Varadharajan Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075530
- eISBN:
- 9780199081042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075530.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service ...
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This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service provisioning and the development in the broadband infrastructure in the country and the associated policy initiatives. The Basic Telecom Operators (BTOs) had an edge over the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in providing bundled Internet services. As per the ISP guidelines, the Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSPs) were not allowed to deploy media gateways in India due to restricted internet telephony. In India, the National Internet Exchange of India resolves domain name disputes involving the in domain. Restrictions in the form of network neutrality may prevent deployment and further adoption of wireless broadband and mobile Internet. Internet access through the broadband network is still very limited in India. It is hoped that Internet services in India will pick up in the coming years.Less
This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service provisioning and the development in the broadband infrastructure in the country and the associated policy initiatives. The Basic Telecom Operators (BTOs) had an edge over the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in providing bundled Internet services. As per the ISP guidelines, the Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSPs) were not allowed to deploy media gateways in India due to restricted internet telephony. In India, the National Internet Exchange of India resolves domain name disputes involving the in domain. Restrictions in the form of network neutrality may prevent deployment and further adoption of wireless broadband and mobile Internet. Internet access through the broadband network is still very limited in India. It is hoped that Internet services in India will pick up in the coming years.
Eli M. Noam
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188523
- eISBN:
- 9780199852574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188523.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory ...
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Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory tendencies affected them in roughly the same periods. In the 1990s, a fourth subsector emerged—Internet media. This chapter asks: Has it been subject to similar dynamics of market structure? Is the Internet still as open and competitive as it used to be, or is it becoming concentrated and dominated by a few firms with market power? This chapter looks at the market concentration trends for eight Internet sector industries in the United States: Internet backbones, Internet service providers, broadband providers, search engines, browser software, portals, Internet protocol telephony, and media player software. The revenue and market share of each firm for a period of up to twenty years are also calculated. These market shares are then used to calculate concentration indices and track them over time.Less
Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory tendencies affected them in roughly the same periods. In the 1990s, a fourth subsector emerged—Internet media. This chapter asks: Has it been subject to similar dynamics of market structure? Is the Internet still as open and competitive as it used to be, or is it becoming concentrated and dominated by a few firms with market power? This chapter looks at the market concentration trends for eight Internet sector industries in the United States: Internet backbones, Internet service providers, broadband providers, search engines, browser software, portals, Internet protocol telephony, and media player software. The revenue and market share of each firm for a period of up to twenty years are also calculated. These market shares are then used to calculate concentration indices and track them over time.
Manuel García-Goñi and Paul Windrum
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550685
- eISBN:
- 9780191720543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550685.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It ...
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This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.Less
This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.
Varadharajan Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075530
- eISBN:
- 9780199081042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075530.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service ...
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This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service providers, and for policymakers and regulators. The concept of convergence in communications and its impact on the evolution of the industry and the associated regulations are addressed. The number of partnerships in the recent years has increased with economies of scale and scope and technology control being the primary motivations. Regulations play a big role in facilitating partnerships, alliances, and mergers and acquisitions. However, there are many regulatory bottlenecks in India for the partnerships amongst firms to succeed. It has been argued by many researchers that there is positive association between telecom penetration and economic development. The research shows that one of the primary factors driving the exponential growth of mobile services in India is competition.Less
This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service providers, and for policymakers and regulators. The concept of convergence in communications and its impact on the evolution of the industry and the associated regulations are addressed. The number of partnerships in the recent years has increased with economies of scale and scope and technology control being the primary motivations. Regulations play a big role in facilitating partnerships, alliances, and mergers and acquisitions. However, there are many regulatory bottlenecks in India for the partnerships amongst firms to succeed. It has been argued by many researchers that there is positive association between telecom penetration and economic development. The research shows that one of the primary factors driving the exponential growth of mobile services in India is competition.
Scott W. Allard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300120356
- eISBN:
- 9780300152838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300120356.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It ...
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This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It also investigates how organizational funding and resource dependency are distributed across communities. It explains that linking social service financing to the geography of service provision will create insight on how local organizations provide aid to the poor and will also show the obstacles that providers in the future will face. It also provides insight on how resource allocation might fit community needs.Less
This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It also investigates how organizational funding and resource dependency are distributed across communities. It explains that linking social service financing to the geography of service provision will create insight on how local organizations provide aid to the poor and will also show the obstacles that providers in the future will face. It also provides insight on how resource allocation might fit community needs.
Donald M. Linhorst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171877
- eISBN:
- 9780199865338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171877.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting empowerment: people with mental illness, mental health and other service providers and administrators, mental health advocacy groups, planners and policy makers, and researchers and evaluators. The chapter discusses what it means, and does not mean, for people with severe mental illness to live empowered lives. It concludes that the state of people with mental illness living an empowered life is dynamic and situational. Thus, it is incumbent upon everyone to continually work to create opportunities for empowerment, and to develop and maintain the conditions for empowerment so that these opportunities can be realized.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting empowerment: people with mental illness, mental health and other service providers and administrators, mental health advocacy groups, planners and policy makers, and researchers and evaluators. The chapter discusses what it means, and does not mean, for people with severe mental illness to live empowered lives. It concludes that the state of people with mental illness living an empowered life is dynamic and situational. Thus, it is incumbent upon everyone to continually work to create opportunities for empowerment, and to develop and maintain the conditions for empowerment so that these opportunities can be realized.
Vernon Loke, Julie L. Watts, and Sally A. Kakoti
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199755950
- eISBN:
- 9780199332526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755950.003.0085
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work ...
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The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work with individuals and families who are economically distressed or disadvantaged, and are uniquely positioned to help increase the financial capabilities of these populations. The financial knowledge, skills and abilities of service providers and the counseling and information they offer their clients can have a significant impact, positively or negatively, on a client’s economic outcomes. This study exploring asset building for working families in Washington State reveals that frontline service providers in the asset-building field had very positive self-assessments of their financial capabilities and the vast majority reported positive financial practices and behaviors. However, the level of financial literacy among respondents was no better than the general population, and many reported that they do not feel equipped to deliver finance-related services to their clients. Much work remains to improve the financial capabilities of service providers.Less
The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work with individuals and families who are economically distressed or disadvantaged, and are uniquely positioned to help increase the financial capabilities of these populations. The financial knowledge, skills and abilities of service providers and the counseling and information they offer their clients can have a significant impact, positively or negatively, on a client’s economic outcomes. This study exploring asset building for working families in Washington State reveals that frontline service providers in the asset-building field had very positive self-assessments of their financial capabilities and the vast majority reported positive financial practices and behaviors. However, the level of financial literacy among respondents was no better than the general population, and many reported that they do not feel equipped to deliver finance-related services to their clients. Much work remains to improve the financial capabilities of service providers.
Ian Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091726
- eISBN:
- 9789882207578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091726.003.0028
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the ...
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Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the private sector in the workplace. While the government has devolved some of its responsibilities, it has in practice strengthened its grip on the public sector because of its desire to maintain control and to safeguard the consistency of public sector services in the central policy objectives. This chapter examines the evolution of the relationship of the government with service providers outside the traditional bureaucracy. It also discusses the legal status and funding of these outside service providers. The control and accountability of non-government organisations is discussed in this chapter including the issues and controversies arising from their operations, specifically the payment and recruitment of senior executives.Less
Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the private sector in the workplace. While the government has devolved some of its responsibilities, it has in practice strengthened its grip on the public sector because of its desire to maintain control and to safeguard the consistency of public sector services in the central policy objectives. This chapter examines the evolution of the relationship of the government with service providers outside the traditional bureaucracy. It also discusses the legal status and funding of these outside service providers. The control and accountability of non-government organisations is discussed in this chapter including the issues and controversies arising from their operations, specifically the payment and recruitment of senior executives.
Grahame R. Dowling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269617
- eISBN:
- 9780191699429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269617.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the ...
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This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the working relationship between the organization and these two agents are similar to those for other service providers. To implement many of the organization's marketing programmes requires working with outside suppliers of services, such as consultants, distributors, advertising agencies, and market research firms. Being outside the organization enables them to look at the marketing issues with more detachment than most insiders. Good working relationships with service suppliers provide leverage for the marketing team's internal capabilities. However, to gain the most benefit from these professional service firms requires the development of a commercial arrangement that is based on sound economic foundations.Less
This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the working relationship between the organization and these two agents are similar to those for other service providers. To implement many of the organization's marketing programmes requires working with outside suppliers of services, such as consultants, distributors, advertising agencies, and market research firms. Being outside the organization enables them to look at the marketing issues with more detachment than most insiders. Good working relationships with service suppliers provide leverage for the marketing team's internal capabilities. However, to gain the most benefit from these professional service firms requires the development of a commercial arrangement that is based on sound economic foundations.
Ingrid Schenk
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296553
- eISBN:
- 9780191685231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296553.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult ...
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Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult for people to determine whether the other party that they transact with can be trustworthy or not. Public key infrastructures (PKIs) refer to systems that rule over the provision of trust services such as digital certificates by trust service providers (TSPs). PKIs are one of the proposed solutions in assuring users with certified credentials for secure exchanges made over the Internet. Thus, several countries are trying to come up with a common infrastructure model for open network electronic commerce. This chapter discusses whether these trust services can offer commercial feasibility for TSPs and promote responsiveness to user concerns about authentication through formulating strategies for market entry and development.Less
Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult for people to determine whether the other party that they transact with can be trustworthy or not. Public key infrastructures (PKIs) refer to systems that rule over the provision of trust services such as digital certificates by trust service providers (TSPs). PKIs are one of the proposed solutions in assuring users with certified credentials for secure exchanges made over the Internet. Thus, several countries are trying to come up with a common infrastructure model for open network electronic commerce. This chapter discusses whether these trust services can offer commercial feasibility for TSPs and promote responsiveness to user concerns about authentication through formulating strategies for market entry and development.
W Kuan Hon and Christopher Millard
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199671670
- eISBN:
- 9780191767463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671670.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for ...
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In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for deployment of cloud resources are then described and are put in the broader context of the cloud supply chain. To analyse properly how laws apply to cloud computing, how contractual relationships work in clouds, and how the ‘cloud ecosystem’ is regulated, it is first necessary to differentiate between the main types of cloud computing services and consider how they work in structural and deployment terms. Many components may be involved in one cloud service, with different possible deployment models and layers, and cloud supply chains and contractual arrangements may be complex.Less
In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for deployment of cloud resources are then described and are put in the broader context of the cloud supply chain. To analyse properly how laws apply to cloud computing, how contractual relationships work in clouds, and how the ‘cloud ecosystem’ is regulated, it is first necessary to differentiate between the main types of cloud computing services and consider how they work in structural and deployment terms. Many components may be involved in one cloud service, with different possible deployment models and layers, and cloud supply chains and contractual arrangements may be complex.
Stephen B. Wicker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199915354
- eISBN:
- 9780199366736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915354.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially ...
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This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially inhibiting the development of cellular architecture, and then they failed to recognize its importance as a platform for individual political speech. Once the cellular revolution was well underway, the cellular service providers failed to anticipate user demand for data services, and then responded to that demand at attempting to exert control over what their users chose to download. The chapter focuses in particular on the FCC's inability to prevent censorship by cellular service providers.Less
This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially inhibiting the development of cellular architecture, and then they failed to recognize its importance as a platform for individual political speech. Once the cellular revolution was well underway, the cellular service providers failed to anticipate user demand for data services, and then responded to that demand at attempting to exert control over what their users chose to download. The chapter focuses in particular on the FCC's inability to prevent censorship by cellular service providers.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of ...
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AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of telecommunications services in their own national markets. But then all three companies were confronted by similar changes in their environments: more specifically, as a result of changing beliefs on the part of their governments and regulatory authorities, they all faced competition from vigorous new entrants. At the same time, their legal status was changed, with AT&T being divested of and separated from the regional Bell operating companies, and BT and NTT being partly privatized. Simultaneously, the companies had to deal with the maturation of the market for telephone services––the growing importance of new telecommunications services, and the rapid globalization of both service and equipment markets. This chapter looks at: how the three companies have responded to these similar changes in their environment; whether they have constructed similar visions in order to deal with the threats and opportunities resulting from the changes; what differences there are in the strategies developed and in their beliefs regarding the necessary in‐house competences to take advantage of their changing circumstances; and what role should be played by research and development (R&D), and how this should be organized within the company.Less
AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of telecommunications services in their own national markets. But then all three companies were confronted by similar changes in their environments: more specifically, as a result of changing beliefs on the part of their governments and regulatory authorities, they all faced competition from vigorous new entrants. At the same time, their legal status was changed, with AT&T being divested of and separated from the regional Bell operating companies, and BT and NTT being partly privatized. Simultaneously, the companies had to deal with the maturation of the market for telephone services––the growing importance of new telecommunications services, and the rapid globalization of both service and equipment markets. This chapter looks at: how the three companies have responded to these similar changes in their environment; whether they have constructed similar visions in order to deal with the threats and opportunities resulting from the changes; what differences there are in the strategies developed and in their beliefs regarding the necessary in‐house competences to take advantage of their changing circumstances; and what role should be played by research and development (R&D), and how this should be organized within the company.
Ian Greer, Karen Breidahl, Matthias Knuth, and Flemming Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198785446
- eISBN:
- 9780191827365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785446.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector ...
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Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector level, in showing how uncertainty and the resource squeeze configure power relations. It can affect the relative power of the purchaser over the provider. In Britain funding tends to empower large providers while in Denmark and Germany it tends to subordinate it to the funder. It can also affect power relations within the sector. British funding arrangements give large prime contractors a powerful position over their subcontractors (including non-profit and municipal agencies, while Germany and Denmark have fragmented employment-services sectors without a clear hierarchy.Less
Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector level, in showing how uncertainty and the resource squeeze configure power relations. It can affect the relative power of the purchaser over the provider. In Britain funding tends to empower large providers while in Denmark and Germany it tends to subordinate it to the funder. It can also affect power relations within the sector. British funding arrangements give large prime contractors a powerful position over their subcontractors (including non-profit and municipal agencies, while Germany and Denmark have fragmented employment-services sectors without a clear hierarchy.
Ruth Evans and Saul Becker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420220
- eISBN:
- 9781447301769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420220.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young ...
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This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young people, parents/relatives, and service providers on the factors and changes in family life that led to the commencement of young people's caring trajectories within families in Tanzania and the UK. The chapter also analyses the wider structural and relational aspects that affect the socioeconomic, cultural, and policy context of young caregiving at the global, national, and local levels.Less
This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young people, parents/relatives, and service providers on the factors and changes in family life that led to the commencement of young people's caring trajectories within families in Tanzania and the UK. The chapter also analyses the wider structural and relational aspects that affect the socioeconomic, cultural, and policy context of young caregiving at the global, national, and local levels.
Douglas Cumming, Na Dai, and Sofia A. Johan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199862566
- eISBN:
- 9780199332762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862566.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter highlights the salient features of the preceding chapters.
This chapter highlights the salient features of the preceding chapters.
Eli M. Noam
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188523
- eISBN:
- 9780199852574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188523.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This book investigates whether the American information sector has become more concentrated. To provide an empirical answer, a methodology that is straightforward, simple, and transparent is adopted: ...
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This book investigates whether the American information sector has become more concentrated. To provide an empirical answer, a methodology that is straightforward, simple, and transparent is adopted: the trend of two media concentration indices used in American antitrust enforcement, the so-called Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI) and the four-firm market share index, the C4. This book looks at the market concentration trends for 100 separate information industries in the United States. Examples for such industries are broadcast television, cable television, film distribution, daily newspapers, Internet service providers, television set makers, microcomputers, local phone service, and cellular mobile providers. For each of these industries, individual firms' revenues in the US market are analyzed and their US market shares in this particular industry are calculated.Less
This book investigates whether the American information sector has become more concentrated. To provide an empirical answer, a methodology that is straightforward, simple, and transparent is adopted: the trend of two media concentration indices used in American antitrust enforcement, the so-called Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (HHI) and the four-firm market share index, the C4. This book looks at the market concentration trends for 100 separate information industries in the United States. Examples for such industries are broadcast television, cable television, film distribution, daily newspapers, Internet service providers, television set makers, microcomputers, local phone service, and cellular mobile providers. For each of these industries, individual firms' revenues in the US market are analyzed and their US market shares in this particular industry are calculated.
Eser Kandogan, Paul P. Maglio, Eben M. Haber, and John Bailey
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195374124
- eISBN:
- 9780199979134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374124.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Human-Technology Interaction
Information technology is pervasive but also practically invisible to the average person. Information technology work is so complex that even technical people often do not have the complete picture. ...
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Information technology is pervasive but also practically invisible to the average person. Information technology work is so complex that even technical people often do not have the complete picture. Information technology work is done increasingly in the context of service delivery, and service providers are very focused on understanding and improving practices to improve service and reduce costs. To help improve information technology work, our goal was to develop a deep understanding of the practices of system administrators. Their tools, practices, processes, and organizations were studied using observational methods. Infrastructures, tended by experts, working together to tame the inherent complexity of modern information technology systems were observed. Real innovation was seen, as administrator-created tools, practices, and organizations effectively simplified work. And also observed was a kind of evolution, as innovations matured, were shared, and adapted across broader communities to create productive work systems.Less
Information technology is pervasive but also practically invisible to the average person. Information technology work is so complex that even technical people often do not have the complete picture. Information technology work is done increasingly in the context of service delivery, and service providers are very focused on understanding and improving practices to improve service and reduce costs. To help improve information technology work, our goal was to develop a deep understanding of the practices of system administrators. Their tools, practices, processes, and organizations were studied using observational methods. Infrastructures, tended by experts, working together to tame the inherent complexity of modern information technology systems were observed. Real innovation was seen, as administrator-created tools, practices, and organizations effectively simplified work. And also observed was a kind of evolution, as innovations matured, were shared, and adapted across broader communities to create productive work systems.
Germano Mwabu, Cecilia Ugaz, and Gordon White (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242191
- eISBN:
- 9780191697050
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242191.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
During recent years, provision of key social services in low-income countries has been affected by adverse macroeconomic conditions and by radical changes in economic thinking. For example, the ...
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During recent years, provision of key social services in low-income countries has been affected by adverse macroeconomic conditions and by radical changes in economic thinking. For example, the welfarist approach, which gives prominence to the state in delivering and financing social services, has been challenged by the neoliberal approach, which limits the role of the government to that of residual provider for the very poor. According to the neoliberal approach, the private sector could, by relying on price mechanisms, achieve more efficient provision. However, this approach relies on a rather narrow definition of efficiency which ignores social externalities in the delivery and use of services. This book analyses the merits and limitations of both welfarist and neoliberal approaches to the provision of key social services in terms of the outcomes and sustainability of the two approaches. The book proposes an alternative model of social provision, characterized by multiplicity in service delivery and financing. The new model, in which households, civil society, and government play important roles, avoids the inefficiencies of state provision and the exclusion and fragmentation of market-based systems. The chapters argue for an integrative approach which encourages the equity and efficiency gained from a synergistic relationship between various service providers. They further argue that the well-known market and government failures in social provision are due to undesirable extremes in policy design, rather than to inherent characteristics of market or government institutions. The strengths of this new approach are illustrated with case studies from Chile, China, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The book also describes how social services in Finland were organized in the early stages, and draws policy lessons for present day developing countries.Less
During recent years, provision of key social services in low-income countries has been affected by adverse macroeconomic conditions and by radical changes in economic thinking. For example, the welfarist approach, which gives prominence to the state in delivering and financing social services, has been challenged by the neoliberal approach, which limits the role of the government to that of residual provider for the very poor. According to the neoliberal approach, the private sector could, by relying on price mechanisms, achieve more efficient provision. However, this approach relies on a rather narrow definition of efficiency which ignores social externalities in the delivery and use of services. This book analyses the merits and limitations of both welfarist and neoliberal approaches to the provision of key social services in terms of the outcomes and sustainability of the two approaches. The book proposes an alternative model of social provision, characterized by multiplicity in service delivery and financing. The new model, in which households, civil society, and government play important roles, avoids the inefficiencies of state provision and the exclusion and fragmentation of market-based systems. The chapters argue for an integrative approach which encourages the equity and efficiency gained from a synergistic relationship between various service providers. They further argue that the well-known market and government failures in social provision are due to undesirable extremes in policy design, rather than to inherent characteristics of market or government institutions. The strengths of this new approach are illustrated with case studies from Chile, China, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The book also describes how social services in Finland were organized in the early stages, and draws policy lessons for present day developing countries.
Richard Simmons and Martin Powell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847421814
- eISBN:
- 9781447303725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847421814.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
A key focus of this book was to think about the ‘differentiated consumer’ in public services, and what it meant from different perspectives in relation to public services and consumption. This ...
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A key focus of this book was to think about the ‘differentiated consumer’ in public services, and what it meant from different perspectives in relation to public services and consumption. This chapter attempts to make sense of all this by returning to some of the themes set out in the Introduction. First, it recognises that many different faces and mechanisms of consumerism exist. This helps people to identify who it is that presents themselves when they use public services and what their expectations might be, as well as what responses they might face from public service providers. Second, the chapter acknowledges the role of different public service contexts, and that what works in terms of consumerism and choice for some people in some settings may not be universal. Third, it acknowledges the role of values in different public service contexts.Less
A key focus of this book was to think about the ‘differentiated consumer’ in public services, and what it meant from different perspectives in relation to public services and consumption. This chapter attempts to make sense of all this by returning to some of the themes set out in the Introduction. First, it recognises that many different faces and mechanisms of consumerism exist. This helps people to identify who it is that presents themselves when they use public services and what their expectations might be, as well as what responses they might face from public service providers. Second, the chapter acknowledges the role of different public service contexts, and that what works in terms of consumerism and choice for some people in some settings may not be universal. Third, it acknowledges the role of values in different public service contexts.
