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There is a dearth of existing literature on cross-national variations in the organization, role, and boundaries of the personnel function. This chapter explores the evolving role and structure of the personnel function within the different national subsidiaries of US multinationals, and how these fit with the multinational company’s conception of the function’s role at an international level. It is argued that personnel departments in US multinationals face mounting pressures to reduce costs, leading to structural innovations such as shared service centres. Subsidiary personnel departments have pursued a more strategic role as ‘business partner’, and as contributor to the design of international HR policies. The management of tensions between the US approach and different host-country traditions of personnel management are examined, as well as the way in which subsidiary personnel managers ‘negotiate’ with higher levels of the international HR function, drawing on the institutional resources of their local environment.

As major venues for interdisciplinary research programs, centers and institutes are loosely defined units that bring together faculty members from different departments and disciplines with the hope of generating novel academic contributions. Membership in an academic center or institute is generally secondary to a primary appointment in a traditional department, which has financial and personnel policy implications. With few exceptions centers and institutes originate from the faculty members and not the administration. This includes the establishment of soft-money centers or institutes that arise in the context of a gift or grant award. For example, several federal funding agencies award grants explicitly to establish a center or institute. Mechanisms of financial support, performance review, and dissolution are analyzed critically. The chapter concludes with a discussion of service centers. Most of them charge fees for their services based on the actual costs of running the center; they are recharge centers. However, they may generate taxable unrelated business income.

This chapter describes the technologies, market structure, and regulatory issues of Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). These networks if interconnected to other networks such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or the Internet can provide backbone and long-haul network connectivity, especially for telecom and Internet service providers. They can provide alternative communication channels when the terrestrial networks are destroyed and become inoperable. Additionally, they are widely used in the banking, finance, and insurance sectors for interconnecting Automated Teller Machines to the banking servers, network connectivity to lottery operators, enterprise connectivity, distance education, and government's Community Service Centre scheme. The scope of VSAT service is to provide data connectivity between various sites scattered within the territorial boundary of India via the Indian National Satellite system using VSAT. There is a case for VSAT-PSTN interconnectivity for providing cheaper long-distance voice service, especially in the remote and rural areas of the country.

The U.S. child welfare system, made up of many variations at the state and local levels, is unified in design by federal laws and regulations. This chapter reviews the definition of maltreatment as set forth by the federal government, along with rates of maltreatment reporting nationwide. A description of the general parameters of the child welfare system is provided including prevention services, out-of-home care, and long-term living alternatives for children who cannot return to their birth parents. Major federal legislation shaping child welfare policy is reviewed, though many current reform efforts are initiated at the local level. Some of the most prevalent reforms are reviewed in some detail include practice changes related to family-centered services, and cultural and community continuity.

This chapter examines specific areas of conflict and constraint in achieving a ‘modernising’ vision of services that promote independence, well being, and choice, focusing mainly on older people's experiences of social-care services. After summarising what quality of life means from older people's perspectives, it discusses areas of practice in which various facets of the modernisation agenda's managerialism appear to be obstructing the delivery of user-centred services. One is the tension between the need for timely intervention that supports older people's coping strategies and the managerial policies and practices which seek to ration, restrict, and delay service provision. Another is the significance of disjunctions between policy discourses, managerial concerns, and service-user understandings and prioritisations of need. The chapter also assesses the potential of current policy directions, in particular the extension of direct payments and the introduction of individual budgets, to deliver support that is more closely attuned to the needs and preferences of service users.

The Dementia Service Centre Model was developed in order to serve rural communities in Upper Austria. The goals of the Dementia Service Centre were defined as a multicomponent, low threshold, ‘one-stop shop’ psychosocial support model, specifically addressing the needs of persons with dementia and their family carers and support providers in rural communities. The main goals of the DSC care model are: a) timely detection of dementia, b) delaying the institutionalisation of persons with dementia and c) reducing the burden of support providers. In 2001, a data base was established with the goal to providing evidence for the support model. Research projects, including a randomized controlled trial, were conducted. The results of the research influenced the decision of policy makers to promote the model for roll-out. During the pilot phase, 7 Centres were opened. The model has been selected for rollout and in 2020 eleven Centres will be available.

This chapter discusses ways of reducing health care fraud and abuse. It first proposes three approaches to reducing crime and corruption: making it more difficult for the individual perpetrator to commit a criminal or corrupt act and goes on to consider strategies for dealing with health care providers involved in fraudulent activities, along with antifraud measures taken by private health insurers. It then stresses the importance of educating health care consumers to protect them against health care scam artists and dishonest providers. It also examines the role of federal and state governments in the fight against health care fraud, with particular emphasis on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and explains how health care fraud and abuse cases are investigated and prosecuted. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for various crimes, including white-collar crimes such as health care fraud.

This chapter focuses on the evolution of the Chinese ethnoburb from an ethnic service center to a global economic outpost in Los Angeles. It first considers the increase in demand for an ethnic economy to fulfill consumer needs along with the growth of the Chinese population after the late 1970s, with particular emphasis on the proliferation of Chinese businesses such as banks and other financial institutions in Los Angeles. It then examines the transformation of the ethnoburb into a global economic outpost and the continuous expansion of the ethnoburb as an ethnic service center. It also discusses the ways that the ethnoburb added a layer of ethnic economy to the local mainstream economy and helped attract international capital investment. Finally, it explores internal differences among ethnoburban communities as well as the role of the ethnic economy in community development.

This chapter focuses on the importance of electricity and the origin of grids. It explains that while the expanding patchwork of grids fueled the development of cities, these grids eventually broke the city's hold as the central source of essential services. The spread of electrification enabled a retreat from the city, and enabled homes to exist outside of the urban service center. The chapter discusses how the ways Americans chose to develop their power grids shaped the kind of lives they could lead, and also reveals that, for most people, there is no alternative to living with electric power in one form or another, and that, for the majority, electric power is beyond the range of debate.

During her visit to Bombay, the author stayed at the house of the Chief Justice, Faiz Tyebji. In Bombay she met many women at various events, including a lecture at the Princess Victoria Mary Gymkhana Hall and a meeting of all the clubs in the Unity Club hall. During the Unity Club meeting, a woman sang Bande Mataram (Hail, Mother). The author was then treated to entertainment when a famous Hindu cinema star danced for her. Afterwards, she went to see the Hindu Social Service Centre in Bombay, the best known and best organized in India. She also had memorable encounters with several men in Bombay: at the garden party on a grand scale; the lecture in a public hall, presided over by the Mayor; and the Intercommunal Dinner on the roof of the same public building. Bombay was her last itinerary in India.

Chapter 1 relates the Allied capture of the German general officers who were eventually held as prisoners of war in the United States. The chapter begins with the first large group of generals who surrendered in Tunisia; hence the captors referred to their prisoners as Afrikaner. The chapter proceeds to recount the capture of the next large group of German generals to fall into Western Allied hands, the Französen, those captured following the successful Allied invasion of northwest France. The chapter examines the British relationship with these men, the interrelations of the prisoners themselves, and British perceptions of the prisoners’ respective political loyalties. It serves as a lens of comparison through which the American treatment of these prisoners can be viewed.

The concluding chapter evaluates the attempt to establish a community school in the Arthurdale subsistence homestead community. Central to building community was self-realization and cultural identity. The teacher Harry Carlson sought a grant to study the Arthurdale School and whether it was successful in achieving its goals, but he could not find financial backing. The chapter chronicles the decline of progressive education from a national perspective and the eventual demise of the Progressive Education Association and the organization’s mouthpiece, the journal Progressive Education. The fortunes of Arthurdale education paralleled the decline of progressive education as by 1943 the town’s schools were essentially like most other traditional schools throughout the nation. Like other schools, the Arthurdale school became more service centered than citizen centered, as originally conceptualized by Clapp and her progressive teaching force. This chapter attempts to evaluate the Arthurdale educational experiment through the publication of Clapp’s two major books, Community Schools in Action (1939) and The Use of Resources in Education (1952). While the successes and failures are addressed, there is also an attempt to build on how a historical understanding of the Arthurdale School can inform current theory and practice.

After the Japanese invasion of Burma, the British and Indian armies were forced to retreat to India, where they finally held their ground at Imphal and then began to turn the tables and force the Japanese armies to retreat. The long Burma Campaign which involved grueling jungle warfare required up-to-date intelligence and that depended upon linguists and codebreakers. The Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (India) sent out Mobile Sections following the troops: their job was to scour the battlefields for documents, diaries and battle orders, often found on corpses, translate them and convey the intelligence they contained as quickly as possible. Later in the war the South-East Asia Translation and Interrogation Center was formed under Admiral Mountbatten to bring together all the Japanese linguists and intelligence officers, including some who had been trained at the School of Japanese Instruction in Simla, which later moved to Karachi.

The growth of telemedicine has been rapid. Initially, telemedicine was seen as a way to bring services to remote areas that lacked access to aspects of health­care delivered through traditional means. This view of telemedicine has changed. Current views toward telemedicine have broadened, with telemedicine now viewed as an effective way to deliver various health services and to bring together patients and providers to increase access to care in various locations and communities. Reimbursement has been a challenge for some aspects of telemedicine development. Initially, Medicare limited reimbursement for telehealth to designated underserved areas. This approach to telehealth reimbursement has lagged behind developments in the field and has been challenged by various groups and legislative initiatives. In April 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released its Managed Care Final Rule (Federal Register, 2016) with wording that potentially will permit reimbursement for expanded telemedicine-based services. The revised standards, in attempting to ensure that Medicaid beneficiaries have reasonable access to care, acknowledge a role for technology and telemedicine. The impact the new standards will have on the development of telemedicine throughout the United States will become evident with time. Tele-mental health has grown along with other aspects of remote healthcare delivery. Extant literature supports the use of remotely delivered telehealth for a variety of conditions and services, including remote psychiatric consultation, diagnosis, and various therapies (Myers & Turvey, 2012; Shore, 2013). However, the idea that one can provide an adequate neuropsychological evaluation remotely is newer and less intuitive, and would appear to have obvious challenges. Neuropsychological examinations frequently require the use of test stimuli that the examinee has to handle and manage, such as blocks, pencils, or other manipulatives. Some tests, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Heaton, 2003), have been adapted for computer but not for Internet-based or remote administration. In some approaches to neuropsychological assessment, the examiner takes careful note of the specific strategies examinees employ when attempting to perform tasks. Hence, performing an examination when the examiner and the patient are in different locations can seem daunting.

This chapter follows CLASS through the initial stages of the 2009–2010 health reform process. That process coalesced around three pieces of legislation forged in congressional committees holding jurisdiction over health care. The small but well-placed band of supporters of CLASS in the Senate and House worked hard to evade the two “money committees” with expertise in and responsibility for overseeing programs like CLASS because those committees were opposed to it. At the same time, another key process involved several agencies weighing in on CLASS with actuarial assessments. Those evaluations indicated that CLASS had a serious problem: its design would lead to debilitating adverse selection that would render it unworkable.