Alexey Kavokin, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillaume Malpuech, and Fabrice P. Laussy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228942
- eISBN:
- 9780191711190
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228942.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
The rapid development of microfabrication and assembly of nanostructures has opened up many opportunities to miniaturize structures that confine light, producing unusual and extremely interesting ...
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The rapid development of microfabrication and assembly of nanostructures has opened up many opportunities to miniaturize structures that confine light, producing unusual and extremely interesting optical properties. This book addresses the large variety of optical phenomena taking place in confined solid state structures: microcavities. Microcavities represent a unique laboratory for quantum optics and photonics. They exhibit a number of beautiful effects, including lasing, superfluidity, super-radiance, and entanglement. The book is written by four practitioners strongly involved in experiments and theories of microcavities. The introductory chapters present the semi-classical and quantum approaches to description of light-matter coupling in various solid state systems, including planar cavities, pillars, and spheres; introduce exciton-polaritons, and discuss their statistics and optical properties. The weak and strong exciton-light coupling regimes are discussed further with emphasis on the Purcell effect, lasing, optical parametric oscillations, and Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. The last chapter discusses polarization and spin properties of cavity polaritons. The book also contains portraits of scientists who gave key contributions to classical electromagnetism, quantum optics, and exciton physics.Less
The rapid development of microfabrication and assembly of nanostructures has opened up many opportunities to miniaturize structures that confine light, producing unusual and extremely interesting optical properties. This book addresses the large variety of optical phenomena taking place in confined solid state structures: microcavities. Microcavities represent a unique laboratory for quantum optics and photonics. They exhibit a number of beautiful effects, including lasing, superfluidity, super-radiance, and entanglement. The book is written by four practitioners strongly involved in experiments and theories of microcavities. The introductory chapters present the semi-classical and quantum approaches to description of light-matter coupling in various solid state systems, including planar cavities, pillars, and spheres; introduce exciton-polaritons, and discuss their statistics and optical properties. The weak and strong exciton-light coupling regimes are discussed further with emphasis on the Purcell effect, lasing, optical parametric oscillations, and Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons. The last chapter discusses polarization and spin properties of cavity polaritons. The book also contains portraits of scientists who gave key contributions to classical electromagnetism, quantum optics, and exciton physics.
Sadamichi Maekawa (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568216
- eISBN:
- 9780191718212
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568216.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Nowadays, information technology is based on semiconductor and ferromagnetic materials. Information processing and computation are performed using electron charge in semiconductor transistors and ...
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Nowadays, information technology is based on semiconductor and ferromagnetic materials. Information processing and computation are performed using electron charge in semiconductor transistors and integrated circuits, and the information is stored by electron spins on magnetic high-density hard disks. Recently, a new branch of physics and nanotechnology, called magneto-electronics, spintronics, or spin electronics, has emerged, which aims to exploit both the charge and the spin of electrons in the same device. A broader goal is to develop new functionality that does not exist separately in a ferromagnet or a semiconductor. This book presents new directions in the development of spin electronics in both the basic physics and the technology which will become the foundation of future electronics.Less
Nowadays, information technology is based on semiconductor and ferromagnetic materials. Information processing and computation are performed using electron charge in semiconductor transistors and integrated circuits, and the information is stored by electron spins on magnetic high-density hard disks. Recently, a new branch of physics and nanotechnology, called magneto-electronics, spintronics, or spin electronics, has emerged, which aims to exploit both the charge and the spin of electrons in the same device. A broader goal is to develop new functionality that does not exist separately in a ferromagnet or a semiconductor. This book presents new directions in the development of spin electronics in both the basic physics and the technology which will become the foundation of future electronics.
Helmuth Spieler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527848
- eISBN:
- 9780191713248
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters ...
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Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.Less
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.
Elias Burstein
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199238873
- eISBN:
- 9780191716652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238873.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter includes recollections by Elias Burstein about his meetings with L. V. Keldysh in 1960s. It describes research links between US and USSR condensed matter physicists over four decades ...
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This chapter includes recollections by Elias Burstein about his meetings with L. V. Keldysh in 1960s. It describes research links between US and USSR condensed matter physicists over four decades ago, and the difficulty of organizing joint research meetings at that time.Less
This chapter includes recollections by Elias Burstein about his meetings with L. V. Keldysh in 1960s. It describes research links between US and USSR condensed matter physicists over four decades ago, and the difficulty of organizing joint research meetings at that time.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of two epochal trends: the history of the 20th century’s technical transformation based on the unprecedented surge of innovation that took place in ...
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This book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of two epochal trends: the history of the 20th century’s technical transformation based on the unprecedented surge of innovation that took place in Europe and North America during the three pre-WWI generation (1867-1914); and the history of new fundamental inventions during the period 1914-2000. Mass consumption of fossil fuels provided the energetic foundation of this progress. New ways of making steel — the leading metal of our civilization — and new materials including plastics and silicon, opened entirely new technical possibilities. Rationalized production, be it in agriculture or manufacturing, benefited from advancing mechanization, automation, and robotization. New epochal inventions included the discovery of nuclear fission, followed by the rapid development of nuclear weapons and commercial generation of nuclear electricity; the discovery of gas turbines (and their use in jet airplanes as well as in stationary applications); and the invention of solid-state electronics based on semiconductors used to make transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, the key components of modern computing. The new economy based on unprecedented levels of energy consumption brought not only mass consumption and higher quality of life, but also some worrisome social problems and environmental changes; its prospects remain uncertain.Less
This book is a systematic interdisciplinary account of two epochal trends: the history of the 20th century’s technical transformation based on the unprecedented surge of innovation that took place in Europe and North America during the three pre-WWI generation (1867-1914); and the history of new fundamental inventions during the period 1914-2000. Mass consumption of fossil fuels provided the energetic foundation of this progress. New ways of making steel — the leading metal of our civilization — and new materials including plastics and silicon, opened entirely new technical possibilities. Rationalized production, be it in agriculture or manufacturing, benefited from advancing mechanization, automation, and robotization. New epochal inventions included the discovery of nuclear fission, followed by the rapid development of nuclear weapons and commercial generation of nuclear electricity; the discovery of gas turbines (and their use in jet airplanes as well as in stationary applications); and the invention of solid-state electronics based on semiconductors used to make transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, the key components of modern computing. The new economy based on unprecedented levels of energy consumption brought not only mass consumption and higher quality of life, but also some worrisome social problems and environmental changes; its prospects remain uncertain.
Hiroyuki Odagiri, Akira Goto, and Atsushi Sunami
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter discusses the experience of Japan, whose catch‐up efforts started after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 that established the modern central government. It also had the second catch‐up ...
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This chapter discusses the experience of Japan, whose catch‐up efforts started after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 that established the modern central government. It also had the second catch‐up period after the defeat in World War II. Its patent and other intellectual property laws were enacted during 1884–8. The laws have been modified several times to accommodate increasing applications and changing needs. Japan imported numerous technologies from abroad through licensing, joint ventures, capital participation by foreign firms, and reverse‐engineering. The presence of IPR probably facilitated technology importation and gave incentives for domestic firms to invest in improving imported technology and commercializing it. Yet, there are also cases in which IPR created cost disadvantages or barriers for Japanese firms, such as those of nylon and semiconductors. It is therefore extremely difficult to argue whether IPR helped or deterred Japan's catch‐up.Less
This chapter discusses the experience of Japan, whose catch‐up efforts started after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 that established the modern central government. It also had the second catch‐up period after the defeat in World War II. Its patent and other intellectual property laws were enacted during 1884–8. The laws have been modified several times to accommodate increasing applications and changing needs. Japan imported numerous technologies from abroad through licensing, joint ventures, capital participation by foreign firms, and reverse‐engineering. The presence of IPR probably facilitated technology importation and gave incentives for domestic firms to invest in improving imported technology and commercializing it. Yet, there are also cases in which IPR created cost disadvantages or barriers for Japanese firms, such as those of nylon and semiconductors. It is therefore extremely difficult to argue whether IPR helped or deterred Japan's catch‐up.
Hsueh‐Liang Wu, Yi‐Chia Chiu, and Ting‐Lin Lee
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter illustrates how the changing roles of intellectual property right regime affected the technological catch‐up of Taiwan, analyzing the case of three semiconductor‐related sectors: IC ...
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This chapter illustrates how the changing roles of intellectual property right regime affected the technological catch‐up of Taiwan, analyzing the case of three semiconductor‐related sectors: IC foundry, DRAM, and IC Design. The study shows that Taiwanese semiconductor firms operated within a framework of institutions, comprised of government agencies including research institutions, inter‐firm linkages, and institutional infrastructure including the IPR regime. Based on a case study of the semiconductor industry, it is argued that, when an industry is far from the technological frontier, weak IPR protection fosters technological development by inducing the path‐following catch‐up, whereas when the industry approaches or already has reached the technological frontier, technological development depends more on spillovers facilitated by global networks of firms rather than on coordination of investment. Consequently, the IPR regime needs to be strengthened and international harmonization becomes necessary.Less
This chapter illustrates how the changing roles of intellectual property right regime affected the technological catch‐up of Taiwan, analyzing the case of three semiconductor‐related sectors: IC foundry, DRAM, and IC Design. The study shows that Taiwanese semiconductor firms operated within a framework of institutions, comprised of government agencies including research institutions, inter‐firm linkages, and institutional infrastructure including the IPR regime. Based on a case study of the semiconductor industry, it is argued that, when an industry is far from the technological frontier, weak IPR protection fosters technological development by inducing the path‐following catch‐up, whereas when the industry approaches or already has reached the technological frontier, technological development depends more on spillovers facilitated by global networks of firms rather than on coordination of investment. Consequently, the IPR regime needs to be strengthened and international harmonization becomes necessary.
Franco Malerba, Richard Nelson, Luigi Orsenigo, and Sidney Winter
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter analyzes the changing boundaries of firms in terms of vertical integration and dis-integration (specialization) in dynamic and uncertain technological and market environments. In ...
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This chapter analyzes the changing boundaries of firms in terms of vertical integration and dis-integration (specialization) in dynamic and uncertain technological and market environments. In particular, it addresses the question of stability and change in firms’ decisions to ‘make or buy’ in contexts characterized by periods of technological revolutions punctuating periods of relative technological stability and smooth technical progress. The chapter is inspired by the case of the computer and semiconductor industries, and proposes the building blocks of a model in the ‘history-friendly’ style, showing how alternative dynamics of demand and technical change might generate profoundly different patterns of evolution in the two industries. The main argument proposed concerns the role of co-evolution in the upstream and downstream industries in explaining the changing boundaries of firms.Less
This chapter analyzes the changing boundaries of firms in terms of vertical integration and dis-integration (specialization) in dynamic and uncertain technological and market environments. In particular, it addresses the question of stability and change in firms’ decisions to ‘make or buy’ in contexts characterized by periods of technological revolutions punctuating periods of relative technological stability and smooth technical progress. The chapter is inspired by the case of the computer and semiconductor industries, and proposes the building blocks of a model in the ‘history-friendly’ style, showing how alternative dynamics of demand and technical change might generate profoundly different patterns of evolution in the two industries. The main argument proposed concerns the role of co-evolution in the upstream and downstream industries in explaining the changing boundaries of firms.
Victor M. Ustinov, Alexey E. Zhukov, Anton Yu. Egorov, and Nikolai A. Maleev
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198526797
- eISBN:
- 9780191712081
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526797.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and ...
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This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, reviewing their current status and future prospects. The theoretically predicted advantages of an ideal QD array for laser applications are discussed and the basic principles of QD formation using self-organization phenomena are reviewed. Structural and optical properties of self-organized QDs are considered with a number of examples in different material systems. The book includes recent achievements in controlling the QD properties such as the effect of vertical stacking, changing the matrix bandgap and the surface density of QDs. The book is also focused on the use of self-organized quantum dots in laser structures, fabrication and characterization of edge- and surface-emitting diode lasers, their properties and optimization. Special attention is paid to the relationship between structural and electronic properties of QDs and laser characteristics. The threshold and power characteristics of the state-of-the-art QD lasers are also demonstrated. Issues related to the long-wavelength (1.3-um) lasers on a GaAs substrate are also addressed and recent results on InGaAsN-based diode lasers presented for the purpose of comparison.Less
This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, reviewing their current status and future prospects. The theoretically predicted advantages of an ideal QD array for laser applications are discussed and the basic principles of QD formation using self-organization phenomena are reviewed. Structural and optical properties of self-organized QDs are considered with a number of examples in different material systems. The book includes recent achievements in controlling the QD properties such as the effect of vertical stacking, changing the matrix bandgap and the surface density of QDs. The book is also focused on the use of self-organized quantum dots in laser structures, fabrication and characterization of edge- and surface-emitting diode lasers, their properties and optimization. Special attention is paid to the relationship between structural and electronic properties of QDs and laser characteristics. The threshold and power characteristics of the state-of-the-art QD lasers are also demonstrated. Issues related to the long-wavelength (1.3-um) lasers on a GaAs substrate are also addressed and recent results on InGaAsN-based diode lasers presented for the purpose of comparison.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work ...
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This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.Less
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.
Takashi Yunogami
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297320
- eISBN:
- 9780191711237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297320.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter argues that the quality regime ultimately deriving from NTT (and the Japanese government, as customer) may have been vital in the ascent of DRAMs in the 1980s, as in telecoms, but it ...
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This chapter argues that the quality regime ultimately deriving from NTT (and the Japanese government, as customer) may have been vital in the ascent of DRAMs in the 1980s, as in telecoms, but it created a path dependent approach to innovation which proved disastrous when the main use of DRAMs switched from mainframes to personal computers. As the market share plummeted, Japanese semiconductor engineers continued to take solace in the fact that they were ‘not beaten in technology’, an attitude which further condemned them to failure. They failed to develop cost-competitive technology and restructuring efforts proved ineffective.Less
This chapter argues that the quality regime ultimately deriving from NTT (and the Japanese government, as customer) may have been vital in the ascent of DRAMs in the 1980s, as in telecoms, but it created a path dependent approach to innovation which proved disastrous when the main use of DRAMs switched from mainframes to personal computers. As the market share plummeted, Japanese semiconductor engineers continued to take solace in the fact that they were ‘not beaten in technology’, an attitude which further condemned them to failure. They failed to develop cost-competitive technology and restructuring efforts proved ineffective.
Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Chung Wai Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
This chapter starts off with the classification of solids, then discusses the various types of bonding or interaction in solids, including ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding (band ...
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This chapter starts off with the classification of solids, then discusses the various types of bonding or interaction in solids, including ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding (band theory), and van der Waals interaction. Numerous examples are given for each type of bonding.Less
This chapter starts off with the classification of solids, then discusses the various types of bonding or interaction in solids, including ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding (band theory), and van der Waals interaction. Numerous examples are given for each type of bonding.
Tza‐Huei Wang, Kelvin Liu, Hsin‐Chih Yeh, and Christopher M. Puleo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199219698
- eISBN:
- 9780191594229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219698.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Biology
This chapter discusses and provides insight into state of the art nanobiosensors used in high sensitivity molecular analysis and detection. It begins with an introduction into the fundamental ...
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This chapter discusses and provides insight into state of the art nanobiosensors used in high sensitivity molecular analysis and detection. It begins with an introduction into the fundamental considerations of nanobiosensor design. To date, a myriad of sensors has been developed based on a wide array of nanomaterials using both optical and electrical signal transduction methods. Illustrative examples of various nanobiosensors based on metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals, and nanowire/nanotubes are given and organized according to the specific signal transduction mechanisms employed. Finally, single molecule detection methods are discussed as techniques to accurately analyze and quantify the output signal of fluorescent nanobiosensors. The chapter concludes with a brief prospective into the future of nanomaterials based sensing systems.Less
This chapter discusses and provides insight into state of the art nanobiosensors used in high sensitivity molecular analysis and detection. It begins with an introduction into the fundamental considerations of nanobiosensor design. To date, a myriad of sensors has been developed based on a wide array of nanomaterials using both optical and electrical signal transduction methods. Illustrative examples of various nanobiosensors based on metallic nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals, and nanowire/nanotubes are given and organized according to the specific signal transduction mechanisms employed. Finally, single molecule detection methods are discussed as techniques to accurately analyze and quantify the output signal of fluorescent nanobiosensors. The chapter concludes with a brief prospective into the future of nanomaterials based sensing systems.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the career and achievements of William Shockley. Shockley held more than fifty patents for electronic devices, and by one estimate was personally responsible for nearly “half ...
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This chapter focuses on the career and achievements of William Shockley. Shockley held more than fifty patents for electronic devices, and by one estimate was personally responsible for nearly “half the worthwhile ideas in solid-state electronics” in the field's first dozen years. Shockley recruited Noyce to join a group of researchers that he handpicked for Shockley Semiconductor Labs in California. However, a group of seven scientists — Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, and Sheldon Roberts — along with Noyce eventually grew tired of Shockley's management style and decided to resign and start their own company.Less
This chapter focuses on the career and achievements of William Shockley. Shockley held more than fifty patents for electronic devices, and by one estimate was personally responsible for nearly “half the worthwhile ideas in solid-state electronics” in the field's first dozen years. Shockley recruited Noyce to join a group of researchers that he handpicked for Shockley Semiconductor Labs in California. However, a group of seven scientists — Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, and Sheldon Roberts — along with Noyce eventually grew tired of Shockley's management style and decided to resign and start their own company.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and ...
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This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and Instrument. A deal with IBM was key to the success of Fairchild Semiconductor. IBM wanted a transistor that could withstand high temperatures and that could switch quickly. By May 1958, the NPN transistor Moore's team had built for IBM was ready to move into production. By early summer, Fairchild Semiconductor had delivered its promised 100 devices to IBM.Less
This chapter recounts the group of eight scientists' move from Shockley Semiconductor Labs to Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which was established under an agreement with Fairchild Camera and Instrument. A deal with IBM was key to the success of Fairchild Semiconductor. IBM wanted a transistor that could withstand high temperatures and that could switch quickly. By May 1958, the NPN transistor Moore's team had built for IBM was ready to move into production. By early summer, Fairchild Semiconductor had delivered its promised 100 devices to IBM.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on Robert Noyce's unconventional management approach at Fairchild Semiconductor. In the mid-1960s, Fairchild Semiconductor was not a typical semiconductor company. Andy Grove, ...
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This chapter focuses on Robert Noyce's unconventional management approach at Fairchild Semiconductor. In the mid-1960s, Fairchild Semiconductor was not a typical semiconductor company. Andy Grove, who joined in 1963, once described the company as “a strange little upstart”, a phrase that captured the essence of the organization. Noyce, for instance, disdained hierarchy. He would stop to talk to anyone about anything and knew many details of his employees' personal lives. He also liked to gather a group of informed people in a room, listen to their opinions, and get a broad acceptance on the next steps before he made a decision. However, Noyce's and Semiconductor's focus on innovation, which had served the company so well in its early years, proved debilitating as the firm matured. It contributed to a culture that prioritized research over manufacturing and disdained routine but important work such as knowing inventory levels or the status of an order.Less
This chapter focuses on Robert Noyce's unconventional management approach at Fairchild Semiconductor. In the mid-1960s, Fairchild Semiconductor was not a typical semiconductor company. Andy Grove, who joined in 1963, once described the company as “a strange little upstart”, a phrase that captured the essence of the organization. Noyce, for instance, disdained hierarchy. He would stop to talk to anyone about anything and knew many details of his employees' personal lives. He also liked to gather a group of informed people in a room, listen to their opinions, and get a broad acceptance on the next steps before he made a decision. However, Noyce's and Semiconductor's focus on innovation, which had served the company so well in its early years, proved debilitating as the firm matured. It contributed to a culture that prioritized research over manufacturing and disdained routine but important work such as knowing inventory levels or the status of an order.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter recounts Noyce's departure from Fairchild Semiconductor and his decision to launch a new company with Gordon Moore, which they named Intel. Noyce and Moore wanted potential investors to ...
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This chapter recounts Noyce's departure from Fairchild Semiconductor and his decision to launch a new company with Gordon Moore, which they named Intel. Noyce and Moore wanted potential investors to know that the company intended to fund both a stock option plan and a stock purchase plan for employees. The founders believed that stock ownership was the best guarantee of both loyalty and innovation.Less
This chapter recounts Noyce's departure from Fairchild Semiconductor and his decision to launch a new company with Gordon Moore, which they named Intel. Noyce and Moore wanted potential investors to know that the company intended to fund both a stock option plan and a stock purchase plan for employees. The founders believed that stock ownership was the best guarantee of both loyalty and innovation.
Leslie Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195163438
- eISBN:
- 9780199788569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195163438.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter recounts the end of the Intel-centered phase of Noyce's career and the start of his new one in the service of the American semiconductor industry. In the late 1970s, Japanese ...
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This chapter recounts the end of the Intel-centered phase of Noyce's career and the start of his new one in the service of the American semiconductor industry. In the late 1970s, Japanese semiconductor firms began selling chips that were less expensive and at least as high-quality as American devices. By 1979, 35% of the next generation (16K) chip were supplied by Japanese firms, and three years later, the Japanese share of the DRAM market surpassed that of the United States. Noyce began lobbying for economic vitality, fair play, and national security that the Semiconductor industry Association had identified as key to building support for their goals of opening the Japanese market and stopping chip dumping.Less
This chapter recounts the end of the Intel-centered phase of Noyce's career and the start of his new one in the service of the American semiconductor industry. In the late 1970s, Japanese semiconductor firms began selling chips that were less expensive and at least as high-quality as American devices. By 1979, 35% of the next generation (16K) chip were supplied by Japanese firms, and three years later, the Japanese share of the DRAM market surpassed that of the United States. Noyce began lobbying for economic vitality, fair play, and national security that the Semiconductor industry Association had identified as key to building support for their goals of opening the Japanese market and stopping chip dumping.
David J. Teece
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295426
- eISBN:
- 9780191596964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295421.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The profitability and growth of business firms is increasingly dependent upon the development and astute deployment of intangible (knowledge) assets. Wealth creation in an open world economy depends ...
More
The profitability and growth of business firms is increasingly dependent upon the development and astute deployment of intangible (knowledge) assets. Wealth creation in an open world economy depends critically on technological innovation. This in turn involves developing, owning, and astutely orchestrating knowledge assets and intellectual property. This is what is meant by dynamic capabilities. The value‐enhancing skills required in management are gravitating away from the administrative towards the entrepreneurial. The determinants of a firm's innovative capacity are rooted in organizational design, incentives, human resources, internal culture, and external linkages. Profiting from innovation is always a challenge, requiring the right business model, integration strategy, and organizational form. Licensing is one of many ways to capture value from innovation, but is generally not the most profitable, except when intellectual property rights are secure. Imitators are prolific and the survival and prosperity of the innovator requires the astute orchestration of intellectual property rights, and complementary assets. Managers designing market entry strategies must also be mindful of the evolution of standards.This book develops managerial principles and illustrates the interplay of these ideas. Technology‐licensing and cross‐licensing experiences are also presented—focusing in particular on semiconductor and the (float) glass industry.Less
The profitability and growth of business firms is increasingly dependent upon the development and astute deployment of intangible (knowledge) assets. Wealth creation in an open world economy depends critically on technological innovation. This in turn involves developing, owning, and astutely orchestrating knowledge assets and intellectual property. This is what is meant by dynamic capabilities. The value‐enhancing skills required in management are gravitating away from the administrative towards the entrepreneurial. The determinants of a firm's innovative capacity are rooted in organizational design, incentives, human resources, internal culture, and external linkages. Profiting from innovation is always a challenge, requiring the right business model, integration strategy, and organizational form. Licensing is one of many ways to capture value from innovation, but is generally not the most profitable, except when intellectual property rights are secure. Imitators are prolific and the survival and prosperity of the innovator requires the astute orchestration of intellectual property rights, and complementary assets. Managers designing market entry strategies must also be mindful of the evolution of standards.
This book develops managerial principles and illustrates the interplay of these ideas. Technology‐licensing and cross‐licensing experiences are also presented—focusing in particular on semiconductor and the (float) glass industry.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter discusses conductivity in metals and semiconductor heterostructures. It aims to exhibit the similarities to nuclear transport problems. Semi-classical transport equations are used and ...
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This chapter discusses conductivity in metals and semiconductor heterostructures. It aims to exhibit the similarities to nuclear transport problems. Semi-classical transport equations are used and the relaxation time approximation is exploited for the collision term. For metals, several processes are possible whose temperature dependence is discussed, namely electron-electron and electron-phonon collisions and scattering at impurities. The extent to which such features can be taken over to mesoscopic systems, such as quantum wires, is examined. For the two-dimensional electron gas it is shown that the electron transport may behave ballistically and that the conductivity is quantized. The resistance becomes finite because of contacts with leads. This makes up an essential difference from the nuclear case, where no external heat bath exists.Less
This chapter discusses conductivity in metals and semiconductor heterostructures. It aims to exhibit the similarities to nuclear transport problems. Semi-classical transport equations are used and the relaxation time approximation is exploited for the collision term. For metals, several processes are possible whose temperature dependence is discussed, namely electron-electron and electron-phonon collisions and scattering at impurities. The extent to which such features can be taken over to mesoscopic systems, such as quantum wires, is examined. For the two-dimensional electron gas it is shown that the electron transport may behave ballistically and that the conductivity is quantized. The resistance becomes finite because of contacts with leads. This makes up an essential difference from the nuclear case, where no external heat bath exists.
