Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. ...
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This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, the book draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. It examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of US presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, the book disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, it demonstrates that a decision-maker’s propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. This book offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.Less
This book provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, the book draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. It examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of US presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, the book disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, it demonstrates that a decision-maker’s propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. This book offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.
Adam J. Berinsky and Howard Lavine
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers self-monitoring, which assesses the extent to which people modify their behavior in response to the social context. In a climate governed by tolerant beliefs, analysts of ...
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This chapter considers self-monitoring, which assesses the extent to which people modify their behavior in response to the social context. In a climate governed by tolerant beliefs, analysts of public opinion face concerns about the accuracy with which attitudes and beliefs in sensitive domains (for example, race, sexuality) are measured. The chapter argues that self-monitoring can be useful in understanding which respondents are motivated to misrepresent their real preferences in surveys, and moreover presents several intriguing analyses that point to the value of self-monitoring in understanding responses to socially sensitive political topics. It proposes a question battery to account for how people's personality characteristics affect the answers they give to questions involving politically controversial topics.Less
This chapter considers self-monitoring, which assesses the extent to which people modify their behavior in response to the social context. In a climate governed by tolerant beliefs, analysts of public opinion face concerns about the accuracy with which attitudes and beliefs in sensitive domains (for example, race, sexuality) are measured. The chapter argues that self-monitoring can be useful in understanding which respondents are motivated to misrepresent their real preferences in surveys, and moreover presents several intriguing analyses that point to the value of self-monitoring in understanding responses to socially sensitive political topics. It proposes a question battery to account for how people's personality characteristics affect the answers they give to questions involving politically controversial topics.
Peter Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275731
- eISBN:
- 9780191706103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter studies the question of children's motivations to engage in pretence, using an account provided by Nichols and Stich in 2003 as a stalking horse. It argues that they are correct about ...
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This chapter studies the question of children's motivations to engage in pretence, using an account provided by Nichols and Stich in 2003 as a stalking horse. It argues that they are correct about much of the basic cognitive architecture necessary to explain pretence, but wrong on the question of motivation. Following a discussion of the views of Currie and Ravenscroft in 2002 on this issue, the chapter draws on Damasio's 1994 description of the way in which emotions enter into practical reasoning involving mental rehearsal. It concludes by defending a novel explanation of the motivations underlying pretence.Less
This chapter studies the question of children's motivations to engage in pretence, using an account provided by Nichols and Stich in 2003 as a stalking horse. It argues that they are correct about much of the basic cognitive architecture necessary to explain pretence, but wrong on the question of motivation. Following a discussion of the views of Currie and Ravenscroft in 2002 on this issue, the chapter draws on Damasio's 1994 description of the way in which emotions enter into practical reasoning involving mental rehearsal. It concludes by defending a novel explanation of the motivations underlying pretence.
Leslie R. Martin, Kelly B. Haskard-Zolnierek, and M. Robin DiMatteo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380408
- eISBN:
- 9780199864454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380408.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The ways in which healthy habits are formed and maintained over time, as well as the ways in which health-harmful habits can be extinguished, are the topics of this chapter. The principles of ...
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The ways in which healthy habits are formed and maintained over time, as well as the ways in which health-harmful habits can be extinguished, are the topics of this chapter. The principles of classical conditioning as they relate to health behaviors are reviewed. Then, following the operant conditioning framework, the important elements of reward (and punishment), along with the advantages and limitations of various schedules of reinforcement, are discussed. Included in this chapter are many practical suggestions for incorporating habit-changing tools into one’s daily routine, and a discussion of common barriers encountered by those attempting to change their habits—and how to overcome these barriers. The utility of external commitments (e.g., behavioral contracts and contingency contracts), along with the potential risks associated with external techniques (such as the reduction of intrinsic motivation), are reviewed. The importance of social support, choosing supportive environments, self-monitoring, and being mindful are highlighted.Less
The ways in which healthy habits are formed and maintained over time, as well as the ways in which health-harmful habits can be extinguished, are the topics of this chapter. The principles of classical conditioning as they relate to health behaviors are reviewed. Then, following the operant conditioning framework, the important elements of reward (and punishment), along with the advantages and limitations of various schedules of reinforcement, are discussed. Included in this chapter are many practical suggestions for incorporating habit-changing tools into one’s daily routine, and a discussion of common barriers encountered by those attempting to change their habits—and how to overcome these barriers. The utility of external commitments (e.g., behavioral contracts and contingency contracts), along with the potential risks associated with external techniques (such as the reduction of intrinsic motivation), are reviewed. The importance of social support, choosing supportive environments, self-monitoring, and being mindful are highlighted.
James C. Raines
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366266
- eISBN:
- 9780199864027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366266.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Research and Evaluation
This chapter begins with a review of the requirements for monitoring the progress of students in special education and aligns this with single-case research designs. First, five federal requirements ...
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This chapter begins with a review of the requirements for monitoring the progress of students in special education and aligns this with single-case research designs. First, five federal requirements are reviewed. Second, establishing a baseline for individual functioning is described in four ways: ensuring that measures are understandable to parents and students; using a variety of measures; triangulating the measures to make certain that they truly represent the student's performance level; and being sure to state the baseline in positive terms. Third, the requirements for measurable annual goals are described, including the environmental conditions, specific services needed, the identity of the student, defined actions, and performance criteria. Finally, the chapter provides details on how to evaluate student progress using Excel. It focuses on the requirements in the dependent and independent variables; experimental manipulation; visual analysis techniques; student self-monitoring; and how to improve the social validity of the single-subject research.Less
This chapter begins with a review of the requirements for monitoring the progress of students in special education and aligns this with single-case research designs. First, five federal requirements are reviewed. Second, establishing a baseline for individual functioning is described in four ways: ensuring that measures are understandable to parents and students; using a variety of measures; triangulating the measures to make certain that they truly represent the student's performance level; and being sure to state the baseline in positive terms. Third, the requirements for measurable annual goals are described, including the environmental conditions, specific services needed, the identity of the student, defined actions, and performance criteria. Finally, the chapter provides details on how to evaluate student progress using Excel. It focuses on the requirements in the dependent and independent variables; experimental manipulation; visual analysis techniques; student self-monitoring; and how to improve the social validity of the single-subject research.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that demonstrate willingness to pay high costs and run high risks, and will thus stand firm in crises. Leaders who project or protect a reputation for resolve signal that they are willing to use military instruments in order to affect others’ beliefs about their willingness to stand firm. The historical record suggests that leaders and their closest foreign policy advisors often hold divergent views about whether reputation for resolve is worth fighting for. This book then offers an alternative analytical framework in explaining such variations of views that focuses on psychological dispositions and beliefs of national leaders. Importantly, by attributing variation in willingness to fight for reputation to variation in individuals’ self-monitoring, it shows that fighting for reputation has prepolitical origins.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that demonstrate willingness to pay high costs and run high risks, and will thus stand firm in crises. Leaders who project or protect a reputation for resolve signal that they are willing to use military instruments in order to affect others’ beliefs about their willingness to stand firm. The historical record suggests that leaders and their closest foreign policy advisors often hold divergent views about whether reputation for resolve is worth fighting for. This book then offers an alternative analytical framework in explaining such variations of views that focuses on psychological dispositions and beliefs of national leaders. Importantly, by attributing variation in willingness to fight for reputation to variation in individuals’ self-monitoring, it shows that fighting for reputation has prepolitical origins.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically ...
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This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically cultivate their public appearances. A very large body of scholarship reviews how individuals differ in the extent to which they monitor and control their self-presentation in social situations. The literature distinguishes between two ideal-types of individuals: high self-monitors and low self-monitors. On average, high self-monitors are more likely to be concerned about reputation for resolve compared to low self-monitor individuals, and those tendencies could be moderated by overall dispositions about use of force. The chapter then explains how individuals’ beliefs about the efficacy of military force have an important intervening effect on whether a given leader will fight for reputation. It classifies leaders with regard to their willingness to use military instruments for international reputation into four ideal-types: reputation crusaders, reputation believers, reputation skeptics, and reputation critics.Less
This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically cultivate their public appearances. A very large body of scholarship reviews how individuals differ in the extent to which they monitor and control their self-presentation in social situations. The literature distinguishes between two ideal-types of individuals: high self-monitors and low self-monitors. On average, high self-monitors are more likely to be concerned about reputation for resolve compared to low self-monitor individuals, and those tendencies could be moderated by overall dispositions about use of force. The chapter then explains how individuals’ beliefs about the efficacy of military force have an important intervening effect on whether a given leader will fight for reputation. It classifies leaders with regard to their willingness to use military instruments for international reputation into four ideal-types: reputation crusaders, reputation believers, reputation skeptics, and reputation critics.
Keren Yarhi-Milo and Joshua D. Kertzer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for ...
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This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for resolve. The first survey consists of two thousand American adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), whereas the second survey is conducted on a nationally representative sample of Israeli Jewish adults. Obtaining almost identical results in each study, the chapter found that the interaction between self-monitoring and general predispositions toward the use of force produces systematic differences in support for the use of force. These findings carry significant implications for the ability of leaders to mobilize domestic support for the use of force: when leaders are able to frame an international conflict in reputational terms, a segment of the population that would not otherwise be convinced about the use of force is likely to become more supportive of military engagement.Less
This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for resolve. The first survey consists of two thousand American adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), whereas the second survey is conducted on a nationally representative sample of Israeli Jewish adults. Obtaining almost identical results in each study, the chapter found that the interaction between self-monitoring and general predispositions toward the use of force produces systematic differences in support for the use of force. These findings carry significant implications for the ability of leaders to mobilize domestic support for the use of force: when leaders are able to frame an international conflict in reputational terms, a segment of the population that would not otherwise be convinced about the use of force is likely to become more supportive of military engagement.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter looks at original surveys of sixty-eight presidential historians on the president each had studied in depth. The historians’ survey suggests that American presidents exhibit variation in ...
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This chapter looks at original surveys of sixty-eight presidential historians on the president each had studied in depth. The historians’ survey suggests that American presidents exhibit variation in their self-monitoring dispositions. The chapter then leverages this variation to test statistically whether US presidents’ behavior during international crises is consistent with the expectations of the theory presented in this book. The self-monitoring disposition of a US president is a significant predictor of his likelihood of employing and initiating military instruments to demonstrate resolve during international conflict. Low self-monitor presidents not only engage in less militarized interstate disputes, but they are also significantly less likely to initiate such disputes, compared to high self-monitor presidents. The chapter also presents findings indicating that high self-monitor presidents are more likely to prevail in militarized interstate disputes compared to their low self-monitor counterparts.Less
This chapter looks at original surveys of sixty-eight presidential historians on the president each had studied in depth. The historians’ survey suggests that American presidents exhibit variation in their self-monitoring dispositions. The chapter then leverages this variation to test statistically whether US presidents’ behavior during international crises is consistent with the expectations of the theory presented in this book. The self-monitoring disposition of a US president is a significant predictor of his likelihood of employing and initiating military instruments to demonstrate resolve during international conflict. Low self-monitor presidents not only engage in less militarized interstate disputes, but they are also significantly less likely to initiate such disputes, compared to high self-monitor presidents. The chapter also presents findings indicating that high self-monitor presidents are more likely to prevail in militarized interstate disputes compared to their low self-monitor counterparts.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter explores historical case studies as part of a layered methodological approach. It uses three observable implications to code a president as believing strongly in the efficacy of force: a ...
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This chapter explores historical case studies as part of a layered methodological approach. It uses three observable implications to code a president as believing strongly in the efficacy of force: a preference for higher military spending, a preference for covert military action, and a preference for military solutions over diplomatic ones. Beliefs about the effectiveness of military force capture the president's views regarding use of force in general. Thus, as the theory suggests, those views might affect the propensity to fight for reputation, but that effect is deterministic, because it interacts with the president's self-monitoring disposition. The chapter then explains how evaluating the self-monitoring, hawkishness, and policy recommendations of the presidents' main advisors offers several significant benefits to the research design.Less
This chapter explores historical case studies as part of a layered methodological approach. It uses three observable implications to code a president as believing strongly in the efficacy of force: a preference for higher military spending, a preference for covert military action, and a preference for military solutions over diplomatic ones. Beliefs about the effectiveness of military force capture the president's views regarding use of force in general. Thus, as the theory suggests, those views might affect the propensity to fight for reputation, but that effect is deterministic, because it interacts with the president's self-monitoring disposition. The chapter then explains how evaluating the self-monitoring, hawkishness, and policy recommendations of the presidents' main advisors offers several significant benefits to the research design.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of ...
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This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of most of his predecessors or successors, Carter's discourse and policies seem to show that he was not motivated by projecting resolve for the sake of reassuring allies or intimidating adversaries. In fact, evidence from primary documents reveals that Carter's behavior during international crises corresponds closely to the reputation critic ideal-type. The chapter then reinforces the classification of Carter as a reputation critic using additional qualitative evidence in the form of Carter's personal diary and prepresidential speeches, memoirs written by his advisors, and other secondary literature. It also uses available biographical evidence to illuminate the self-monitoring tendencies of Carter's closest advisors: National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.Less
This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of most of his predecessors or successors, Carter's discourse and policies seem to show that he was not motivated by projecting resolve for the sake of reassuring allies or intimidating adversaries. In fact, evidence from primary documents reveals that Carter's behavior during international crises corresponds closely to the reputation critic ideal-type. The chapter then reinforces the classification of Carter as a reputation critic using additional qualitative evidence in the form of Carter's personal diary and prepresidential speeches, memoirs written by his advisors, and other secondary literature. It also uses available biographical evidence to illuminate the self-monitoring tendencies of Carter's closest advisors: National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter assesses the extent to which reputational concerns shaped President Ronald Reagan's discourse, decision making, and policies during international crises. It focuses on four of these ...
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This chapter assesses the extent to which reputational concerns shaped President Ronald Reagan's discourse, decision making, and policies during international crises. It focuses on four of these international crises: the escalation in Afghanistan, the intervention in Lebanon, the invasion of Grenada, and the air strikes against Libya. Each posed a challenge, real or perceived, to US reputation for resolve and so are good tests of the dispositional theory. A review of Reagan's self-monitoring tendencies and beliefs about the use of force place him closest to the ideal-type high self-monitor hawk, and thus, one should expect his behavior to be consistent with that of a reputation crusader. However, his behavior and discourse during the crises covered cannot be convincingly explained simply by highlighting his hawkish tendencies. In order to fully appreciate Reagan's policies, rhetoric, and state of mind, one must look at how these hawkish tendencies interacted with his high self-monitoring disposition.Less
This chapter assesses the extent to which reputational concerns shaped President Ronald Reagan's discourse, decision making, and policies during international crises. It focuses on four of these international crises: the escalation in Afghanistan, the intervention in Lebanon, the invasion of Grenada, and the air strikes against Libya. Each posed a challenge, real or perceived, to US reputation for resolve and so are good tests of the dispositional theory. A review of Reagan's self-monitoring tendencies and beliefs about the use of force place him closest to the ideal-type high self-monitor hawk, and thus, one should expect his behavior to be consistent with that of a reputation crusader. However, his behavior and discourse during the crises covered cannot be convincingly explained simply by highlighting his hawkish tendencies. In order to fully appreciate Reagan's policies, rhetoric, and state of mind, one must look at how these hawkish tendencies interacted with his high self-monitoring disposition.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and suggests avenues for future research. At its core, the book makes the case for why leaders should matter to international relations, and ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and suggests avenues for future research. At its core, the book makes the case for why leaders should matter to international relations, and also how they matter. Leaders' characteristics significantly shape their behavior on the international stage, but current scholarship lacks clear direction as to what characteristics are important and how those traits affect crisis decision making and international behavior more broadly. The book advances this research agenda by exploring the relationship between self-monitoring, military assertiveness, and contests of “face.” Although prominent in the field of psychology, self-monitoring has unfortunately remained largely unexplored to students of world politics. Self-monitoring should be of significant importance to international relations scholars who study signaling and perception in international politics, but there is also much to be gained by applying the concept of self-monitoring beyond studies of security.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and suggests avenues for future research. At its core, the book makes the case for why leaders should matter to international relations, and also how they matter. Leaders' characteristics significantly shape their behavior on the international stage, but current scholarship lacks clear direction as to what characteristics are important and how those traits affect crisis decision making and international behavior more broadly. The book advances this research agenda by exploring the relationship between self-monitoring, military assertiveness, and contests of “face.” Although prominent in the field of psychology, self-monitoring has unfortunately remained largely unexplored to students of world politics. Self-monitoring should be of significant importance to international relations scholars who study signaling and perception in international politics, but there is also much to be gained by applying the concept of self-monitoring beyond studies of security.
William Ickes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372953
- eISBN:
- 9780199893317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372953.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
High self-monitors are people who act like “social chameleons”: they change the way they present themselves depending upon who they are with. In contrast, low self-monitors are simply themselves: ...
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High self-monitors are people who act like “social chameleons”: they change the way they present themselves depending upon who they are with. In contrast, low self-monitors are simply themselves: they don't try to be “all things to all people.” In initial interactions, the partner who scores higher in self-monitoring tends to speak first, to initiate more conversation sequences, and to use the other person's behavior more as a guide. High self-monitors also tend to use a higher percentage of second-person (“you”) pronouns and to reciprocate their interaction partner's disclosures. High self-monitors run the risk of appearing phony, however, when they try too hard to impress an attractive, opposite-sex partner.Less
High self-monitors are people who act like “social chameleons”: they change the way they present themselves depending upon who they are with. In contrast, low self-monitors are simply themselves: they don't try to be “all things to all people.” In initial interactions, the partner who scores higher in self-monitoring tends to speak first, to initiate more conversation sequences, and to use the other person's behavior more as a guide. High self-monitors also tend to use a higher percentage of second-person (“you”) pronouns and to reciprocate their interaction partner's disclosures. High self-monitors run the risk of appearing phony, however, when they try too hard to impress an attractive, opposite-sex partner.
Stuart Hodkinson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526141866
- eISBN:
- 9781526144713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526141866.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public ...
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This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public and private sector professionals, residents involved in PFI schemes, and whistle-blowers, to illuminate specific examples of this deficit. A first section focuses on the lack of public or regulatory scrutiny of PFI contracts that reply on self-certified performance reporting, akin to paying a fox to guard the hen house. A second section explains how poorly-written contracts that set largely meaningless Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) result in minimal financial penalties despite demonstrable failings. A third section shows how local authorities’ prioritise the protection of long-term partnerships with private companies over genuine resident involvement and empowerment. A fourth section describes how resident disempowerment is compounded by the absence of both genuinely independent and powerful regulatory bodies, as well as legal routes that residents could use to get redress. It provides a number of examples of how those who did speak out were routinely ignored and sometimes actively silenced.Less
This chapter focuses on the more sinister side of the outsourced state under PFI that was clearly present in the Grenfell disaster – the ‘accountability vacuum’. It draws on interviews with public and private sector professionals, residents involved in PFI schemes, and whistle-blowers, to illuminate specific examples of this deficit. A first section focuses on the lack of public or regulatory scrutiny of PFI contracts that reply on self-certified performance reporting, akin to paying a fox to guard the hen house. A second section explains how poorly-written contracts that set largely meaningless Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) result in minimal financial penalties despite demonstrable failings. A third section shows how local authorities’ prioritise the protection of long-term partnerships with private companies over genuine resident involvement and empowerment. A fourth section describes how resident disempowerment is compounded by the absence of both genuinely independent and powerful regulatory bodies, as well as legal routes that residents could use to get redress. It provides a number of examples of how those who did speak out were routinely ignored and sometimes actively silenced.
Kennon M. Sheldon, Geoffrey Williams, and Thomas Joiner
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300095449
- eISBN:
- 9780300128666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300095449.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter continues where the previous one left off, although it looks at a different case setting. The discussion focuses on the patients' need to start doing a certain behavior and continue ...
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This chapter continues where the previous one left off, although it looks at a different case setting. The discussion focuses on the patients' need to start doing a certain behavior and continue doing it over time; this is called the complex behavior of self-monitoring. The “self-applying” motivation comes into play in this scenario. It can be noted that while these two cases seem different, the same motivational dynamics apply, as these both need effective long-term self-regulation in order to achieve a potentially important health benefit. The patients would also need to behave in a way in which they are initially unwilling to behave.Less
This chapter continues where the previous one left off, although it looks at a different case setting. The discussion focuses on the patients' need to start doing a certain behavior and continue doing it over time; this is called the complex behavior of self-monitoring. The “self-applying” motivation comes into play in this scenario. It can be noted that while these two cases seem different, the same motivational dynamics apply, as these both need effective long-term self-regulation in order to achieve a potentially important health benefit. The patients would also need to behave in a way in which they are initially unwilling to behave.
Suparna Choudhury and Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262162371
- eISBN:
- 9780262281690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262162371.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines the neurological mechanisms by which we recognize actions as our own and how a sense of self may emerge from action. It considers how we feel in control of our actions and the ...
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This chapter examines the neurological mechanisms by which we recognize actions as our own and how a sense of self may emerge from action. It considers how we feel in control of our actions and the ability to attribute one’s own actions to the self. It discusses evidence from studies that have explored our consciousness of the consequences of our actions and how this “self-monitoring” system distinguishes between self and other. In particular, it reviews psychological research on the conscious experience of willed action and neurophysiological experiments that probed its possible underlying processes. In addition, it looks at studies of patients with disorders of volition to illustrate how disruption of the self-monitoring system may disturb the normal experiential link between intention and the awareness of volitional control.Less
This chapter examines the neurological mechanisms by which we recognize actions as our own and how a sense of self may emerge from action. It considers how we feel in control of our actions and the ability to attribute one’s own actions to the self. It discusses evidence from studies that have explored our consciousness of the consequences of our actions and how this “self-monitoring” system distinguishes between self and other. In particular, it reviews psychological research on the conscious experience of willed action and neurophysiological experiments that probed its possible underlying processes. In addition, it looks at studies of patients with disorders of volition to illustrate how disruption of the self-monitoring system may disturb the normal experiential link between intention and the awareness of volitional control.
Norbert Francis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016391
- eISBN:
- 9780262298384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016391.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines how the self-monitoring of text processing may be related to literacy and metalinguistic awareness. In particular, it considers reading comprehension and what kinds of strategy ...
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This chapter examines how the self-monitoring of text processing may be related to literacy and metalinguistic awareness. In particular, it considers reading comprehension and what kinds of strategy children employ when they commit a reading error or “miscue” and, after noticing the error, self-correct. It makes an important distinction between two types of self-correction: one for which context before the error provides a prompt to self-correct, and one with no prior context. After providing an overview of the use of modularity in the study of reading, the chapter turns to the effectiveness of focus on form in language instruction and how metalinguistic awareness and bilingualism may be related. It also discusses children’s development of a reflective posture toward reading comprehension and how children learn to use context strategically.Less
This chapter examines how the self-monitoring of text processing may be related to literacy and metalinguistic awareness. In particular, it considers reading comprehension and what kinds of strategy children employ when they commit a reading error or “miscue” and, after noticing the error, self-correct. It makes an important distinction between two types of self-correction: one for which context before the error provides a prompt to self-correct, and one with no prior context. After providing an overview of the use of modularity in the study of reading, the chapter turns to the effectiveness of focus on form in language instruction and how metalinguistic awareness and bilingualism may be related. It also discusses children’s development of a reflective posture toward reading comprehension and how children learn to use context strategically.
Joëlle Proust
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199602162
- eISBN:
- 9780191758096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602162.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The philosophical problem of personal identity consists in offering a way of defining a self that allows understanding how an individual can represent herself as being the same self, although her ...
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The philosophical problem of personal identity consists in offering a way of defining a self that allows understanding how an individual can represent herself as being the same self, although her mental and bodily dispositions vary considerably, as well as the environment in which she is leading her life. This chapter argues that the property of ‘ipseity’ (of self-identity over time) can only be captured in a memory process specializing in dynamic belief/desire and value revision. This capacity belongs to metacognition. Our goal here is, first, to show on a conceptual basis how self-affection constitutes the only way of re-identifying oneself in the strong reflexive sense required; second, to explore how this conceptual structure is realizable in a semi-hierarchical control structure, whose control and monitoring dimensions account for the normative and descriptive components in self-representation. This account is shown to considerably clarify the analysis of the self-related schizophrenic symptoms.Less
The philosophical problem of personal identity consists in offering a way of defining a self that allows understanding how an individual can represent herself as being the same self, although her mental and bodily dispositions vary considerably, as well as the environment in which she is leading her life. This chapter argues that the property of ‘ipseity’ (of self-identity over time) can only be captured in a memory process specializing in dynamic belief/desire and value revision. This capacity belongs to metacognition. Our goal here is, first, to show on a conceptual basis how self-affection constitutes the only way of re-identifying oneself in the strong reflexive sense required; second, to explore how this conceptual structure is realizable in a semi-hierarchical control structure, whose control and monitoring dimensions account for the normative and descriptive components in self-representation. This account is shown to considerably clarify the analysis of the self-related schizophrenic symptoms.
Debra A. Lieberman, Erica Biely, Chan L. Thai, and Susana Peinado
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199896646
- eISBN:
- 9780190256142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199896646.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter focuses on the transfer of learning from video game play to the classroom. It begins with an overview of transfer and how it takes place before turning to a discussion of video games as ...
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This chapter focuses on the transfer of learning from video game play to the classroom. It begins with an overview of transfer and how it takes place before turning to a discussion of video games as learning environments. It then considers video game features that have the potential to foster motivation and self-efficacy, support learning, teach transfer, and enhance mindfulness, self-monitoring, metacognition, and problem-solving skills.Less
This chapter focuses on the transfer of learning from video game play to the classroom. It begins with an overview of transfer and how it takes place before turning to a discussion of video games as learning environments. It then considers video game features that have the potential to foster motivation and self-efficacy, support learning, teach transfer, and enhance mindfulness, self-monitoring, metacognition, and problem-solving skills.
