Jan Hoffman French
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807832929
- eISBN:
- 9781469605777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807889886_french.8
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes how the lives and self-image of the people who became the present-day Xocó Indians were transformed. It shows how the dramatic history of this community emerged from a marriage ...
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This chapter describes how the lives and self-image of the people who became the present-day Xocó Indians were transformed. It shows how the dramatic history of this community emerged from a marriage of local activism and interaction with outsiders. Illustrating the operation of governmentality critical to the transformation of ethnoracial identity, it explains the role of anthropologists who proposed, and succeeded at, convincing government officials that social constructions of Indianness were sufficient for legal recognition. The chapter also analyzes how the Indian Statute of 1973 was used and interpreted so that the Xocó could win recognition even though they were not different from other sertanejo peasants.Less
This chapter describes how the lives and self-image of the people who became the present-day Xocó Indians were transformed. It shows how the dramatic history of this community emerged from a marriage of local activism and interaction with outsiders. Illustrating the operation of governmentality critical to the transformation of ethnoracial identity, it explains the role of anthropologists who proposed, and succeeded at, convincing government officials that social constructions of Indianness were sufficient for legal recognition. The chapter also analyzes how the Indian Statute of 1973 was used and interpreted so that the Xocó could win recognition even though they were not different from other sertanejo peasants.
Martha Santos
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book offers a critical reinterpretation of male violence, patriarchy, and machismo in rural Latin America. It focuses on the lives of lower-class men and women, known as sertanejo/as, in the ...
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This book offers a critical reinterpretation of male violence, patriarchy, and machismo in rural Latin America. It focuses on the lives of lower-class men and women, known as sertanejo/as, in the hinterlands of the northeastern Brazilian province of Ceará between 1845 and 1889. Challenging the widely accepted depiction of sertanejos as conditioned to violence by nature, culture, and climate, the book argues that their concern with maintaining an honorable manly reputation and the use of violence were historically contingent strategies employed to resolve conflicts over scant resources and to establish power over women and other men. It also traces a shift in the functioning of patriarchy that coincided with changes in the material fortunes of sertanejo families. As economic dislocation, environmental calamity, and family separation led to greater female autonomy and an erosion of patriarchal authority in the home, public—and often violent—enforcement.Less
This book offers a critical reinterpretation of male violence, patriarchy, and machismo in rural Latin America. It focuses on the lives of lower-class men and women, known as sertanejo/as, in the hinterlands of the northeastern Brazilian province of Ceará between 1845 and 1889. Challenging the widely accepted depiction of sertanejos as conditioned to violence by nature, culture, and climate, the book argues that their concern with maintaining an honorable manly reputation and the use of violence were historically contingent strategies employed to resolve conflicts over scant resources and to establish power over women and other men. It also traces a shift in the functioning of patriarchy that coincided with changes in the material fortunes of sertanejo families. As economic dislocation, environmental calamity, and family separation led to greater female autonomy and an erosion of patriarchal authority in the home, public—and often violent—enforcement.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the brief economic prosperity of free poor sertanejo families in Ceará, Brazil, during the period between 1845 and the mid- to late 1860s. It describes the emergence of a ...
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This chapter examines the brief economic prosperity of free poor sertanejo families in Ceará, Brazil, during the period between 1845 and the mid- to late 1860s. It describes the emergence of a land-tenure pattern, the growth of a mixed rural economy, and the migration of drought refugees into the interior. It also investigates how the sertanejo families' control over their own labor resulted in conflicts with local notables who required hired labor for their own agrarian activities.Less
This chapter examines the brief economic prosperity of free poor sertanejo families in Ceará, Brazil, during the period between 1845 and the mid- to late 1860s. It describes the emergence of a land-tenure pattern, the growth of a mixed rural economy, and the migration of drought refugees into the interior. It also investigates how the sertanejo families' control over their own labor resulted in conflicts with local notables who required hired labor for their own agrarian activities.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the legal position of the sertanejos of Ceará, Brazil, within the political order of the empire and how they inserted honor into their political practice. It explains that ...
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This chapter examines the legal position of the sertanejos of Ceará, Brazil, within the political order of the empire and how they inserted honor into their political practice. It explains that sertanejo men relied on their honorable reputations as strategic resources to retain autonomy because of their limited citizenship rights and a weak legal standing and that some smallholders even attempted bolster their claims to status by flaunting their achievement of a measure of economic security and independence as symbols of masculine honor and respectability. This chapter highlights the violent struggles for masculine authority in the process of state formation.Less
This chapter examines the legal position of the sertanejos of Ceará, Brazil, within the political order of the empire and how they inserted honor into their political practice. It explains that sertanejo men relied on their honorable reputations as strategic resources to retain autonomy because of their limited citizenship rights and a weak legal standing and that some smallholders even attempted bolster their claims to status by flaunting their achievement of a measure of economic security and independence as symbols of masculine honor and respectability. This chapter highlights the violent struggles for masculine authority in the process of state formation.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the impact of economic, political, and social transformations on the sertanejo men during the period from 1865 to 1869. It investigates how pressures in the material condition ...
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This chapter examines the impact of economic, political, and social transformations on the sertanejo men during the period from 1865 to 1869. It investigates how pressures in the material condition of the free poor families disrupted the practices that were central to the constitution of hegemonic masculinities defined in terms of autonomy and ownership of material resources as emblems of honor. This chapter describes the effects of broad social change on the male sertanejos' ability to attain the culturally accepted signifiers of honor and explains that these changes also eroded the social-economic foundations that sustained free poor men's claims to hegemonic positions within their households and communities.Less
This chapter examines the impact of economic, political, and social transformations on the sertanejo men during the period from 1865 to 1869. It investigates how pressures in the material condition of the free poor families disrupted the practices that were central to the constitution of hegemonic masculinities defined in terms of autonomy and ownership of material resources as emblems of honor. This chapter describes the effects of broad social change on the male sertanejos' ability to attain the culturally accepted signifiers of honor and explains that these changes also eroded the social-economic foundations that sustained free poor men's claims to hegemonic positions within their households and communities.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines how the masculinity of sertanejo men was challenged by women during the period of economic changes in 1865 to 1869. It explains that the autonomous women challenged the men's ...
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This chapter examines how the masculinity of sertanejo men was challenged by women during the period of economic changes in 1865 to 1869. It explains that the autonomous women challenged the men's authority through defiant attitudes and lack of verbal deference or sexual modesty and that some men resorted to violence as a way to solve their gender-rooted disputes with unprotected women. This chapter argues that the violence against women represented a form of cultural coercion designed to ensure the continuation of a patriarchal order.Less
This chapter examines how the masculinity of sertanejo men was challenged by women during the period of economic changes in 1865 to 1869. It explains that the autonomous women challenged the men's authority through defiant attitudes and lack of verbal deference or sexual modesty and that some men resorted to violence as a way to solve their gender-rooted disputes with unprotected women. This chapter argues that the violence against women represented a form of cultural coercion designed to ensure the continuation of a patriarchal order.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines how the practice of violence in masculine spaces of sociability influenced young sertanejo men to consider masculine reputation and privilege as contingent on violence. It ...
More
This chapter examines how the practice of violence in masculine spaces of sociability influenced young sertanejo men to consider masculine reputation and privilege as contingent on violence. It explains that the young sertanejos were forced to rely on displays of courage and physical aggression to prove and defend personal honor in a milieu of rapid impoverishment, great geographic mobility, and separation of families. This chapter also discusses how the conditions of destitution and social displacement led the sertanejos to banditry.Less
This chapter examines how the practice of violence in masculine spaces of sociability influenced young sertanejo men to consider masculine reputation and privilege as contingent on violence. It explains that the young sertanejos were forced to rely on displays of courage and physical aggression to prove and defend personal honor in a milieu of rapid impoverishment, great geographic mobility, and separation of families. This chapter also discusses how the conditions of destitution and social displacement led the sertanejos to banditry.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774567
- eISBN:
- 9780804778480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774567.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on violence and masculinity of free poor men in Ceará, Brazil. It suggests that the patterns of masculinity of the sertanejo men were not as ...
More
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on violence and masculinity of free poor men in Ceará, Brazil. It suggests that the patterns of masculinity of the sertanejo men were not as immutable as the stereotype of the nordestino macho and explains that masculinities of free poor men from Ceará were elaborated and reinforced in social practice which include the use of use of aggression for symbolic and material ends particularly during the conflictive years of the last third of the nineteenth century. This chapter also case of the sertanejo men may help explain how and why the subordination of women and other forms of gender inequality were reproduced historically in a particular rural locality of Latin America.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on violence and masculinity of free poor men in Ceará, Brazil. It suggests that the patterns of masculinity of the sertanejo men were not as immutable as the stereotype of the nordestino macho and explains that masculinities of free poor men from Ceará were elaborated and reinforced in social practice which include the use of use of aggression for symbolic and material ends particularly during the conflictive years of the last third of the nineteenth century. This chapter also case of the sertanejo men may help explain how and why the subordination of women and other forms of gender inequality were reproduced historically in a particular rural locality of Latin America.
