Varadharajan Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075530
- eISBN:
- 9780199081042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075530.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service ...
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This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service provisioning and the development in the broadband infrastructure in the country and the associated policy initiatives. The Basic Telecom Operators (BTOs) had an edge over the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in providing bundled Internet services. As per the ISP guidelines, the Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSPs) were not allowed to deploy media gateways in India due to restricted internet telephony. In India, the National Internet Exchange of India resolves domain name disputes involving the in domain. Restrictions in the form of network neutrality may prevent deployment and further adoption of wireless broadband and mobile Internet. Internet access through the broadband network is still very limited in India. It is hoped that Internet services in India will pick up in the coming years.Less
This chapter explores in detail the Internet service evolution in India starting with the erstwhile monopoly provisioning by the government operator. It explains the restrictions on Internet service provisioning and the development in the broadband infrastructure in the country and the associated policy initiatives. The Basic Telecom Operators (BTOs) had an edge over the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in providing bundled Internet services. As per the ISP guidelines, the Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSPs) were not allowed to deploy media gateways in India due to restricted internet telephony. In India, the National Internet Exchange of India resolves domain name disputes involving the in domain. Restrictions in the form of network neutrality may prevent deployment and further adoption of wireless broadband and mobile Internet. Internet access through the broadband network is still very limited in India. It is hoped that Internet services in India will pick up in the coming years.
Eli M. Noam
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188523
- eISBN:
- 9780199852574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188523.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory ...
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Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory tendencies affected them in roughly the same periods. In the 1990s, a fourth subsector emerged—Internet media. This chapter asks: Has it been subject to similar dynamics of market structure? Is the Internet still as open and competitive as it used to be, or is it becoming concentrated and dominated by a few firms with market power? This chapter looks at the market concentration trends for eight Internet sector industries in the United States: Internet backbones, Internet service providers, broadband providers, search engines, browser software, portals, Internet protocol telephony, and media player software. The revenue and market share of each firm for a period of up to twenty years are also calculated. These market shares are then used to calculate concentration indices and track them over time.Less
Although the three major subsectors of the information sector—mass media, telecommunications, and information technology—developed at different times and paces, technological and regulatory tendencies affected them in roughly the same periods. In the 1990s, a fourth subsector emerged—Internet media. This chapter asks: Has it been subject to similar dynamics of market structure? Is the Internet still as open and competitive as it used to be, or is it becoming concentrated and dominated by a few firms with market power? This chapter looks at the market concentration trends for eight Internet sector industries in the United States: Internet backbones, Internet service providers, broadband providers, search engines, browser software, portals, Internet protocol telephony, and media player software. The revenue and market share of each firm for a period of up to twenty years are also calculated. These market shares are then used to calculate concentration indices and track them over time.
Manuel García-Goñi and Paul Windrum
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550685
- eISBN:
- 9780191720543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550685.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It ...
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This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.Less
This chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.
Varadharajan Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075530
- eISBN:
- 9780199081042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075530.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service ...
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This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service providers, and for policymakers and regulators. The concept of convergence in communications and its impact on the evolution of the industry and the associated regulations are addressed. The number of partnerships in the recent years has increased with economies of scale and scope and technology control being the primary motivations. Regulations play a big role in facilitating partnerships, alliances, and mergers and acquisitions. However, there are many regulatory bottlenecks in India for the partnerships amongst firms to succeed. It has been argued by many researchers that there is positive association between telecom penetration and economic development. The research shows that one of the primary factors driving the exponential growth of mobile services in India is competition.Less
This chapter reviews the partnerships in the telecom industry. It also investigates the ‘convergence’ paradigm in telecommunications and its implications for consumers, telephone companies, service providers, and for policymakers and regulators. The concept of convergence in communications and its impact on the evolution of the industry and the associated regulations are addressed. The number of partnerships in the recent years has increased with economies of scale and scope and technology control being the primary motivations. Regulations play a big role in facilitating partnerships, alliances, and mergers and acquisitions. However, there are many regulatory bottlenecks in India for the partnerships amongst firms to succeed. It has been argued by many researchers that there is positive association between telecom penetration and economic development. The research shows that one of the primary factors driving the exponential growth of mobile services in India is competition.
Juliane Hammer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190877
- eISBN:
- 9780691194387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190877.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter highlights Muslim service providers of many kinds and the organizations in which they work. Muslim service providers, in different ways from advocates and community leaders, not only are ...
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This chapter highlights Muslim service providers of many kinds and the organizations in which they work. Muslim service providers, in different ways from advocates and community leaders, not only are at the front lines of the struggle against domestic violence (DV) in Muslim communities but also most directly and persistently interact with the mainstream DV landscape/movement. Service providers are at risk themselves in more acute ways as their direct contact with victims and survivors can also become contact with perpetrators who are a threat not only to DV victims but also to anyone who supports those victims. The chapter then explores the significance of their religious convictions and identities for the work they perform and for the ways in which they relate to their clients on the one hand and to “the system” on the other. It also sketches the landscape of Muslim DV services and offers some insights into the specific challenges this work entails.Less
This chapter highlights Muslim service providers of many kinds and the organizations in which they work. Muslim service providers, in different ways from advocates and community leaders, not only are at the front lines of the struggle against domestic violence (DV) in Muslim communities but also most directly and persistently interact with the mainstream DV landscape/movement. Service providers are at risk themselves in more acute ways as their direct contact with victims and survivors can also become contact with perpetrators who are a threat not only to DV victims but also to anyone who supports those victims. The chapter then explores the significance of their religious convictions and identities for the work they perform and for the ways in which they relate to their clients on the one hand and to “the system” on the other. It also sketches the landscape of Muslim DV services and offers some insights into the specific challenges this work entails.
Donald M. Linhorst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195171877
- eISBN:
- 9780199865338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171877.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting empowerment: people with mental illness, mental health and other service providers and administrators, mental health advocacy groups, planners and policy makers, and researchers and evaluators. The chapter discusses what it means, and does not mean, for people with severe mental illness to live empowered lives. It concludes that the state of people with mental illness living an empowered life is dynamic and situational. Thus, it is incumbent upon everyone to continually work to create opportunities for empowerment, and to develop and maintain the conditions for empowerment so that these opportunities can be realized.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the opportunities and limitations to empowering people with severe mental illness. It then explores the roles that the following parties play in promoting empowerment: people with mental illness, mental health and other service providers and administrators, mental health advocacy groups, planners and policy makers, and researchers and evaluators. The chapter discusses what it means, and does not mean, for people with severe mental illness to live empowered lives. It concludes that the state of people with mental illness living an empowered life is dynamic and situational. Thus, it is incumbent upon everyone to continually work to create opportunities for empowerment, and to develop and maintain the conditions for empowerment so that these opportunities can be realized.
Ian Scott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622091726
- eISBN:
- 9789882207578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622091726.003.0028
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the ...
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Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the private sector in the workplace. While the government has devolved some of its responsibilities, it has in practice strengthened its grip on the public sector because of its desire to maintain control and to safeguard the consistency of public sector services in the central policy objectives. This chapter examines the evolution of the relationship of the government with service providers outside the traditional bureaucracy. It also discusses the legal status and funding of these outside service providers. The control and accountability of non-government organisations is discussed in this chapter including the issues and controversies arising from their operations, specifically the payment and recruitment of senior executives.Less
Although Hong Kong has reduced the size of its civil service, pay determination, and salaries, it has not openly welcomed the possible benefits of greater entrepreneurialism and the inclusion of the private sector in the workplace. While the government has devolved some of its responsibilities, it has in practice strengthened its grip on the public sector because of its desire to maintain control and to safeguard the consistency of public sector services in the central policy objectives. This chapter examines the evolution of the relationship of the government with service providers outside the traditional bureaucracy. It also discusses the legal status and funding of these outside service providers. The control and accountability of non-government organisations is discussed in this chapter including the issues and controversies arising from their operations, specifically the payment and recruitment of senior executives.
Scott W. Allard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300120356
- eISBN:
- 9780300152838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300120356.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It ...
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This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It also investigates how organizational funding and resource dependency are distributed across communities. It explains that linking social service financing to the geography of service provision will create insight on how local organizations provide aid to the poor and will also show the obstacles that providers in the future will face. It also provides insight on how resource allocation might fit community needs.Less
This chapter attempts to connect the funding of service providers to the geography of the safety net by examining how nonprofit agencies assisting poor populations finance services and programs. It also investigates how organizational funding and resource dependency are distributed across communities. It explains that linking social service financing to the geography of service provision will create insight on how local organizations provide aid to the poor and will also show the obstacles that providers in the future will face. It also provides insight on how resource allocation might fit community needs.
Vernon Loke, Julie L. Watts, and Sally A. Kakoti
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199755950
- eISBN:
- 9780199332526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755950.003.0085
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work ...
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The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work with individuals and families who are economically distressed or disadvantaged, and are uniquely positioned to help increase the financial capabilities of these populations. The financial knowledge, skills and abilities of service providers and the counseling and information they offer their clients can have a significant impact, positively or negatively, on a client’s economic outcomes. This study exploring asset building for working families in Washington State reveals that frontline service providers in the asset-building field had very positive self-assessments of their financial capabilities and the vast majority reported positive financial practices and behaviors. However, the level of financial literacy among respondents was no better than the general population, and many reported that they do not feel equipped to deliver finance-related services to their clients. Much work remains to improve the financial capabilities of service providers.Less
The development of financial capabilities is essential for individuals to build long-term wealth and move out of poverty permanently. Service providers within the asset-building field regularly work with individuals and families who are economically distressed or disadvantaged, and are uniquely positioned to help increase the financial capabilities of these populations. The financial knowledge, skills and abilities of service providers and the counseling and information they offer their clients can have a significant impact, positively or negatively, on a client’s economic outcomes. This study exploring asset building for working families in Washington State reveals that frontline service providers in the asset-building field had very positive self-assessments of their financial capabilities and the vast majority reported positive financial practices and behaviors. However, the level of financial literacy among respondents was no better than the general population, and many reported that they do not feel equipped to deliver finance-related services to their clients. Much work remains to improve the financial capabilities of service providers.
Grahame R. Dowling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269617
- eISBN:
- 9780191699429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269617.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the ...
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This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the working relationship between the organization and these two agents are similar to those for other service providers. To implement many of the organization's marketing programmes requires working with outside suppliers of services, such as consultants, distributors, advertising agencies, and market research firms. Being outside the organization enables them to look at the marketing issues with more detachment than most insiders. Good working relationships with service suppliers provide leverage for the marketing team's internal capabilities. However, to gain the most benefit from these professional service firms requires the development of a commercial arrangement that is based on sound economic foundations.Less
This chapter focuses primarily on advertising agencies and market research firms, the two principal outside suppliers of professional services to most marketing managers. The issues that govern the working relationship between the organization and these two agents are similar to those for other service providers. To implement many of the organization's marketing programmes requires working with outside suppliers of services, such as consultants, distributors, advertising agencies, and market research firms. Being outside the organization enables them to look at the marketing issues with more detachment than most insiders. Good working relationships with service suppliers provide leverage for the marketing team's internal capabilities. However, to gain the most benefit from these professional service firms requires the development of a commercial arrangement that is based on sound economic foundations.
Ingrid Schenk
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296553
- eISBN:
- 9780191685231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296553.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Innovation
Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult ...
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Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult for people to determine whether the other party that they transact with can be trustworthy or not. Public key infrastructures (PKIs) refer to systems that rule over the provision of trust services such as digital certificates by trust service providers (TSPs). PKIs are one of the proposed solutions in assuring users with certified credentials for secure exchanges made over the Internet. Thus, several countries are trying to come up with a common infrastructure model for open network electronic commerce. This chapter discusses whether these trust services can offer commercial feasibility for TSPs and promote responsiveness to user concerns about authentication through formulating strategies for market entry and development.Less
Although user anonymity is one of the perceived qualities of the Internet, this has become a problem for those who wish to promote commercial transactions through this medium. It becomes difficult for people to determine whether the other party that they transact with can be trustworthy or not. Public key infrastructures (PKIs) refer to systems that rule over the provision of trust services such as digital certificates by trust service providers (TSPs). PKIs are one of the proposed solutions in assuring users with certified credentials for secure exchanges made over the Internet. Thus, several countries are trying to come up with a common infrastructure model for open network electronic commerce. This chapter discusses whether these trust services can offer commercial feasibility for TSPs and promote responsiveness to user concerns about authentication through formulating strategies for market entry and development.
W Kuan Hon and Christopher Millard
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199671670
- eISBN:
- 9780191767463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671670.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for ...
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In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for deployment of cloud resources are then described and are put in the broader context of the cloud supply chain. To analyse properly how laws apply to cloud computing, how contractual relationships work in clouds, and how the ‘cloud ecosystem’ is regulated, it is first necessary to differentiate between the main types of cloud computing services and consider how they work in structural and deployment terms. Many components may be involved in one cloud service, with different possible deployment models and layers, and cloud supply chains and contractual arrangements may be complex.Less
In this chapter we outline the main technical and commercial characteristics of cloud computing, including the central concept of ‘X as a Service’ and various other key elements. Common models for deployment of cloud resources are then described and are put in the broader context of the cloud supply chain. To analyse properly how laws apply to cloud computing, how contractual relationships work in clouds, and how the ‘cloud ecosystem’ is regulated, it is first necessary to differentiate between the main types of cloud computing services and consider how they work in structural and deployment terms. Many components may be involved in one cloud service, with different possible deployment models and layers, and cloud supply chains and contractual arrangements may be complex.
Shanna K. Kattari, Héctor Torres, Kim Fountain, and Ing Swenson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479830428
- eISBN:
- 9781479829095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479830428.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Mental and medical health-care providers often serve as first responders and longer-term therapeutic support for transgender intimate partner violence (T-IPV) survivors. Mental health-care providers ...
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Mental and medical health-care providers often serve as first responders and longer-term therapeutic support for transgender intimate partner violence (T-IPV) survivors. Mental health-care providers in particular are positioned to offer important, client-centered assistance in dealing with the intricacies of addressing IPV, and research finds they are among the most trusted and utilized sources of help by survivors. Likewise, due in part to the emergency medical needs of survivors of physical IPV, medical health-care providers can play a vital role in recognizing IPV victimization and guiding patients toward needed resources. Drawing on both the T-IPV and broader lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer IPV literatures, this chapter provides a template for best practices in a multisystem approach with regard to developing culturally appropriate mental and medical health-care provider training programs, screening protocols, treatment modalities, and auxiliary service referrals when working with T-IPV survivor populations.Less
Mental and medical health-care providers often serve as first responders and longer-term therapeutic support for transgender intimate partner violence (T-IPV) survivors. Mental health-care providers in particular are positioned to offer important, client-centered assistance in dealing with the intricacies of addressing IPV, and research finds they are among the most trusted and utilized sources of help by survivors. Likewise, due in part to the emergency medical needs of survivors of physical IPV, medical health-care providers can play a vital role in recognizing IPV victimization and guiding patients toward needed resources. Drawing on both the T-IPV and broader lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer IPV literatures, this chapter provides a template for best practices in a multisystem approach with regard to developing culturally appropriate mental and medical health-care provider training programs, screening protocols, treatment modalities, and auxiliary service referrals when working with T-IPV survivor populations.
Stephen B. Wicker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199915354
- eISBN:
- 9780199366736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915354.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially ...
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This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially inhibiting the development of cellular architecture, and then they failed to recognize its importance as a platform for individual political speech. Once the cellular revolution was well underway, the cellular service providers failed to anticipate user demand for data services, and then responded to that demand at attempting to exert control over what their users chose to download. The chapter focuses in particular on the FCC's inability to prevent censorship by cellular service providers.Less
This chapter considers the awkward stewardship of cellular architecture by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and service providers. The former showed a serious lack of vision in initially inhibiting the development of cellular architecture, and then they failed to recognize its importance as a platform for individual political speech. Once the cellular revolution was well underway, the cellular service providers failed to anticipate user demand for data services, and then responded to that demand at attempting to exert control over what their users chose to download. The chapter focuses in particular on the FCC's inability to prevent censorship by cellular service providers.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of ...
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AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of telecommunications services in their own national markets. But then all three companies were confronted by similar changes in their environments: more specifically, as a result of changing beliefs on the part of their governments and regulatory authorities, they all faced competition from vigorous new entrants. At the same time, their legal status was changed, with AT&T being divested of and separated from the regional Bell operating companies, and BT and NTT being partly privatized. Simultaneously, the companies had to deal with the maturation of the market for telephone services––the growing importance of new telecommunications services, and the rapid globalization of both service and equipment markets. This chapter looks at: how the three companies have responded to these similar changes in their environment; whether they have constructed similar visions in order to deal with the threats and opportunities resulting from the changes; what differences there are in the strategies developed and in their beliefs regarding the necessary in‐house competences to take advantage of their changing circumstances; and what role should be played by research and development (R&D), and how this should be organized within the company.Less
AT&T, BT, and NTT are the largest telecommunications service providers in the USA, UK, and Japan, respectively, and until the mid‐1980s, the three companies were monopoly suppliers of telecommunications services in their own national markets. But then all three companies were confronted by similar changes in their environments: more specifically, as a result of changing beliefs on the part of their governments and regulatory authorities, they all faced competition from vigorous new entrants. At the same time, their legal status was changed, with AT&T being divested of and separated from the regional Bell operating companies, and BT and NTT being partly privatized. Simultaneously, the companies had to deal with the maturation of the market for telephone services––the growing importance of new telecommunications services, and the rapid globalization of both service and equipment markets. This chapter looks at: how the three companies have responded to these similar changes in their environment; whether they have constructed similar visions in order to deal with the threats and opportunities resulting from the changes; what differences there are in the strategies developed and in their beliefs regarding the necessary in‐house competences to take advantage of their changing circumstances; and what role should be played by research and development (R&D), and how this should be organized within the company.
Ian Greer, Karen Breidahl, Matthias Knuth, and Flemming Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198785446
- eISBN:
- 9780191827365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785446.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector ...
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Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector level, in showing how uncertainty and the resource squeeze configure power relations. It can affect the relative power of the purchaser over the provider. In Britain funding tends to empower large providers while in Denmark and Germany it tends to subordinate it to the funder. It can also affect power relations within the sector. British funding arrangements give large prime contractors a powerful position over their subcontractors (including non-profit and municipal agencies, while Germany and Denmark have fragmented employment-services sectors without a clear hierarchy.Less
Providers of employment services are deeply affected by marketization, because it shapes the uncertainty and resource scarcity that they face. This chapter introduces these dynamics at the sector level, in showing how uncertainty and the resource squeeze configure power relations. It can affect the relative power of the purchaser over the provider. In Britain funding tends to empower large providers while in Denmark and Germany it tends to subordinate it to the funder. It can also affect power relations within the sector. British funding arrangements give large prime contractors a powerful position over their subcontractors (including non-profit and municipal agencies, while Germany and Denmark have fragmented employment-services sectors without a clear hierarchy.
michael munson and Loree Cook-Daniels
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781479830428
- eISBN:
- 9781479829095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479830428.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
For more than a decade, FORGE has been training victim service providers on how to better meet the needs of transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming survivors of intimate or sexual violence. ...
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For more than a decade, FORGE has been training victim service providers on how to better meet the needs of transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming survivors of intimate or sexual violence. This chapter synthesizes what FORGE has learned about the barriers between transgender intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors and IPV service providers, and best practices in training approaches and techniques, including why FORGE has chosen not to present an oppression model in its training approach. Particular attention is paid to cognitive adaptations service providers need to make to adapt a service system that is literally based on a traditional gender binary so that it can respectfully serve nonbinary and transgender survivors.Less
For more than a decade, FORGE has been training victim service providers on how to better meet the needs of transgender, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming survivors of intimate or sexual violence. This chapter synthesizes what FORGE has learned about the barriers between transgender intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors and IPV service providers, and best practices in training approaches and techniques, including why FORGE has chosen not to present an oppression model in its training approach. Particular attention is paid to cognitive adaptations service providers need to make to adapt a service system that is literally based on a traditional gender binary so that it can respectfully serve nonbinary and transgender survivors.
Ruth Evans and Saul Becker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420220
- eISBN:
- 9781447301769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420220.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young ...
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This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young people, parents/relatives, and service providers on the factors and changes in family life that led to the commencement of young people's caring trajectories within families in Tanzania and the UK. The chapter also analyses the wider structural and relational aspects that affect the socioeconomic, cultural, and policy context of young caregiving at the global, national, and local levels.Less
This chapter explores the processes and factors that influence whether and why young people take on caring responsibilities in families affected by HIV/AIDS. It explores the perspectives of young people, parents/relatives, and service providers on the factors and changes in family life that led to the commencement of young people's caring trajectories within families in Tanzania and the UK. The chapter also analyses the wider structural and relational aspects that affect the socioeconomic, cultural, and policy context of young caregiving at the global, national, and local levels.
Juliane Hammer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190877
- eISBN:
- 9780691194387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190877.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter links the work of Muslim advocates and service providers in Muslim communities and with Muslim clients to the broader domestic violence (DV) movement, as well as analyzes their ...
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This chapter links the work of Muslim advocates and service providers in Muslim communities and with Muslim clients to the broader domestic violence (DV) movement, as well as analyzes their relationship with broader religious coalitions and organizations that have embraced an interfaith approach to DV. There are both similarities and differences in the ways in which religious communities have addressed DV and searched their traditions for resources to fight it. And the mainstream DV movement, which is very much part of American society, has proven to not be immune to the issues of othering, racializing, and marginalizing Muslims as both victims and advocates. It appears, at first, that Muslim advocates are influenced by the structures, assumptions, and power dynamics of the three overlapping spheres of interfaith DV movement, the mainstream DV movement, and the state, thus making their interaction with these three spheres appear one-directional. However, Muslim advocates, because they recognize these structures and their own exclusion from power, at least attempt to speak back to them from within their own religious and ethical frameworks.Less
This chapter links the work of Muslim advocates and service providers in Muslim communities and with Muslim clients to the broader domestic violence (DV) movement, as well as analyzes their relationship with broader religious coalitions and organizations that have embraced an interfaith approach to DV. There are both similarities and differences in the ways in which religious communities have addressed DV and searched their traditions for resources to fight it. And the mainstream DV movement, which is very much part of American society, has proven to not be immune to the issues of othering, racializing, and marginalizing Muslims as both victims and advocates. It appears, at first, that Muslim advocates are influenced by the structures, assumptions, and power dynamics of the three overlapping spheres of interfaith DV movement, the mainstream DV movement, and the state, thus making their interaction with these three spheres appear one-directional. However, Muslim advocates, because they recognize these structures and their own exclusion from power, at least attempt to speak back to them from within their own religious and ethical frameworks.
Stavroula Karapapa
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198795636
- eISBN:
- 9780191836930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795636.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Some defences are available on grounds that are extraneous to copyright and are based either on other bodies of law, such as competition law or e-commerce protection, or on general legal principles. ...
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Some defences are available on grounds that are extraneous to copyright and are based either on other bodies of law, such as competition law or e-commerce protection, or on general legal principles. These include, for instance, defences available to Internet service providers for infringements carried out by their users, including defences for hosting, caching, and ‘mere conduit’. Others are available on the grounds of competition law, such as refusal to license or abuse of dominant position, which could have a legal basis of application—inter alia—in certain mass digital activities of online services. Other available defences fall under general legal principles that can be invoked in cases where copyright exceptions do not cover an activity for which there is a principle-based justification for the particular conduct. Such a justification could be the public interest or the doctrine of the ‘abuse of right’. There are also a number of uses that can be permitted on grounds of benign infringement on the basis of the ‘innocuous use’ doctrine. Unlike other defences to copyright, these defensive rules represent instances where copyright may be subject to limitations as a result of its encounter with other legal orders. Such instances have either not been institutionalized within copyright law, such as speech entitlements or public policy privileges, or may have been partially included within it while offering principle-based explanations for acts of copyright infringement on the basis of legal grounds found in other areas of law or broader legal principles. These defences are an essential component to the understanding of the scope of permissible copyright use on the Internet as they can be extremely relevant in cases which involve online services and business models, such as hosting services, and online content use more broadly.Less
Some defences are available on grounds that are extraneous to copyright and are based either on other bodies of law, such as competition law or e-commerce protection, or on general legal principles. These include, for instance, defences available to Internet service providers for infringements carried out by their users, including defences for hosting, caching, and ‘mere conduit’. Others are available on the grounds of competition law, such as refusal to license or abuse of dominant position, which could have a legal basis of application—inter alia—in certain mass digital activities of online services. Other available defences fall under general legal principles that can be invoked in cases where copyright exceptions do not cover an activity for which there is a principle-based justification for the particular conduct. Such a justification could be the public interest or the doctrine of the ‘abuse of right’. There are also a number of uses that can be permitted on grounds of benign infringement on the basis of the ‘innocuous use’ doctrine. Unlike other defences to copyright, these defensive rules represent instances where copyright may be subject to limitations as a result of its encounter with other legal orders. Such instances have either not been institutionalized within copyright law, such as speech entitlements or public policy privileges, or may have been partially included within it while offering principle-based explanations for acts of copyright infringement on the basis of legal grounds found in other areas of law or broader legal principles. These defences are an essential component to the understanding of the scope of permissible copyright use on the Internet as they can be extremely relevant in cases which involve online services and business models, such as hosting services, and online content use more broadly.
