Kristen Renwick Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151373
- eISBN:
- 9781400840366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151373.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image ...
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This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image is the central psychological variable, with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters revealing dramatically different self-concepts. Identity constrains choice for all individuals, not just rescuers, though character and self-image are not all there is to it. The chapter further asserts that the ethical importance of values works through the fashion in which values are integrated into the speaker's sense of self and worldview. Personal suffering, in the form of past trauma, heightens awareness of the plight of others for rescuers; for bystanders and Nazis, however, it increases a sense of vulnerability manifesting itself in a defensive posture and heightened in-group/out-group distinctions. Finally, the chapter notes that the speakers' cognitive categorization systems carry strong ethical overtones.Less
This chapter focuses on why all of the participants—rescuers, bystanders, or perpetrators—had claimed that they had no choice in how they treated others during World War II. It argues that self-image is the central psychological variable, with rescuers, bystanders, and Nazi supporters revealing dramatically different self-concepts. Identity constrains choice for all individuals, not just rescuers, though character and self-image are not all there is to it. The chapter further asserts that the ethical importance of values works through the fashion in which values are integrated into the speaker's sense of self and worldview. Personal suffering, in the form of past trauma, heightens awareness of the plight of others for rescuers; for bystanders and Nazis, however, it increases a sense of vulnerability manifesting itself in a defensive posture and heightened in-group/out-group distinctions. Finally, the chapter notes that the speakers' cognitive categorization systems carry strong ethical overtones.
Vanina Leschziner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804787970
- eISBN:
- 9780804795494
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804787970.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This book is about the creative work of chefs at elite restaurants in New York City and San Francisco. Based on interviews with chefs and observation of their work in restaurant kitchens, the book ...
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This book is about the creative work of chefs at elite restaurants in New York City and San Francisco. Based on interviews with chefs and observation of their work in restaurant kitchens, the book examines how and why chefs make choices about the dishes they put on their menus, and how they develop a culinary style. To answer the questions, the book analyzes chefs’ career paths, culinary classifications and categories, how chefs develop their culinary styles and reflectively manage their authorship, cognitive patterns and work processes involved in creating food, and status constraints. Elite chefs face competing pressures to create a distinctive and original culinary style, and conform to tradition as they navigate market forces to run a profitable business. They must make choices, and these limit their autonomy over time, because they constrain the dishes and career moves they can make in the future. Chefs occupy positions in a culinary field through their culinary styles, status, and social networks, and make choices about their food and career moves from such positions. In more general terms, the logic of creation of cultural products is embedded in the positions individuals occupy in a field. This book is about the process of creation, and complements an organizational analysis of the world of high cuisine with a phenomenological examination of chefs’ work. It uses the case study of high cuisine to analyze, more generally, how people in creative occupations navigate a context rife with uncertainty, high pressures, and contradicting forces.Less
This book is about the creative work of chefs at elite restaurants in New York City and San Francisco. Based on interviews with chefs and observation of their work in restaurant kitchens, the book examines how and why chefs make choices about the dishes they put on their menus, and how they develop a culinary style. To answer the questions, the book analyzes chefs’ career paths, culinary classifications and categories, how chefs develop their culinary styles and reflectively manage their authorship, cognitive patterns and work processes involved in creating food, and status constraints. Elite chefs face competing pressures to create a distinctive and original culinary style, and conform to tradition as they navigate market forces to run a profitable business. They must make choices, and these limit their autonomy over time, because they constrain the dishes and career moves they can make in the future. Chefs occupy positions in a culinary field through their culinary styles, status, and social networks, and make choices about their food and career moves from such positions. In more general terms, the logic of creation of cultural products is embedded in the positions individuals occupy in a field. This book is about the process of creation, and complements an organizational analysis of the world of high cuisine with a phenomenological examination of chefs’ work. It uses the case study of high cuisine to analyze, more generally, how people in creative occupations navigate a context rife with uncertainty, high pressures, and contradicting forces.
Jeffrey Sonnenfeld
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195065831
- eISBN:
- 9780199854899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195065831.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
Society has come to recognize the leaders of modern corporations, among many others, as heroes. In order to understand why some business leaders are being seen in larger-than-life contexts, this ...
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Society has come to recognize the leaders of modern corporations, among many others, as heroes. In order to understand why some business leaders are being seen in larger-than-life contexts, this chapter examines the concept of hero as illustrated in mythology and folk literature. It argues that what business heroes have in common with the heroes of myth and religion is that they not only symbolize dreams and aspirations to their firms, and even to general society, but also are accomplishers of pragmatic goals. The chapter also presents how the heroic self-concepts of leaders in the latter part of their careers, tempered by the corporate settings, gives rise to distinctly different departure styles. Four categories are illustrated: monarch-like exits, general-like exits, ambassador-like exits, and governor-like exits. This chapter concludes by providing a brief outline of the book which includes an overview of the succeeding chapters, the book's goals, and the primary sources of data.Less
Society has come to recognize the leaders of modern corporations, among many others, as heroes. In order to understand why some business leaders are being seen in larger-than-life contexts, this chapter examines the concept of hero as illustrated in mythology and folk literature. It argues that what business heroes have in common with the heroes of myth and religion is that they not only symbolize dreams and aspirations to their firms, and even to general society, but also are accomplishers of pragmatic goals. The chapter also presents how the heroic self-concepts of leaders in the latter part of their careers, tempered by the corporate settings, gives rise to distinctly different departure styles. Four categories are illustrated: monarch-like exits, general-like exits, ambassador-like exits, and governor-like exits. This chapter concludes by providing a brief outline of the book which includes an overview of the succeeding chapters, the book's goals, and the primary sources of data.
Joel J. Kupperman
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195096545
- eISBN:
- 9780199852918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195096545.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Are we responsible for our characters? This question is the heart of this chapter. People are responsible for their characters because they chose them. Holding people responsible for their ...
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Are we responsible for our characters? This question is the heart of this chapter. People are responsible for their characters because they chose them. Holding people responsible for their characters, even if these are largely involuntary, is effective and functional in a way in which holding people responsible for involuntary actions is not. People should be responsible and liable both for their characters and for actions that flow from their characters. The fact of the matter is whether someone is responsible for her or his character and this fact is independent both of how we actually talk in such matters and of whether it is advantageous that we continue to talk in such a way.Less
Are we responsible for our characters? This question is the heart of this chapter. People are responsible for their characters because they chose them. Holding people responsible for their characters, even if these are largely involuntary, is effective and functional in a way in which holding people responsible for involuntary actions is not. People should be responsible and liable both for their characters and for actions that flow from their characters. The fact of the matter is whether someone is responsible for her or his character and this fact is independent both of how we actually talk in such matters and of whether it is advantageous that we continue to talk in such a way.
Rocco J. Gennaro
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029346
- eISBN:
- 9780262330213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029346.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Rocco J. Gennaro defends the HOT theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia, a delusion where one denies ownership of a limb, and the related anosognosia, ...
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Rocco J. Gennaro defends the HOT theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia, a delusion where one denies ownership of a limb, and the related anosognosia, a condition in which a person who suffers from a disability seems unaware of the existence of the disability. Liang and Lane have argued that somatoparaphrenia threatens HOT theory because it contradicts the notion that according to HOT theory, when I am in a conscious state, I have the HOT that “I am in mental state M.” The ‘I’ is not only importantly self-referential but essential to tying the conscious state to oneself and thus to one’s ownership of M. Indeed, it is difficult to understand how one can have a conscious state but not, at least implicitly, attribute it to oneself. Gennaro argues, for example, that understanding somatoparaphrenia as a delusion leads to a number of replies to Lane and Liang. He also examines the central notions of “mental state ownership” and “self-concepts” to account especially for the depersonalization aspect of somatoparaphrenia. Among other things, Gennaro also discusses to what extent HOT theory can make sense of Shoemaker’s immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) principle.Less
Rocco J. Gennaro defends the HOT theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia, a delusion where one denies ownership of a limb, and the related anosognosia, a condition in which a person who suffers from a disability seems unaware of the existence of the disability. Liang and Lane have argued that somatoparaphrenia threatens HOT theory because it contradicts the notion that according to HOT theory, when I am in a conscious state, I have the HOT that “I am in mental state M.” The ‘I’ is not only importantly self-referential but essential to tying the conscious state to oneself and thus to one’s ownership of M. Indeed, it is difficult to understand how one can have a conscious state but not, at least implicitly, attribute it to oneself. Gennaro argues, for example, that understanding somatoparaphrenia as a delusion leads to a number of replies to Lane and Liang. He also examines the central notions of “mental state ownership” and “self-concepts” to account especially for the depersonalization aspect of somatoparaphrenia. Among other things, Gennaro also discusses to what extent HOT theory can make sense of Shoemaker’s immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) principle.
Vanina Leschziner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804787970
- eISBN:
- 9780804795494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804787970.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter places chefs in their field to explain the patterning of relations between culinary styles, self-concepts, and field positions. Through the analysis of the distribution of culinary ...
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This chapter places chefs in their field to explain the patterning of relations between culinary styles, self-concepts, and field positions. Through the analysis of the distribution of culinary styles and self-concepts in the culinary fields of New York and San Francisco, the chapter explains chefs’ choices about their styles and representations, and compares the internal logics and social organization of the two fields. Chefs’ actions cannot be explained without according independent analytical weight to self-understandings. But chefs develop a sense of who they and where they want to go from their field positions—it is from here that their logics of action develop and guide them in navigating the field. The chapter closes with a discussion of the analytical and theoretical implications of this study of culinary fields, with a focus on the tenets of field theory, contributions of pragmatism, routine behavior, creativity, and self-concepts.Less
This chapter places chefs in their field to explain the patterning of relations between culinary styles, self-concepts, and field positions. Through the analysis of the distribution of culinary styles and self-concepts in the culinary fields of New York and San Francisco, the chapter explains chefs’ choices about their styles and representations, and compares the internal logics and social organization of the two fields. Chefs’ actions cannot be explained without according independent analytical weight to self-understandings. But chefs develop a sense of who they and where they want to go from their field positions—it is from here that their logics of action develop and guide them in navigating the field. The chapter closes with a discussion of the analytical and theoretical implications of this study of culinary fields, with a focus on the tenets of field theory, contributions of pragmatism, routine behavior, creativity, and self-concepts.
Wayne A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198714217
- eISBN:
- 9780191782626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
The property theory of de se belief denies that believing is a propositional attitude, maintaining instead that for Lingens to believe that he himself is lost is for him to self-attribute the ...
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The property theory of de se belief denies that believing is a propositional attitude, maintaining instead that for Lingens to believe that he himself is lost is for him to self-attribute the property of being lost. For Lingens to believe that Lingens is lost is for him to self-attribute the independent property of being such that Lingens is lost. The chapter argues that this theory postulates differences where we expect uniformity, introduces unnecessary theoretical complexity, is false to a variety of linguistic and phenomenological facts, and fails to explain many psychological and linguistic facts. If “self-attribute a property” means “believing oneself to have the property,” then the theory provides no explanation of de se belief. The author sketches a propositional theory on which the objects of the attitudes are complexes of concepts (thoughts), de se attitudes involving one type of indexical concept.Less
The property theory of de se belief denies that believing is a propositional attitude, maintaining instead that for Lingens to believe that he himself is lost is for him to self-attribute the property of being lost. For Lingens to believe that Lingens is lost is for him to self-attribute the independent property of being such that Lingens is lost. The chapter argues that this theory postulates differences where we expect uniformity, introduces unnecessary theoretical complexity, is false to a variety of linguistic and phenomenological facts, and fails to explain many psychological and linguistic facts. If “self-attribute a property” means “believing oneself to have the property,” then the theory provides no explanation of de se belief. The author sketches a propositional theory on which the objects of the attitudes are complexes of concepts (thoughts), de se attitudes involving one type of indexical concept.
