Victor M. Ustinov, Alexey E. Zhukov, Anton Yu. Egorov, and Nikolai A. Maleev
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198526797
- eISBN:
- 9780191712081
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526797.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and ...
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This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, reviewing their current status and future prospects. The theoretically predicted advantages of an ideal QD array for laser applications are discussed and the basic principles of QD formation using self-organization phenomena are reviewed. Structural and optical properties of self-organized QDs are considered with a number of examples in different material systems. The book includes recent achievements in controlling the QD properties such as the effect of vertical stacking, changing the matrix bandgap and the surface density of QDs. The book is also focused on the use of self-organized quantum dots in laser structures, fabrication and characterization of edge- and surface-emitting diode lasers, their properties and optimization. Special attention is paid to the relationship between structural and electronic properties of QDs and laser characteristics. The threshold and power characteristics of the state-of-the-art QD lasers are also demonstrated. Issues related to the long-wavelength (1.3-um) lasers on a GaAs substrate are also addressed and recent results on InGaAsN-based diode lasers presented for the purpose of comparison.Less
This book is devoted to the physics and technology of diode lasers based on self-organized quantum dots (QD). It addresses the fundamental and technology aspects of QD edge-emitting and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, reviewing their current status and future prospects. The theoretically predicted advantages of an ideal QD array for laser applications are discussed and the basic principles of QD formation using self-organization phenomena are reviewed. Structural and optical properties of self-organized QDs are considered with a number of examples in different material systems. The book includes recent achievements in controlling the QD properties such as the effect of vertical stacking, changing the matrix bandgap and the surface density of QDs. The book is also focused on the use of self-organized quantum dots in laser structures, fabrication and characterization of edge- and surface-emitting diode lasers, their properties and optimization. Special attention is paid to the relationship between structural and electronic properties of QDs and laser characteristics. The threshold and power characteristics of the state-of-the-art QD lasers are also demonstrated. Issues related to the long-wavelength (1.3-um) lasers on a GaAs substrate are also addressed and recent results on InGaAsN-based diode lasers presented for the purpose of comparison.
Pierre-Yves Oudeyer
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199289158
- eISBN:
- 9780191711091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289158.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in ...
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This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.Less
This chapter shows that the artificial system constructed in this study demonstrates how speech codes, sharing important properties with those of humans, could be created in a population of agents in which the codes and their properties had not been pre-programmed. It also proves that in the artificial system, speech is self-organized. It demonstrates that this artificial system can possibly explain the origin of each component independently of any linguistic communicative function. It discusses that the premises of the artificial system shown in this study are obviously speculative and are also plausible. The chapter concludes by explaining that the construction of the system filled out the existing functionalist theories and also, opened up new spaces for research and thinking by outlining an exaptationist theory.
Patrizia d'Ettorre and David P. Hughes (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Communication is the cornerstone of socially interacting groups. This is self-evident for human societies but not for bacterial biofilms, and super-colonies that span whole continents and ...
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Communication is the cornerstone of socially interacting groups. This is self-evident for human societies but not for bacterial biofilms, and super-colonies that span whole continents and transoceanic communication among whales. Since the early beginnings of communication studies, it has always been a stated goal to identify common features of diverse forms of communication (recently also including the internet), but syntheses have been few and historical barriers between sub-disciplines of molecular, evolutionary, chemical, and behavioural biology have been prohibitive stumbling blocks. This book brings together a highly-respected group of authors from a diverse range of fields in biology and beyond, in an attempt to synthesize current understanding of the evolutionary principles of communication, and to identify and explore key directions that will likely be pursued in the coming years. Contributions range from molecular microbiologists untangling the genetic basis of bacterial communication, to behavioural ecologists determining the scope of communication networks among colonial vertebrates. In addition, there are important contributions from theoretical biology (genomic conflict and self organisation), the humanities (linguistics and philosophy), and evolutionary psychology (human mate choice and the evolution of human societies). The book asks — and tentatively answers with some degree of confidence — what the general principles of social communication are.Less
Communication is the cornerstone of socially interacting groups. This is self-evident for human societies but not for bacterial biofilms, and super-colonies that span whole continents and transoceanic communication among whales. Since the early beginnings of communication studies, it has always been a stated goal to identify common features of diverse forms of communication (recently also including the internet), but syntheses have been few and historical barriers between sub-disciplines of molecular, evolutionary, chemical, and behavioural biology have been prohibitive stumbling blocks. This book brings together a highly-respected group of authors from a diverse range of fields in biology and beyond, in an attempt to synthesize current understanding of the evolutionary principles of communication, and to identify and explore key directions that will likely be pursued in the coming years. Contributions range from molecular microbiologists untangling the genetic basis of bacterial communication, to behavioural ecologists determining the scope of communication networks among colonial vertebrates. In addition, there are important contributions from theoretical biology (genomic conflict and self organisation), the humanities (linguistics and philosophy), and evolutionary psychology (human mate choice and the evolution of human societies). The book asks — and tentatively answers with some degree of confidence — what the general principles of social communication are.
James R. Hurford
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Human languages are far more complex than any animal communication system. Furthermore, they are learned, rather than innate, a fact which partially accounts for their great diversity. Human ...
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Human languages are far more complex than any animal communication system. Furthermore, they are learned, rather than innate, a fact which partially accounts for their great diversity. Human languages are semantically compositional, generating new meaningful combinations as functions of the meanings of their elementary parts (words). This is unlike any known animal communication system (except the limited waggle dance of honeybees). Humans can use language to describe and refer to objects and events in the far distant past and the far distant future, another feature which distinguishes language from animal communication systems. The complexity of languages arises partly from self-organization through cultural transmission over many generations of users. The human willingness altruistically to impart information is also unique.Less
Human languages are far more complex than any animal communication system. Furthermore, they are learned, rather than innate, a fact which partially accounts for their great diversity. Human languages are semantically compositional, generating new meaningful combinations as functions of the meanings of their elementary parts (words). This is unlike any known animal communication system (except the limited waggle dance of honeybees). Humans can use language to describe and refer to objects and events in the far distant past and the far distant future, another feature which distinguishes language from animal communication systems. The complexity of languages arises partly from self-organization through cultural transmission over many generations of users. The human willingness altruistically to impart information is also unique.
Juan Manuel Garrido
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823239351
- eISBN:
- 9780823239399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823239351.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter briefly summarizes some achievements of developmental biology. It suggests that the phenomenon of developpment, a traditional refuge for vitalistic theories of life, can in fact be ...
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This chapter briefly summarizes some achievements of developmental biology. It suggests that the phenomenon of developpment, a traditional refuge for vitalistic theories of life, can in fact be treated as deconstructing the traditional concept of life. Development is neither a wonderful coordination nor a creative struggle between the parts of an “organism.” Rather, it is ruled by complex mechanisms unconcerned with any lself-organizing corporality.Less
This chapter briefly summarizes some achievements of developmental biology. It suggests that the phenomenon of developpment, a traditional refuge for vitalistic theories of life, can in fact be treated as deconstructing the traditional concept of life. Development is neither a wonderful coordination nor a creative struggle between the parts of an “organism.” Rather, it is ruled by complex mechanisms unconcerned with any lself-organizing corporality.
Juan Manuel Garrido
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780823239351
- eISBN:
- 9780823239399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823239351.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter describes the temporal-irreversible structure implied in the teleological explanation of natural processes as traditionally understood. Temporal irreversibility in teleological ...
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This chapter describes the temporal-irreversible structure implied in the teleological explanation of natural processes as traditionally understood. Temporal irreversibility in teleological explanation is contrasted to time succession in mechanical explanation. It is suggested that any conception of natural processes-especially living processes-as temporal-irreversible, necessarily recurs to some degree of teleological explanation, even if it rejects the idea of an “exterior” telos or purpose.Less
This chapter describes the temporal-irreversible structure implied in the teleological explanation of natural processes as traditionally understood. Temporal irreversibility in teleological explanation is contrasted to time succession in mechanical explanation. It is suggested that any conception of natural processes-especially living processes-as temporal-irreversible, necessarily recurs to some degree of teleological explanation, even if it rejects the idea of an “exterior” telos or purpose.
Wolfgang Banzhaf and Lidia Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029438
- eISBN:
- 9780262329460
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029438.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The field of Artificial Life (ALife) is now firmly established in the scientific world, but it has yet to achieve one of its original goals: an understanding of the emergence of life on Earth. The ...
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The field of Artificial Life (ALife) is now firmly established in the scientific world, but it has yet to achieve one of its original goals: an understanding of the emergence of life on Earth. The new field of Artificial Chemistries draws from chemistry, biology, computer science, mathematics, and other disciplines to work toward that goal. For if, as it has been argued, life emerged from primitive, prebiotic forms of self-organization, then studying models of chemical reaction systems could bring ALife closer to understanding the origins of life. In Artificial Chemistries (ACs), the emphasis is on creating new interactions rather than new materials. The results can be found both in the virtual world, in certain multiagent systems, and in the physical world, in new (artificial) reaction systems. This book offers an introduction to the fundamental concepts of ACs, covering both theory and practical applications. After a general overview of the field and its methodology, the book reviews important aspects of biology, including basic mechanisms of evolution; discusses examples of ACs drawn from the literature; considers fundamental questions of how order can emerge, emphasizing the concept of chemical organization (a closed and self-maintaining set of chemicals); and surveys a range of applications, which include computing, systems modeling in biology, and synthetic life. An appendix provides a Python toolkit for implementing ACs.Less
The field of Artificial Life (ALife) is now firmly established in the scientific world, but it has yet to achieve one of its original goals: an understanding of the emergence of life on Earth. The new field of Artificial Chemistries draws from chemistry, biology, computer science, mathematics, and other disciplines to work toward that goal. For if, as it has been argued, life emerged from primitive, prebiotic forms of self-organization, then studying models of chemical reaction systems could bring ALife closer to understanding the origins of life. In Artificial Chemistries (ACs), the emphasis is on creating new interactions rather than new materials. The results can be found both in the virtual world, in certain multiagent systems, and in the physical world, in new (artificial) reaction systems. This book offers an introduction to the fundamental concepts of ACs, covering both theory and practical applications. After a general overview of the field and its methodology, the book reviews important aspects of biology, including basic mechanisms of evolution; discusses examples of ACs drawn from the literature; considers fundamental questions of how order can emerge, emphasizing the concept of chemical organization (a closed and self-maintaining set of chemicals); and surveys a range of applications, which include computing, systems modeling in biology, and synthetic life. An appendix provides a Python toolkit for implementing ACs.
John A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153261
- eISBN:
- 9781400847495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153261.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents an account of the social origins of civility in the course of an argument distinguishing civility from civil society—or, rather, insisting that civility must be included in the ...
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This chapter presents an account of the social origins of civility in the course of an argument distinguishing civility from civil society—or, rather, insisting that civility must be included in the definition of civil society if that concept is to carry the weight placed upon it. Civil society is a form of societal self-organization that allows for cooperation with the state while permitting individuation. The chapter argues that civil society only “makes sense” when it contains a heavy dose of civility. The initial breakthrough to civilized acceptance of difference in Europe obviously predated the emergence of capitalism. However, capitalism did have something to do with the establishment of a culture of political civility in England, for soft political rule was not always present there; on the contrary, it was a historical achievement.Less
This chapter presents an account of the social origins of civility in the course of an argument distinguishing civility from civil society—or, rather, insisting that civility must be included in the definition of civil society if that concept is to carry the weight placed upon it. Civil society is a form of societal self-organization that allows for cooperation with the state while permitting individuation. The chapter argues that civil society only “makes sense” when it contains a heavy dose of civility. The initial breakthrough to civilized acceptance of difference in Europe obviously predated the emergence of capitalism. However, capitalism did have something to do with the establishment of a culture of political civility in England, for soft political rule was not always present there; on the contrary, it was a historical achievement.
Buzsáki György
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301069
- eISBN:
- 9780199863716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
In addition to principal cells, the cerebral cortex contains diverse classes of interneurons that selectively and discriminately innervate various parts of principal cells and each other. The ...
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In addition to principal cells, the cerebral cortex contains diverse classes of interneurons that selectively and discriminately innervate various parts of principal cells and each other. The hypothesized “goal” of the daunting connectionist schemes of interneurons is to provide maximum functional complexity. Without inhibition and dedicated interneurons, excitatory circuits cannot accomplish anything useful. Interneurons provide autonomy and independence to neighboring principal cells but at the same time also offer useful temporal coordination. The functional diversity of principal cells is enhanced by the domain-specific actions of GABAergic interneurons, which can dynamically alter the qualities of the principal cells. The balance between excitation and inhibition is often accomplished by oscillations. Connections among interneurons, including electrical gap junctions, are especially suitable for maintaining clocking actions. Thus, the cerebral cortex is not only a complex system with complicated interactions among identical constituents but also has developed a diverse system of components.Less
In addition to principal cells, the cerebral cortex contains diverse classes of interneurons that selectively and discriminately innervate various parts of principal cells and each other. The hypothesized “goal” of the daunting connectionist schemes of interneurons is to provide maximum functional complexity. Without inhibition and dedicated interneurons, excitatory circuits cannot accomplish anything useful. Interneurons provide autonomy and independence to neighboring principal cells but at the same time also offer useful temporal coordination. The functional diversity of principal cells is enhanced by the domain-specific actions of GABAergic interneurons, which can dynamically alter the qualities of the principal cells. The balance between excitation and inhibition is often accomplished by oscillations. Connections among interneurons, including electrical gap junctions, are especially suitable for maintaining clocking actions. Thus, the cerebral cortex is not only a complex system with complicated interactions among identical constituents but also has developed a diverse system of components.
Didier Sornette
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175959
- eISBN:
- 9781400885091
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175959.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
The scientific study of complex systems has transformed a wide range of disciplines in recent years, enabling researchers in both the natural and social sciences to model and predict phenomena as ...
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The scientific study of complex systems has transformed a wide range of disciplines in recent years, enabling researchers in both the natural and social sciences to model and predict phenomena as diverse as earthquakes, global warming, demographic patterns, financial crises, and the failure of materials. This book applies the author's experience in these areas to propose a simple, powerful, and general theory of how, why, and when stock markets crash. Most attempts to explain market failures seek to pinpoint triggering mechanisms that occur hours, days, or weeks before the collapse. This book proposes a radically different view: the underlying cause can be sought months and even years before the abrupt, catastrophic event in the build-up of cooperative speculation, which often translates into an accelerating rise of stock market prices, otherwise known as a “bubbles.” The book unearths remarkable insights and some predictions—among them, that the “end of the growth era” will occur around 2050. The book probes major historical precedents, from the decades-long “tulip mania” in the Netherlands that wilted suddenly in 1637 to the South Sea Bubble that ended with the first huge market crash in England in 1720, to the Great Crash of October 1929 and Black Monday in 1987, to cite just a few. It concludes that most explanations other than cooperative self-organization fail to account for the subtle bubbles by which the markets lay the groundwork for catastrophe.Less
The scientific study of complex systems has transformed a wide range of disciplines in recent years, enabling researchers in both the natural and social sciences to model and predict phenomena as diverse as earthquakes, global warming, demographic patterns, financial crises, and the failure of materials. This book applies the author's experience in these areas to propose a simple, powerful, and general theory of how, why, and when stock markets crash. Most attempts to explain market failures seek to pinpoint triggering mechanisms that occur hours, days, or weeks before the collapse. This book proposes a radically different view: the underlying cause can be sought months and even years before the abrupt, catastrophic event in the build-up of cooperative speculation, which often translates into an accelerating rise of stock market prices, otherwise known as a “bubbles.” The book unearths remarkable insights and some predictions—among them, that the “end of the growth era” will occur around 2050. The book probes major historical precedents, from the decades-long “tulip mania” in the Netherlands that wilted suddenly in 1637 to the South Sea Bubble that ended with the first huge market crash in England in 1720, to the Great Crash of October 1929 and Black Monday in 1987, to cite just a few. It concludes that most explanations other than cooperative self-organization fail to account for the subtle bubbles by which the markets lay the groundwork for catastrophe.
Luc Steels and Martin Loetzsch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554201
- eISBN:
- 9780191721236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554201.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are ...
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This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are necessary and sufficient to achieve successful spatial language, and why and how perspective alignment can take place, either implicitly or based on explicit marking.Less
This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are necessary and sufficient to achieve successful spatial language, and why and how perspective alignment can take place, either implicitly or based on explicit marking.
Igor S. Aranson and Lev S. Tsimring
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199534418
- eISBN:
- 9780191714665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534418.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter contains introductory remarks and a brief discussion of fundamental challenges in the field of pattern formation in granular media. It also discusses the structure and organization of ...
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This chapter contains introductory remarks and a brief discussion of fundamental challenges in the field of pattern formation in granular media. It also discusses the structure and organization of the book and its main focus.Less
This chapter contains introductory remarks and a brief discussion of fundamental challenges in the field of pattern formation in granular media. It also discusses the structure and organization of the book and its main focus.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The chapter focuses on material instabilities. Topics discussed include the making and breaking of materials, thermo-chemical fabrication of new materials, thermo-mechanical fabrication of new ...
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The chapter focuses on material instabilities. Topics discussed include the making and breaking of materials, thermo-chemical fabrication of new materials, thermo-mechanical fabrication of new materials, benefits of self-organization, and perils of material instabilities.Less
The chapter focuses on material instabilities. Topics discussed include the making and breaking of materials, thermo-chemical fabrication of new materials, thermo-mechanical fabrication of new materials, benefits of self-organization, and perils of material instabilities.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The irradiation of materials with energetic particles may induce drastic changes in their microstructure, and hence may induce important variations in their physicochemical properties. This chapter ...
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The irradiation of materials with energetic particles may induce drastic changes in their microstructure, and hence may induce important variations in their physicochemical properties. This chapter discusses the phase stability of metals and alloys under irradiation, self-organization of defect microstructure, the rate theory of microstructure self-organization, nonlinear evolution dynamics, dislocation and void dynamics, and spatial instability.Less
The irradiation of materials with energetic particles may induce drastic changes in their microstructure, and hence may induce important variations in their physicochemical properties. This chapter discusses the phase stability of metals and alloys under irradiation, self-organization of defect microstructure, the rate theory of microstructure self-organization, nonlinear evolution dynamics, dislocation and void dynamics, and spatial instability.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is ...
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This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is mainly in chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour infiltration (CVI), epitaxial growth of semiconductors, plasma and laser processing, etc. The definition of vapour is broadened to include all energetic processes, such as plasma, electron, ion, or laser, in which low-density material (vapour) is employed. The latter part of the chapter examines heat and mass transport during CVD processes.Less
This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is mainly in chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour infiltration (CVI), epitaxial growth of semiconductors, plasma and laser processing, etc. The definition of vapour is broadened to include all energetic processes, such as plasma, electron, ion, or laser, in which low-density material (vapour) is employed. The latter part of the chapter examines heat and mass transport during CVD processes.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of universality of self-organization. It then considers the connections between patterns, defects and instabilities; and the dilemma of modeling and ...
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This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of universality of self-organization. It then considers the connections between patterns, defects and instabilities; and the dilemma of modeling and the multi-scale approach. It addresses the question of whether self-organization will ever be practical.Less
This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of universality of self-organization. It then considers the connections between patterns, defects and instabilities; and the dilemma of modeling and the multi-scale approach. It addresses the question of whether self-organization will ever be practical.
Vinod K. Wadhawan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199229178
- eISBN:
- 9780191711282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229178.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter is about the self-assembly and self-organization of soft matter, and explains how systems can evolve from elementary particles to thinking organisms. Such evolution, like everything ...
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This chapter is about the self-assembly and self-organization of soft matter, and explains how systems can evolve from elementary particles to thinking organisms. Such evolution, like everything else, is governed by the minimization of the global free energy. Its course is determined by the information content of the shapes of the interacting units, and the nature and strength of their mutual interactions. Basics of supramolecular chemistry and molecular-recognition phenomena are introduced. This is followed by a description of the various types of self-assembly: capillary-interaction-controlled; fluidic; templated; and constrained. Self-organization is taken up next, which has been defined by Lehn as the ‘spontaneous but information-directed generation of organized functional structures in equilibrium conditions’. The various types of ‘coding’ responsible for self-organization are described. There is also a section on the widely pervasive phenomenon of self-organized criticality, first identified and investigated by Bak. Other topics discussed are: chemical adaptation and evolution, systems at the edge of order and chaos, and the origin of life.Less
This chapter is about the self-assembly and self-organization of soft matter, and explains how systems can evolve from elementary particles to thinking organisms. Such evolution, like everything else, is governed by the minimization of the global free energy. Its course is determined by the information content of the shapes of the interacting units, and the nature and strength of their mutual interactions. Basics of supramolecular chemistry and molecular-recognition phenomena are introduced. This is followed by a description of the various types of self-assembly: capillary-interaction-controlled; fluidic; templated; and constrained. Self-organization is taken up next, which has been defined by Lehn as the ‘spontaneous but information-directed generation of organized functional structures in equilibrium conditions’. The various types of ‘coding’ responsible for self-organization are described. There is also a section on the widely pervasive phenomenon of self-organized criticality, first identified and investigated by Bak. Other topics discussed are: chemical adaptation and evolution, systems at the edge of order and chaos, and the origin of life.
John L. Culliney and David Jones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824866617
- eISBN:
- 9780824875763
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824866617.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
“The Fractal Self” traces fresh insights on the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to sociobiology and human culture. The book posits that on every scale, complex structure and function and ...
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“The Fractal Self” traces fresh insights on the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to sociobiology and human culture. The book posits that on every scale, complex structure and function and ultimately life itself arose by virtue of the power of cooperation between self and other. Cooperation has proved a catalytic force for complexity from organic molecules to human affairs, and appears to oscillate with competition, as yin with yang. However, progressive complexity emerging from antecedent simplicity consistently has come from cooperation, writ large. This is a tendency in our universe that we have called the cooperative constant; cooperation appears to have held a small average edge over competition to engender richness and diversity in nature and culture. The book further explores the human potential of achieving a seminal state of being in the world as a fractal self: any person drawn to some walk-of-life, a vocation or avocation, and who begins to realize a seamless participatory ethos as a “natural” or an “adept.” With growing sensitivity, adaptation, understanding and expertise, this self tends to develop a capacity to foster creative complexity. Insights from primatology as well as ancient myth and philosophy, especially Daoism and Buddhism, enrich our understanding regarding the emergence of empathy and morality and their applications vis`a vis nature and society. The book concludes with a new definition of free will and a hopeful vision for Gaian sustainability as our species transcends tribalism and entrains itself in partnership with nature.Less
“The Fractal Self” traces fresh insights on the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to sociobiology and human culture. The book posits that on every scale, complex structure and function and ultimately life itself arose by virtue of the power of cooperation between self and other. Cooperation has proved a catalytic force for complexity from organic molecules to human affairs, and appears to oscillate with competition, as yin with yang. However, progressive complexity emerging from antecedent simplicity consistently has come from cooperation, writ large. This is a tendency in our universe that we have called the cooperative constant; cooperation appears to have held a small average edge over competition to engender richness and diversity in nature and culture. The book further explores the human potential of achieving a seminal state of being in the world as a fractal self: any person drawn to some walk-of-life, a vocation or avocation, and who begins to realize a seamless participatory ethos as a “natural” or an “adept.” With growing sensitivity, adaptation, understanding and expertise, this self tends to develop a capacity to foster creative complexity. Insights from primatology as well as ancient myth and philosophy, especially Daoism and Buddhism, enrich our understanding regarding the emergence of empathy and morality and their applications vis`a vis nature and society. The book concludes with a new definition of free will and a hopeful vision for Gaian sustainability as our species transcends tribalism and entrains itself in partnership with nature.
Thomas Pradeu and Elizabeth Vitanza
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199775286
- eISBN:
- 9780199932818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199775286.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” ...
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This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” (Jerne), the autopoiesis framework (Maturana, Varela, Coutinho), the self-organization theory (Cohen and Atlan), and the danger theory (Matzinger). I emphasize the aspects that the continuity theory borrowed or inherited from these theories, as well as the many aspects on which it differs from them. I show that some frameworks elaborated to understand the immune system are not genuine scientific theories, but rather mere “viewpoints” on immunity. I insist that no framework has, up to now, succeeded in taking into account the importance of both innate immunity and immune tolerance – two aspects that are at the center of the continuity theory.Less
This chapter compares the continuity theory that I propose with the other theories available in today’s immunology, including the self-nonself theory, the systemic theory of the immune “network” (Jerne), the autopoiesis framework (Maturana, Varela, Coutinho), the self-organization theory (Cohen and Atlan), and the danger theory (Matzinger). I emphasize the aspects that the continuity theory borrowed or inherited from these theories, as well as the many aspects on which it differs from them. I show that some frameworks elaborated to understand the immune system are not genuine scientific theories, but rather mere “viewpoints” on immunity. I insist that no framework has, up to now, succeeded in taking into account the importance of both innate immunity and immune tolerance – two aspects that are at the center of the continuity theory.
Ulf Olsson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780520286641
- eISBN:
- 9780520961760
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286641.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
During their thirty years of existence, the Grateful Dead produced a musical as well as a cultural heritage that invites and rewards exploration and evaluation. This book engages critical theory in ...
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During their thirty years of existence, the Grateful Dead produced a musical as well as a cultural heritage that invites and rewards exploration and evaluation. This book engages critical theory in order to understand the band’s status and achievement, and what the cultural and political significance of the music as well as the wider phenomenon was, and is. The band and its music are studied in the tension between culture industry and self-organization. The first chapter looks at the dialectic of avant-garde and tradition in the mass cultural phenomenon that the Grateful Dead became. The second chapter builds on that analysis by directly engaging the political importance and legacy of a self-declared ”apolitical” band, assessing what ”politics” could mean in both the practices of the band and its audience as well as in the way mainstream America and law enforcement saw the band. The third and final chapter listens to the Grateful Dead improvising, presenting improvisation as the key element for any understanding both of the band’s music as well as its socio-political profile. A short coda summarizes the argument in a discussion of the band as an example of ”charismatic authority.”Less
During their thirty years of existence, the Grateful Dead produced a musical as well as a cultural heritage that invites and rewards exploration and evaluation. This book engages critical theory in order to understand the band’s status and achievement, and what the cultural and political significance of the music as well as the wider phenomenon was, and is. The band and its music are studied in the tension between culture industry and self-organization. The first chapter looks at the dialectic of avant-garde and tradition in the mass cultural phenomenon that the Grateful Dead became. The second chapter builds on that analysis by directly engaging the political importance and legacy of a self-declared ”apolitical” band, assessing what ”politics” could mean in both the practices of the band and its audience as well as in the way mainstream America and law enforcement saw the band. The third and final chapter listens to the Grateful Dead improvising, presenting improvisation as the key element for any understanding both of the band’s music as well as its socio-political profile. A short coda summarizes the argument in a discussion of the band as an example of ”charismatic authority.”
