rates of labor force participation, the distribution of political preferences over policy among different labor market groups, patterns of political coalition formation, and partisan electoral outcomes). It concludes by reviewing the strengths and weaknesses of alternative service sector development models (some of which have been highlighted by the recent financial crisis), which have implications for the long-term economic and political sustainability of these regimes.
Marcela Miozzo and Vivien Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259236
- eISBN:
- 9780191717901
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259236.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This book analyses the role of technological change in the competitiveness of firms and national economies. This includes an examination of the roles of R&D spending, and the organizational and ...
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This book analyses the role of technological change in the competitiveness of firms and national economies. This includes an examination of the roles of R&D spending, and the organizational and technological capabilities of firms in the encouragement of innovation; the way institutions in various nations differ in the way in which they encourage, or discourage, innovation; and the way in which different industrial sectors provide, or fail to provide, incentives to innovate; and the ways in which trade, the operation of multinationals and international trade negotiations influence national production and innovation systems. The book explores the relation between organizational structures, and the process of innovation. It places the analysis of innovation within an international perspective and gives historical and current examples of the interaction between organizational and technological capabilities, industrial and innovation policies and economic performance. Examples are drawn from a range of sectors (services, pharmaceuticals, construction, chemicals) and a range of countries (including the UK and other European countries, the USA, East Asia, and Latin America).Less
This book analyses the role of technological change in the competitiveness of firms and national economies. This includes an examination of the roles of R&D spending, and the organizational and technological capabilities of firms in the encouragement of innovation; the way institutions in various nations differ in the way in which they encourage, or discourage, innovation; and the way in which different industrial sectors provide, or fail to provide, incentives to innovate; and the ways in which trade, the operation of multinationals and international trade negotiations influence national production and innovation systems. The book explores the relation between organizational structures, and the process of innovation. It places the analysis of innovation within an international perspective and gives historical and current examples of the interaction between organizational and technological capabilities, industrial and innovation policies and economic performance. Examples are drawn from a range of sectors (services, pharmaceuticals, construction, chemicals) and a range of countries (including the UK and other European countries, the USA, East Asia, and Latin America).
Tito Boeri, Micael Castanheira, Riccardo Faini, Vincenzo Galasso, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Carcillo Stéphane, Jonathan Haskel, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Enrico Perotti, Carlo Scarpa, Lidia Tsyganok, and Christian Wey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199203628
- eISBN:
- 9780191708169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203628.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The tertiary sector is increasingly playing a larger role in the economy, particularly in advanced countries. This chapter documents the growing linkages of the service sector with the rest of the ...
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The tertiary sector is increasingly playing a larger role in the economy, particularly in advanced countries. This chapter documents the growing linkages of the service sector with the rest of the economy and how liberalization has contributed to increasing such linkages. Input-output analysis is used to uncover the links between the tertiary sector and the rest of the economy. The tertiary sector is defined in a fairly broad manner by excluding only manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction.Less
The tertiary sector is increasingly playing a larger role in the economy, particularly in advanced countries. This chapter documents the growing linkages of the service sector with the rest of the economy and how liberalization has contributed to increasing such linkages. Input-output analysis is used to uncover the links between the tertiary sector and the rest of the economy. The tertiary sector is defined in a fairly broad manner by excluding only manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction.
Raghbendra Jha
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi ...
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This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.Less
This is the first of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of India. Discusses the differences between the approach taken to liberalization in India (the Delhi Consensus) and the standard approach (the Washington Consensus); the Delhi Consensus has emphasized the slow liberalization of trade and very gradual privatization, and has avoided capital account liberalization. This prudent approach has sidestepped major shocks, and the changes in inequality consequent upon these reforms have been relatively modest, although rural inequality has risen at a slower pace than have urban and overall inequality. The rise in inequality is attributed to three factors: a shift in earnings from labour to capital income; the rapid growth of the services sector, particularly the FIRE sector (banking, financial institutions, insurance, and real estate), with a consequent explosion in demand for skilled workers; and a drop in the rate of labour absorption during the reform period, associated with an increase in regional inequality, especially in the incidence of rural poverty. The chapter has five sections: Introduction: Salient Economic Performance Aspects and Recent Policy Reforms—an outline of the economic performance of the Indian economy since the 1950s, with a brief overview of the economic reforms initiated; Trends in Inequality and Poverty in India—an analysis trends in aggregate inequality and poverty, with suggested explanations; Poverty and Inequality at the State Level—an outline of the major characteristics of poverty and inequality at the level of individual Indian states; and Tentative Conclusions.
Shehzad Nadeem
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147871
- eISBN:
- 9781400836697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147871.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was ...
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This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was salubrious in the long term and consistent with broad trends of economic restructuring. To others, it heralded a new era of job loss and economic vulnerability. The chapter explains how, in both cases, the international trade in services became a synecdoche for the promise and peril of increasing global interdependence. It examines how offshoring has crept into the service sector and tackles questions that nobody seems prepared to answer: about concession bargaining, about the denial of workers' rights in Export-Processing Zones, and about the impact on wages and working conditions in the United States. Finally, it discusses the offshore outsourcing of service work from the Indian perspective.Less
This chapter considers how the offshore outsourcing of white-collar service work set off something of a moral panic in Western Europe and the United States. Some believed that such outsourcing was salubrious in the long term and consistent with broad trends of economic restructuring. To others, it heralded a new era of job loss and economic vulnerability. The chapter explains how, in both cases, the international trade in services became a synecdoche for the promise and peril of increasing global interdependence. It examines how offshoring has crept into the service sector and tackles questions that nobody seems prepared to answer: about concession bargaining, about the denial of workers' rights in Export-Processing Zones, and about the impact on wages and working conditions in the United States. Finally, it discusses the offshore outsourcing of service work from the Indian perspective.
Neil Hood and Stephen Young
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296058
- eISBN:
- 9780191596209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296053.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This case study on the impact of globalization on the UK views the question of the evolution of macro‐organizational policies from the perspective of its approach to FDI (foreign direct investment) ...
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This case study on the impact of globalization on the UK views the question of the evolution of macro‐organizational policies from the perspective of its approach to FDI (foreign direct investment) policy, and covers related issues with that in mind; this is because FDI is a particularly relevant driver of globalization and an arena within which government and business interaction can be readily studied in the UK. The chapter is in five main sections, starting with a review of the background to inward and outward FDI and reviewing its contribution. The second section provides an overview of the radical directional policy changes that were implemented in the UK between the late 1970s and the early 1990s in order to enhance competitiveness; this includes a more detailed and critical review of five ingredients of the policy: macroeconomic management; FDI; technology and R&D; employment, training and the labour market; and regional economic development. The third section briefly reviews three sectoral cases, which amply illustrate some of the policy challenges that have emerged for UK governments over this period as a consequence of the growing globalization of economic activity: these are the electronics industry in Scotland, the automotive industry and the financial services sector represented by the City of London. The fourth section explores the degree to which EU (European Union) policies have aided or retarded FDI and competitiveness in the UK, while the final section sets out some conclusions and propositions regarding UK competitiveness and the policies that have been adopted to enhance it.Less
This case study on the impact of globalization on the UK views the question of the evolution of macro‐organizational policies from the perspective of its approach to FDI (foreign direct investment) policy, and covers related issues with that in mind; this is because FDI is a particularly relevant driver of globalization and an arena within which government and business interaction can be readily studied in the UK. The chapter is in five main sections, starting with a review of the background to inward and outward FDI and reviewing its contribution. The second section provides an overview of the radical directional policy changes that were implemented in the UK between the late 1970s and the early 1990s in order to enhance competitiveness; this includes a more detailed and critical review of five ingredients of the policy: macroeconomic management; FDI; technology and R&D; employment, training and the labour market; and regional economic development. The third section briefly reviews three sectoral cases, which amply illustrate some of the policy challenges that have emerged for UK governments over this period as a consequence of the growing globalization of economic activity: these are the electronics industry in Scotland, the automotive industry and the financial services sector represented by the City of London. The fourth section explores the degree to which EU (European Union) policies have aided or retarded FDI and competitiveness in the UK, while the final section sets out some conclusions and propositions regarding UK competitiveness and the policies that have been adopted to enhance it.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888139446
- eISBN:
- 9789888180349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888139446.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Hong Kong's economy has experienced rapid structural changes over the past three decades. The service sector grew speedily in terms of its share in employment, nominal GDP and real GDP, while the ...
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Hong Kong's economy has experienced rapid structural changes over the past three decades. The service sector grew speedily in terms of its share in employment, nominal GDP and real GDP, while the manufacturing sector shrank significantly. Such a rapid structural change can be attributed to the relocation of manufacturing industries to the Pearl River Delta. Ostensibly, the expansion of manufacturing production in mainland China gives rise to an enormous demand for all sorts of supporting services in Hong Kong. This chapter examines the growing service sector in the territory. It explores the changes in labour productivity over time, the rise of intermediate production services and the government's role in a service economy.Less
Hong Kong's economy has experienced rapid structural changes over the past three decades. The service sector grew speedily in terms of its share in employment, nominal GDP and real GDP, while the manufacturing sector shrank significantly. Such a rapid structural change can be attributed to the relocation of manufacturing industries to the Pearl River Delta. Ostensibly, the expansion of manufacturing production in mainland China gives rise to an enormous demand for all sorts of supporting services in Hong Kong. This chapter examines the growing service sector in the territory. It explores the changes in labour productivity over time, the rise of intermediate production services and the government's role in a service economy.
Sarah Stockwell
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208488
- eISBN:
- 9780191678035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208488.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The disturbances in 1948 and the constitutional reforms that followed not only prompted British firms collectively to review their representative machinery, but also focused discussion within ...
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The disturbances in 1948 and the constitutional reforms that followed not only prompted British firms collectively to review their representative machinery, but also focused discussion within companies on future policies designed to bolster their standing in the Gold Coast and to take account of changing conditions in the colony. Different companies devised different strategies, but these nevertheless had many common features. Public relations and Africanization had become the concern of all expatriate companies by the 1950s. Political circumstances and the new Convention People's Party (CPP) initiatives in the banking and cocoa sectors also explain redeployment occurring in the mercantile sector and expansion in banking; in the shipping sector British lines set about dealing with the potential competition posed by the CPP's ambition to establish a national shipping line. Given their discussions over collective strategies for decolonization, mercantile firms as well as firms in the service sector also adopted changes previously implemented by other companies.Less
The disturbances in 1948 and the constitutional reforms that followed not only prompted British firms collectively to review their representative machinery, but also focused discussion within companies on future policies designed to bolster their standing in the Gold Coast and to take account of changing conditions in the colony. Different companies devised different strategies, but these nevertheless had many common features. Public relations and Africanization had become the concern of all expatriate companies by the 1950s. Political circumstances and the new Convention People's Party (CPP) initiatives in the banking and cocoa sectors also explain redeployment occurring in the mercantile sector and expansion in banking; in the shipping sector British lines set about dealing with the potential competition posed by the CPP's ambition to establish a national shipping line. Given their discussions over collective strategies for decolonization, mercantile firms as well as firms in the service sector also adopted changes previously implemented by other companies.
Roderick Floud
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192892102
- eISBN:
- 9780191670602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192892102.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter examines the service sector from 1830–1914. In Britain, as in every country which has experienced economic development, industrialization created among consumers a greater and greater ...
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This chapter examines the service sector from 1830–1914. In Britain, as in every country which has experienced economic development, industrialization created among consumers a greater and greater demand for non-material goods. Indeed, Britain led the way in building up the service sector as a proportion of its economy and labour force. The chapter discusses the skills and characteristics of service sector employees, the impact of services; the impact of expenditures in travel, medicine, and entertainment; and results of the growth of retail and wholesale trade.Less
This chapter examines the service sector from 1830–1914. In Britain, as in every country which has experienced economic development, industrialization created among consumers a greater and greater demand for non-material goods. Indeed, Britain led the way in building up the service sector as a proportion of its economy and labour force. The chapter discusses the skills and characteristics of service sector employees, the impact of services; the impact of expenditures in travel, medicine, and entertainment; and results of the growth of retail and wholesale trade.
Haroon Bhorat, Christopher Rooney, and François Steenkamp
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198821885
- eISBN:
- 9780191861017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198821885.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
One core economic challenge facing a developing country is its ability to structurally transform in a manner that generates higher levels of economic growth and employment absorption in the long run. ...
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One core economic challenge facing a developing country is its ability to structurally transform in a manner that generates higher levels of economic growth and employment absorption in the long run. Whilst such a question has often led into a detailed analysis of the role of the secondary sector generally, and manufacturing in particular, this chapter considers the growth and employment potential of the services sector in South Africa. First, there are a set of high-productivity skill-intensive industries in finance, business, communication, and in some cases retail services, which offer export potential—primarily via investment into international markets. Second, there are simultaneously a number of low-productivity industries with lower skill requirements found in informal retail and temporary employment services (TES). Third, tourism offers the potential to be an export-orientated industry with relatively low skill requirements.Less
One core economic challenge facing a developing country is its ability to structurally transform in a manner that generates higher levels of economic growth and employment absorption in the long run. Whilst such a question has often led into a detailed analysis of the role of the secondary sector generally, and manufacturing in particular, this chapter considers the growth and employment potential of the services sector in South Africa. First, there are a set of high-productivity skill-intensive industries in finance, business, communication, and in some cases retail services, which offer export potential—primarily via investment into international markets. Second, there are simultaneously a number of low-productivity industries with lower skill requirements found in informal retail and temporary employment services (TES). Third, tourism offers the potential to be an export-orientated industry with relatively low skill requirements.
Irena Grugulis and Kathryn Haynes
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199696086
- eISBN:
- 9780191767869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696086.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It describes the importance of the service sector and its significance in developed economies. It also introduces the ESRC/AIM cohort of Service ...
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This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It describes the importance of the service sector and its significance in developed economies. It also introduces the ESRC/AIM cohort of Service Fellows, which was the initiative that gave rise to this book before going on to summarize the chapters and explains their contribution.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It describes the importance of the service sector and its significance in developed economies. It also introduces the ESRC/AIM cohort of Service Fellows, which was the initiative that gave rise to this book before going on to summarize the chapters and explains their contribution.
Brian Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198731214
- eISBN:
- 9780191694967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731214.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Social History
In the twentieth century, Britain, like all industrial societies, saw a massive growth in the service sector, especially in administrative employment. To cope with it there arrived new secretarial ...
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In the twentieth century, Britain, like all industrial societies, saw a massive growth in the service sector, especially in administrative employment. To cope with it there arrived new secretarial methods and office technology which transformed the nature and recruitment of administrative work, notably the typewriter and the telephone. Civil service numbers grew from a low base. British industrialisation took place within a free market framework. The twentieth-century growth in administration involving domestic welfare fluctuated according to the party in power. Discontinuities in the distribution of power between government departments reflected shifting administrative fashion rather than the party composition of governments. Government departments amalgamated in three broad policy areas: foreign policy, defence, and welfare. The civil service dispersed geographically partly for political reasons, but more important was the dispersal that results from organic growth—from localities to centre and from centre to localities.Less
In the twentieth century, Britain, like all industrial societies, saw a massive growth in the service sector, especially in administrative employment. To cope with it there arrived new secretarial methods and office technology which transformed the nature and recruitment of administrative work, notably the typewriter and the telephone. Civil service numbers grew from a low base. British industrialisation took place within a free market framework. The twentieth-century growth in administration involving domestic welfare fluctuated according to the party in power. Discontinuities in the distribution of power between government departments reflected shifting administrative fashion rather than the party composition of governments. Government departments amalgamated in three broad policy areas: foreign policy, defence, and welfare. The civil service dispersed geographically partly for political reasons, but more important was the dispersal that results from organic growth—from localities to centre and from centre to localities.
Michael K. Honey and David H. Ciscel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037950
- eISBN:
- 9780813043111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037950.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the successful sanitation workers' strike in Memphis in 1968, economic progress for the city's African Americans has been sporadic, uncertain, ...
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Since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the successful sanitation workers' strike in Memphis in 1968, economic progress for the city's African Americans has been sporadic, uncertain, and disappointing. Globalization and the collapse of unionized manufacturing jobs all but eliminated a traditional source of relatively high-wage employment for non-skilled workers. The low-wage service sector, with its patterns of temporary and intermittent employment, has trapped African Americans in economic insecurity and powerlessness. At the same time, the collapse of the labor movement has crippled a once-potent agent of positive change. Although African Americans have made great strides in gaining political power, King's hopes that the civil rights gains of the 1960s would pave the way for a more egalitarian society remain unfulfilled. Unionization of the city's growing sectors of transportation, health care, and service industries would go a long way toward fulfilling King's 1968 call for economic equality.Less
Since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the successful sanitation workers' strike in Memphis in 1968, economic progress for the city's African Americans has been sporadic, uncertain, and disappointing. Globalization and the collapse of unionized manufacturing jobs all but eliminated a traditional source of relatively high-wage employment for non-skilled workers. The low-wage service sector, with its patterns of temporary and intermittent employment, has trapped African Americans in economic insecurity and powerlessness. At the same time, the collapse of the labor movement has crippled a once-potent agent of positive change. Although African Americans have made great strides in gaining political power, King's hopes that the civil rights gains of the 1960s would pave the way for a more egalitarian society remain unfulfilled. Unionization of the city's growing sectors of transportation, health care, and service industries would go a long way toward fulfilling King's 1968 call for economic equality.
Takatoshi Ito and Anne O. Krueger (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226386775
- eISBN:
- 9780226386782
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226386782.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of ...
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In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of services has grown, economists have begun to focus on policy issues raised by them and have tried to understand what, if any, differences there are between production and delivery of goods and services. This volume is a book-length attempt to analyze trade in services in the Asia-Pacific region. Contributors provide overviews of basic issues involved in studying the service sector; investigate the impact of increasing trade in services on the economies of Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong; present detailed analyses of specific service sectors (telecommunications, financial services, international tourism, and accounting); and extend our understanding of trade in services beyond the usual concept (measured in balance of payment statistics) to include indirect services and services undertaken abroad by subsidiaries and affiliates.Less
In recent years the tremendous growth of the service sector—including international trade in services—has outstripped that of manufacturing in many industrialized nations. As the importance of services has grown, economists have begun to focus on policy issues raised by them and have tried to understand what, if any, differences there are between production and delivery of goods and services. This volume is a book-length attempt to analyze trade in services in the Asia-Pacific region. Contributors provide overviews of basic issues involved in studying the service sector; investigate the impact of increasing trade in services on the economies of Taiwan, Korea, and Hong Kong; present detailed analyses of specific service sectors (telecommunications, financial services, international tourism, and accounting); and extend our understanding of trade in services beyond the usual concept (measured in balance of payment statistics) to include indirect services and services undertaken abroad by subsidiaries and affiliates.
Edward C Page and Bill Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280414
- eISBN:
- 9780191700118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280414.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred ...
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Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred to as the upper middle class while the much larger army of public servants providing ‘back office functions’ are viewed as the traditional British working class represented in the service sector. In an awkward position are those in the middle as their tasks differ from the higher office that makes the rules, the bottom simply applies them while their work is confined by the rules yet requires their own creative input. Apart from looking into what these middle-ranking officials do, this chapter also examines who they are in three perspectives including their social background, their background, and career outlook.Less
Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred to as the upper middle class while the much larger army of public servants providing ‘back office functions’ are viewed as the traditional British working class represented in the service sector. In an awkward position are those in the middle as their tasks differ from the higher office that makes the rules, the bottom simply applies them while their work is confined by the rules yet requires their own creative input. Apart from looking into what these middle-ranking officials do, this chapter also examines who they are in three perspectives including their social background, their background, and career outlook.
Saumya Chakrabarti
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199466061
- eISBN:
- 9780199086818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199466061.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The issue of inclusive growth is dealt with by analysing separately the behaviours of unorganized service sector (without trade), informal trade, and informal sector (in general, infs) across their ...
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The issue of inclusive growth is dealt with by analysing separately the behaviours of unorganized service sector (without trade), informal trade, and informal sector (in general, infs) across their locational (rural/urban) and structural (self-employed/establishment) dimensions, based on the state-level data of India. In general, a higher and increasing concentration of modern (urban/establishment) infs is observed in the developed states as compared to the underdeveloped ones. The empirical analyses on intersectoral relations also indicate a progressive trend for the modern infs with the expansion of the formal sector, while in this whole process the traditional agriculture based petty infs suffers and may even contract. Thus, a duality is discovered across the behaviours of the petty and modern infs. However, most crucially, the economic conditions of all the segments of infs remain unaltered despite an expansion of the formal sector, indicating a persistence of misery among the marginal mass.Less
The issue of inclusive growth is dealt with by analysing separately the behaviours of unorganized service sector (without trade), informal trade, and informal sector (in general, infs) across their locational (rural/urban) and structural (self-employed/establishment) dimensions, based on the state-level data of India. In general, a higher and increasing concentration of modern (urban/establishment) infs is observed in the developed states as compared to the underdeveloped ones. The empirical analyses on intersectoral relations also indicate a progressive trend for the modern infs with the expansion of the formal sector, while in this whole process the traditional agriculture based petty infs suffers and may even contract. Thus, a duality is discovered across the behaviours of the petty and modern infs. However, most crucially, the economic conditions of all the segments of infs remain unaltered despite an expansion of the formal sector, indicating a persistence of misery among the marginal mass.
