John M Findlay and Iain D Gilchrist
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524793
- eISBN:
- 9780191711817
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524793.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
More than one third of the human brain is devoted to the processes of seeing — vision is after all the main way in which we gather information about the world. But human vision is a dynamic process ...
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More than one third of the human brain is devoted to the processes of seeing — vision is after all the main way in which we gather information about the world. But human vision is a dynamic process during which the eyes continually sample the environment. Where most books on vision consider it as a passive activity, this book focuses on vision as an ‘active’ process. It goes beyond most accounts of vision where the focus is on seeing, to provide an account of seeing AND looking. The book starts by pointing out the weaknesses in our traditional approaches to vision and the reason we need this new approach. It then gives a thorough description of basic details of the visual and oculomotor systems necessary to understand active vision. The book goes on to show how this approach can give a new perspective on visual attention, and how the approach has progressed in the areas of visual orienting, reading, visual search, scene perception, and neuropsychology. Finally, the book summarizes progress by showing how this approach sheds new light on the old problem of how we maintain perception of a stable visual world.Less
More than one third of the human brain is devoted to the processes of seeing — vision is after all the main way in which we gather information about the world. But human vision is a dynamic process during which the eyes continually sample the environment. Where most books on vision consider it as a passive activity, this book focuses on vision as an ‘active’ process. It goes beyond most accounts of vision where the focus is on seeing, to provide an account of seeing AND looking. The book starts by pointing out the weaknesses in our traditional approaches to vision and the reason we need this new approach. It then gives a thorough description of basic details of the visual and oculomotor systems necessary to understand active vision. The book goes on to show how this approach can give a new perspective on visual attention, and how the approach has progressed in the areas of visual orienting, reading, visual search, scene perception, and neuropsychology. Finally, the book summarizes progress by showing how this approach sheds new light on the old problem of how we maintain perception of a stable visual world.
George M. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199594894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731440
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199594894.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies ...
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In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.Less
In works of literary fiction, it is fictional in the work that the words of the text are being recounted by some work‐internal ‘voice’—the literary narrator. One can ask similarly whether in movies it is fictional that the story is told in sights and sounds by a work‐internal subjectivity that orchestrates them—a cinematic narrator. In this book, it is argued that movies do involve a fictional recounting (an audio‐visual narration) in terms of the movie’s sound‐ and image‐track. Standardly, viewers are prompted to imagine_seeing the items and events in the movie’s fictional world and to imagine hearing the associated fictional sounds. However, it is also argued that it is much less clear that the cinematic narration must be imagined as the product of some kind of ‘narrator’—of a work‐internal agent of the narration. There is a further question about whether viewers imagine seeing the fictional world face‐to‐face or whether they imagine seeing it through some kind of work‐internal mediation. It is a key contention of this volume that only the second of these alternatives allows one to give a coherent account of what we do and do not imagine about what we are seeing on the screen. Having provided a partial account of the foundation of film narration, the final chapters explore the ways in which certain complex strategies of narration in film are executed in three exemplary films: David Fincher’s Fight Club, von Sternberg’s The Scarlet Empress, and the Coen brothers’ The Man Who Wasn’t There.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in ...
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With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in the way that we do? Second, what is the source of explicit non-commitment in fleshed-out content? Third, how and why do we flesh out pictures’ bare-bones contents consistently as we change the position from which we view pictures? And finally, anamorphic pictures challenge the answers offered to the first three questions, so how should the current account handle them? This completes the account of pictorial content and picture perception.Less
With some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in the way that we do? Second, what is the source of explicit non-commitment in fleshed-out content? Third, how and why do we flesh out pictures’ bare-bones contents consistently as we change the position from which we view pictures? And finally, anamorphic pictures challenge the answers offered to the first three questions, so how should the current account handle them? This completes the account of pictorial content and picture perception.
Stephen T. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284597
- eISBN:
- 9780191603778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284598.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter argues that when Mary Magdalene, Peter, and others saw the risen Jesus, their “seeing” was a case of a normal vision. This is the natural way to read the New Testament accounts, ...
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This chapter argues that when Mary Magdalene, Peter, and others saw the risen Jesus, their “seeing” was a case of a normal vision. This is the natural way to read the New Testament accounts, especially given the physical detail contained in many of them. Six possible arguments in favor of objective vision are discussed. Two arguments in favor of normal seeing are presented: that the early church interpreted the “seeing” as normal vision, and that it is theologically significant that the “seeing” was normal. It underscores the reality of the incarnation, and places the church in a strong apologetic position.Less
This chapter argues that when Mary Magdalene, Peter, and others saw the risen Jesus, their “seeing” was a case of a normal vision. This is the natural way to read the New Testament accounts, especially given the physical detail contained in many of them. Six possible arguments in favor of objective vision are discussed. Two arguments in favor of normal seeing are presented: that the early church interpreted the “seeing” as normal vision, and that it is theologically significant that the “seeing” was normal. It underscores the reality of the incarnation, and places the church in a strong apologetic position.
Jerrold Levinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199206179
- eISBN:
- 9780191709982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206179.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This essay was written as a contribution to a symposium in honour of the distinguished aesthetician Richard Wollheim, and begins with a sympathetic summary of his highly influential account of ...
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This essay was written as a contribution to a symposium in honour of the distinguished aesthetician Richard Wollheim, and begins with a sympathetic summary of his highly influential account of depiction in terms of the successfully realized intention that viewers have a certain sort ofseeing-inexperience faced with a picture depicting a given subject. While agreeing with the basic thrust of Wollheim's account, which makes a certain sort of visual experience in appropriate viewers criterial of achieved depiction, it differs with Wollheim as to whether that experience is invariably one of seeing in, given the twofold attention to subject and surface that the notion, as Wollheim conceives it, necessarily involves. An alternative account is sketched, Wollheimian in spirit, but closer than most recent proposals to the classic Gombrichian view of depiction as involving something akin to illusion. It is proposed that a picture that depicts a subject is one fashioned so as to yield an experience ofas-if seeingof its subject, but not an experience that engenders the false beliefs typical of illusion.Less
This essay was written as a contribution to a symposium in honour of the distinguished aesthetician Richard Wollheim, and begins with a sympathetic summary of his highly influential account of depiction in terms of the successfully realized intention that viewers have a certain sort ofseeing-inexperience faced with a picture depicting a given subject. While agreeing with the basic thrust of Wollheim's account, which makes a certain sort of visual experience in appropriate viewers criterial of achieved depiction, it differs with Wollheim as to whether that experience is invariably one of seeing in, given the twofold attention to subject and surface that the notion, as Wollheim conceives it, necessarily involves. An alternative account is sketched, Wollheimian in spirit, but closer than most recent proposals to the classic Gombrichian view of depiction as involving something akin to illusion. It is proposed that a picture that depicts a subject is one fashioned so as to yield an experience ofas-if seeingof its subject, but not an experience that engenders the false beliefs typical of illusion.
Christopher Prendergast
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155203
- eISBN:
- 9781400846313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155203.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines a question, the most important of the skeptic's questions, not only in but for Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu: is poetic seeing also true seeing, and how can it ...
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This chapter examines a question, the most important of the skeptic's questions, not only in but for Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu: is poetic seeing also true seeing, and how can it be if poetic seeing is the seeing of a mirage? It analyzes Proust's use of comma in the sentence “those infrequent moments when we perceive nature as it is, poetically, were what Elstir's work was made of.” It also considers Proust's identification of Elstir's way of seeing as based on an “optical illusion” or a “mirage” and looks at signs of a mercurial and probing intelligence that are to be found almost everywhere at work in the Recherche. Finally, the chapter describes the sparring contest of intellect and impression that it argues runs deeper into a question of “truth.”Less
This chapter examines a question, the most important of the skeptic's questions, not only in but for Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu: is poetic seeing also true seeing, and how can it be if poetic seeing is the seeing of a mirage? It analyzes Proust's use of comma in the sentence “those infrequent moments when we perceive nature as it is, poetically, were what Elstir's work was made of.” It also considers Proust's identification of Elstir's way of seeing as based on an “optical illusion” or a “mirage” and looks at signs of a mercurial and probing intelligence that are to be found almost everywhere at work in the Recherche. Finally, the chapter describes the sparring contest of intellect and impression that it argues runs deeper into a question of “truth.”
Andy Rotman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366150
- eISBN:
- 9780199867882
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This book examines the ways that seeing is an integral part of Indian Buddhism, and how the practices of seeing described in Indian Buddhist narratives function as a kind of skeleton key for opening ...
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This book examines the ways that seeing is an integral part of Indian Buddhism, and how the practices of seeing described in Indian Buddhist narratives function as a kind of skeleton key for opening up Buddhist conceptualizations about the world and how it should be navigated. Much of what constitutes religious practice in these narratives is not reading, praying, or meditating, but visually engaging with certain kinds of objects. In trying to make sense of this connection between the religious and the visual, the book first focuses on the practices of śraddhā and prasāda—terms often, though problematically, translated as “faith.” The book analyzes how these mental states relate to practices of “seeing” (darśana) and “giving” (dāna), and what this configuration of seeing, believing, and giving can tell us about the power of images, the gift economy at the heart of Buddhist ethics, and the function of narratives in Buddhist India. The book also discusses strategies that these narratives provide for seeing the Buddha after he has passed into final nirvāṇa. By investigating the various ways of seeing and objects of sight that allow this to occur, the book considers various rationales for pilgrimage and the veneration of images, and what these may be able to tell us about early practices at Buddhist monuments and shrines.Less
This book examines the ways that seeing is an integral part of Indian Buddhism, and how the practices of seeing described in Indian Buddhist narratives function as a kind of skeleton key for opening up Buddhist conceptualizations about the world and how it should be navigated. Much of what constitutes religious practice in these narratives is not reading, praying, or meditating, but visually engaging with certain kinds of objects. In trying to make sense of this connection between the religious and the visual, the book first focuses on the practices of śraddhā and prasāda—terms often, though problematically, translated as “faith.” The book analyzes how these mental states relate to practices of “seeing” (darśana) and “giving” (dāna), and what this configuration of seeing, believing, and giving can tell us about the power of images, the gift economy at the heart of Buddhist ethics, and the function of narratives in Buddhist India. The book also discusses strategies that these narratives provide for seeing the Buddha after he has passed into final nirvāṇa. By investigating the various ways of seeing and objects of sight that allow this to occur, the book considers various rationales for pilgrimage and the veneration of images, and what these may be able to tell us about early practices at Buddhist monuments and shrines.
Michael Pasquier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372335
- eISBN:
- 9780199777273
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372335.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
French émigré priests fled the religious turmoil of the French Revolution after 1789 and found themselves leading a new wave of Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States. This book explores ...
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French émigré priests fled the religious turmoil of the French Revolution after 1789 and found themselves leading a new wave of Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States. This book explores the diverse ways that French missionary priests guided the development of the early American church in Maryland, Kentucky, Louisiana, and other pockets of Catholic settlement throughout much of the trans-Appalachian West. This relatively small group of priests introduced Gallican, ultramontane, and missionary principles to a nascent institutional church in the United States. At the same time, they struggled to reconcile their romantic expectations of missionary life with their actual experiences as servants of a foreign church scattered across a frontier region with limited access to friends and family members still in France. As they became more accustomed to the lifeways of the American South and the West, French missionaries expressed anxiety about apparent discrepancies between how they were taught to practice the priesthood in French seminaries and what the Holy See expected them to achieve as representatives of a universal missionary church. As churchmen bridging the formal ecclesiastical standards of the church with the informal experiences of missionaries in American culture, this book evaluates the private lives of priests—the minimally scripted thoughts, emotions, and actions of strange men trying to make a home among strangers in a strange land—and treats the priesthood as a multicultural, transnational institution that does not fit neatly into national, progressive narratives of American Catholicism.Less
French émigré priests fled the religious turmoil of the French Revolution after 1789 and found themselves leading a new wave of Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States. This book explores the diverse ways that French missionary priests guided the development of the early American church in Maryland, Kentucky, Louisiana, and other pockets of Catholic settlement throughout much of the trans-Appalachian West. This relatively small group of priests introduced Gallican, ultramontane, and missionary principles to a nascent institutional church in the United States. At the same time, they struggled to reconcile their romantic expectations of missionary life with their actual experiences as servants of a foreign church scattered across a frontier region with limited access to friends and family members still in France. As they became more accustomed to the lifeways of the American South and the West, French missionaries expressed anxiety about apparent discrepancies between how they were taught to practice the priesthood in French seminaries and what the Holy See expected them to achieve as representatives of a universal missionary church. As churchmen bridging the formal ecclesiastical standards of the church with the informal experiences of missionaries in American culture, this book evaluates the private lives of priests—the minimally scripted thoughts, emotions, and actions of strange men trying to make a home among strangers in a strange land—and treats the priesthood as a multicultural, transnational institution that does not fit neatly into national, progressive narratives of American Catholicism.
Garry L. Hagberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234226
- eISBN:
- 9780191715440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234226.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter discusses the misleading picture of the inferential perception of persons. It also discusses the connection to the other-minds problem, Goethe on the perception of expressive gestures ...
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This chapter discusses the misleading picture of the inferential perception of persons. It also discusses the connection to the other-minds problem, Goethe on the perception of expressive gestures and characteristics in art and sculpture (the Laocoon group, Leonardo's Last Supper, a Rembrandt etching), the particularly interesting case of acting, Iris Murdoch and ‘the unfrozen past’, aspect-perception and self-interpretation, and the notion of creative self-description. The chapter finishes on seeing the past in a new light.Less
This chapter discusses the misleading picture of the inferential perception of persons. It also discusses the connection to the other-minds problem, Goethe on the perception of expressive gestures and characteristics in art and sculpture (the Laocoon group, Leonardo's Last Supper, a Rembrandt etching), the particularly interesting case of acting, Iris Murdoch and ‘the unfrozen past’, aspect-perception and self-interpretation, and the notion of creative self-description. The chapter finishes on seeing the past in a new light.
Andy Rotman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366150
- eISBN:
- 9780199867882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366150.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Part I focuses on the practice of śraddhā, the causes and conditions that lead to its arising and the subsequent behavior that its arising entails. This analysis begins, in chapter 1, with an ...
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Part I focuses on the practice of śraddhā, the causes and conditions that lead to its arising and the subsequent behavior that its arising entails. This analysis begins, in chapter 1, with an analysis of the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna, focusing on the close connection between śraddhā and seeing. Seeing and śraddhā are intertwined, and the discourse of the latter necessitates an understanding of the role of the former for moral action. Within this matrix, seeing is believing, seers are authorities, seeing is authoritative, and believing is seeing.Less
Part I focuses on the practice of śraddhā, the causes and conditions that lead to its arising and the subsequent behavior that its arising entails. This analysis begins, in chapter 1, with an analysis of the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna, focusing on the close connection between śraddhā and seeing. Seeing and śraddhā are intertwined, and the discourse of the latter necessitates an understanding of the role of the former for moral action. Within this matrix, seeing is believing, seers are authorities, seeing is authoritative, and believing is seeing.
Andy Rotman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366150
- eISBN:
- 9780199867882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366150.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 2 explores the contrast between śraddhā and bhakti. While bhakti is portrayed in the Divyāvadāna as a false confidence in divine forces, śraddhā is represented as a mental state that arises ...
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Chapter 2 explores the contrast between śraddhā and bhakti. While bhakti is portrayed in the Divyāvadāna as a false confidence in divine forces, śraddhā is represented as a mental state that arises with regard to trustworthy individuals and with regard to certain “indirect objects” whose truth is professed by those trustworthy individuals. The practice of śraddhā begins with a visual confirmation of the truth of certain objects and phenomena, and it culminates in the making of offerings. This connection between seeing and giving, with śraddhā as the mediator, results in an epistemological and ethical formulation that engages the problem of karmic materialism. The chapter then discusses the idea of a gold standard of the karmic system, a method of conversion between merit and money, and what it means for the Buddhist believer.Less
Chapter 2 explores the contrast between śraddhā and bhakti. While bhakti is portrayed in the Divyāvadāna as a false confidence in divine forces, śraddhā is represented as a mental state that arises with regard to trustworthy individuals and with regard to certain “indirect objects” whose truth is professed by those trustworthy individuals. The practice of śraddhā begins with a visual confirmation of the truth of certain objects and phenomena, and it culminates in the making of offerings. This connection between seeing and giving, with śraddhā as the mediator, results in an epistemological and ethical formulation that engages the problem of karmic materialism. The chapter then discusses the idea of a gold standard of the karmic system, a method of conversion between merit and money, and what it means for the Buddhist believer.
Andy Rotman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195366150
- eISBN:
- 9780199867882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366150.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Chapter 7 returns to the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna and considers what monastics say about seeing the Buddha and what they do when confronted with the opportunity. The chapter then focuses on two accounts ...
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Chapter 7 returns to the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna and considers what monastics say about seeing the Buddha and what they do when confronted with the opportunity. The chapter then focuses on two accounts from the Aśoka cycle of stories that address the problem of how to see the Buddha’s physical body after he has passed into final nirvāṇa. The first concerns King Aśoka and the logistics of pilgrimage, and the second involves Upagupta and the veneration of images.Less
Chapter 7 returns to the Koṭikarṇa-avadāna and considers what monastics say about seeing the Buddha and what they do when confronted with the opportunity. The chapter then focuses on two accounts from the Aśoka cycle of stories that address the problem of how to see the Buddha’s physical body after he has passed into final nirvāṇa. The first concerns King Aśoka and the logistics of pilgrimage, and the second involves Upagupta and the veneration of images.
Michael Pasquier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372335
- eISBN:
- 9780199777273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372335.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic ...
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This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic laities, and the institutional development of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is an explanation of why French missionary priests sometimes traded their Gallican predispositions toward episcopal autonomy and collegiality for ultramontane notions of ecclesiastical stability and papal primacy. It was in their practical experiences in the United States that French missionary priests demonstrated just how hard they tried to execute the directives of the Holy See, but also how they were willing to bend the rigors of ultramontane thinking to make sense of local circumstances in American missions.Less
This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic laities, and the institutional development of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is an explanation of why French missionary priests sometimes traded their Gallican predispositions toward episcopal autonomy and collegiality for ultramontane notions of ecclesiastical stability and papal primacy. It was in their practical experiences in the United States that French missionary priests demonstrated just how hard they tried to execute the directives of the Holy See, but also how they were willing to bend the rigors of ultramontane thinking to make sense of local circumstances in American missions.
Scott P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195301151
- eISBN:
- 9780199894246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301151.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the illustrates four key steps that the visual system follows in perceiving objects: (1) segmentation of the visual scene into its components, components that ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the illustrates four key steps that the visual system follows in perceiving objects: (1) segmentation of the visual scene into its components, components that are discriminable by virtue of differences in color, luminance, texture, distance, shape, orientation, and motion; (2) assembly of the components derived from Step 1 into units; (3) perception of the units as continuous across space and time; and (4) deduction of the three-dimensional shape of the assembled units from limited views. The chapter presents data that bear principally on development of the second and third aspects of object perception: assembling visual fragments into units, and perceiving continuity across space and time. It posits a strong role for learning in achieving veridical object perception in the first several postnatal months: infants learn by doing (i.e., via development of eye movements) and infants learn by seeing (i.e., via exposure to objects in the environment).Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the illustrates four key steps that the visual system follows in perceiving objects: (1) segmentation of the visual scene into its components, components that are discriminable by virtue of differences in color, luminance, texture, distance, shape, orientation, and motion; (2) assembly of the components derived from Step 1 into units; (3) perception of the units as continuous across space and time; and (4) deduction of the three-dimensional shape of the assembled units from limited views. The chapter presents data that bear principally on development of the second and third aspects of object perception: assembling visual fragments into units, and perceiving continuity across space and time. It posits a strong role for learning in achieving veridical object perception in the first several postnatal months: infants learn by doing (i.e., via development of eye movements) and infants learn by seeing (i.e., via exposure to objects in the environment).
Nikolas Gisborne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577798
- eISBN:
- 9780191722417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577798.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is a discussion of the polysemy of see, which is concerned with two main questions: how to model polysemy in a default inheritance based theory; and how fine‐grained an analysis of ...
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This chapter is a discussion of the polysemy of see, which is concerned with two main questions: how to model polysemy in a default inheritance based theory; and how fine‐grained an analysis of polysemy needs to be in order to understand the differences between examples such as we saw him cross the road and we saw that he was crossing the road. The analysis presents a subtle and detailed account of the polysemy of see, and argues for a model which relies on a theoretical innovation, the sublexeme. The sublexeme allows the model to keep information about a verb's sense and about its argument linking properties tightly bound together.Less
This chapter is a discussion of the polysemy of see, which is concerned with two main questions: how to model polysemy in a default inheritance based theory; and how fine‐grained an analysis of polysemy needs to be in order to understand the differences between examples such as we saw him cross the road and we saw that he was crossing the road. The analysis presents a subtle and detailed account of the polysemy of see, and argues for a model which relies on a theoretical innovation, the sublexeme. The sublexeme allows the model to keep information about a verb's sense and about its argument linking properties tightly bound together.
Alan K. Bowman and Roger S. O. Tomlin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. ...
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The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. This chapter talks about the struggle to read and interpret Latin manuscripts from Roman Britain. These manuscripts come mainly in three forms: texts written in ink on thin wooden leaves, texts inscribed with metal stylus on wax-coated wooden stilus tablets, and texts incised on sheets of lead. This chapter focuses on the problems of imaging and signalling process of the texts found on the Vindolanda stilus tablets. These problems in interpreting ancient texts arise from the two identifiable sources of difficulty. The first one is the problem of seeing and identifying, in abraded and damaged documents what is aimed to be read. The second is the problem arising from the character of the text itself which determines the ability of the reader to decipher and interpret it.Less
The imaging of ancient document papers presents several challenges, the nature of which is determined by the character of the text, the material on which it is written and the state of preservation. This chapter talks about the struggle to read and interpret Latin manuscripts from Roman Britain. These manuscripts come mainly in three forms: texts written in ink on thin wooden leaves, texts inscribed with metal stylus on wax-coated wooden stilus tablets, and texts incised on sheets of lead. This chapter focuses on the problems of imaging and signalling process of the texts found on the Vindolanda stilus tablets. These problems in interpreting ancient texts arise from the two identifiable sources of difficulty. The first one is the problem of seeing and identifying, in abraded and damaged documents what is aimed to be read. The second is the problem arising from the character of the text itself which determines the ability of the reader to decipher and interpret it.
Katerina Bantinaki
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199585960
- eISBN:
- 9780191723490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585960.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind
The aim in this chapter is to provide an intelligible conception of the notion of twofoldness that Richard Wollheim has used in his account of seeing‐in in order to describe the phenomenological ...
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The aim in this chapter is to provide an intelligible conception of the notion of twofoldness that Richard Wollheim has used in his account of seeing‐in in order to describe the phenomenological character of pictorial seeing or pictorial experience. To this end, it draws on Aristotle's doctrine of the unity of matter and form in compound substances as this is expounded mainly in his Metaphysics. It then explains how Aristotle's account of this unity may give us a way to think of the complex content of a twofold act of pictorial perception, in a way that allows us to account for properties that Wollheim attributed to pictorial experience, and further, to resolve objections raised to the idea that pictorial seeing is twofold.Less
The aim in this chapter is to provide an intelligible conception of the notion of twofoldness that Richard Wollheim has used in his account of seeing‐in in order to describe the phenomenological character of pictorial seeing or pictorial experience. To this end, it draws on Aristotle's doctrine of the unity of matter and form in compound substances as this is expounded mainly in his Metaphysics. It then explains how Aristotle's account of this unity may give us a way to think of the complex content of a twofold act of pictorial perception, in a way that allows us to account for properties that Wollheim attributed to pictorial experience, and further, to resolve objections raised to the idea that pictorial seeing is twofold.
John H. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199585960
- eISBN:
- 9780191723490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585960.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, Philosophy of Mind
Everyone recognizes that viewers can see things in art‐grade pictures other than their proper, pictorial subjects. Theories of depiction devise criteria by which ‘correct’ interpretation of pictures ...
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Everyone recognizes that viewers can see things in art‐grade pictures other than their proper, pictorial subjects. Theories of depiction devise criteria by which ‘correct’ interpretation of pictures sidelines these deviant ‘things’ in favour of the true subject. This chapter looks at such phenomena from a positive angle. First, the ubiquity of openings for justified ‘separation seeing‐in’, as it is called here, is set forth. Two sources are distinguished: (1) the manner in which the pictorial design is executed; (2) the reduction of dimensions from subject to surface design. Attention then shifts to the contribution of separation seeing‐in to pictorial experience. It is argued that any adequate viewing of an art‐grade picture involves recognition of one (or more) ‘separation subjects’ and that giving due attention to that provides fuller access to the content of the picture. In consequence, the latter turns out to be a good deal stranger than is commonly imagined.Less
Everyone recognizes that viewers can see things in art‐grade pictures other than their proper, pictorial subjects. Theories of depiction devise criteria by which ‘correct’ interpretation of pictures sidelines these deviant ‘things’ in favour of the true subject. This chapter looks at such phenomena from a positive angle. First, the ubiquity of openings for justified ‘separation seeing‐in’, as it is called here, is set forth. Two sources are distinguished: (1) the manner in which the pictorial design is executed; (2) the reduction of dimensions from subject to surface design. Attention then shifts to the contribution of separation seeing‐in to pictorial experience. It is argued that any adequate viewing of an art‐grade picture involves recognition of one (or more) ‘separation subjects’ and that giving due attention to that provides fuller access to the content of the picture. In consequence, the latter turns out to be a good deal stranger than is commonly imagined.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Hearing and seeing is the abstraction of the structured sensory energy that signifies objects out of the ongoing flux. For both, all sensations are understood to belong to objects and are understood ...
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Hearing and seeing is the abstraction of the structured sensory energy that signifies objects out of the ongoing flux. For both, all sensations are understood to belong to objects and are understood with respect to the properties of objects. However, there is always inherent uncertainty about the multiple stimulus properties that define objects due to sensory limitations, memory limitations, or even environmental obstacles. Sensory limitations force us to view the world through a narrow aperture one part at a time, and at the same time limit our ability to resolve different sensory properties. Memory limitations restrict our ability to find correspondences between sensory information at different spatial positions and times. To maximize performance, all sensory systems encode energy at multiple resolutions to make use of several spatial and temporal scales simultaneously.Less
Hearing and seeing is the abstraction of the structured sensory energy that signifies objects out of the ongoing flux. For both, all sensations are understood to belong to objects and are understood with respect to the properties of objects. However, there is always inherent uncertainty about the multiple stimulus properties that define objects due to sensory limitations, memory limitations, or even environmental obstacles. Sensory limitations force us to view the world through a narrow aperture one part at a time, and at the same time limit our ability to resolve different sensory properties. Memory limitations restrict our ability to find correspondences between sensory information at different spatial positions and times. To maximize performance, all sensory systems encode energy at multiple resolutions to make use of several spatial and temporal scales simultaneously.
H. E. J. COWDREY
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259601
- eISBN:
- 9780191717406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259601.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical background to Lanfranc's becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. In a letter probably of early 1073, Lanfranc testified to his long and stubborn resistance in ...
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This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical background to Lanfranc's becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. In a letter probably of early 1073, Lanfranc testified to his long and stubborn resistance in 1070 to accepting the promotion. Two persons were mainly instrumental in overcoming his resistance. The first was Herluin, his sometime abbot at Bec, to whom he acknowledged a lasting obedience; King William used him to assist in persuading Lanfranc. Lanfranc provides evidence that a probably still greater part in overcoming his resistance was played by Pope Alexander II. The chapter also looks at two matters that illustrate Lanfranc's approach and actions: the career and character of his predecessor at Canterbury, Archbishop Stigand; and the standpoint taken with regard to the English church by the apostolic see under Pope Alexander II.Less
This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical background to Lanfranc's becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. In a letter probably of early 1073, Lanfranc testified to his long and stubborn resistance in 1070 to accepting the promotion. Two persons were mainly instrumental in overcoming his resistance. The first was Herluin, his sometime abbot at Bec, to whom he acknowledged a lasting obedience; King William used him to assist in persuading Lanfranc. Lanfranc provides evidence that a probably still greater part in overcoming his resistance was played by Pope Alexander II. The chapter also looks at two matters that illustrate Lanfranc's approach and actions: the career and character of his predecessor at Canterbury, Archbishop Stigand; and the standpoint taken with regard to the English church by the apostolic see under Pope Alexander II.
