Paul Williams
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199265206
- eISBN:
- 9780191601866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199265208.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The author submits that the English School of International Relations could usefully engage in a dialogue with the literature emerging under the umbrella label of Critical Security Studies (CSS), ...
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The author submits that the English School of International Relations could usefully engage in a dialogue with the literature emerging under the umbrella label of Critical Security Studies (CSS), suggesting that the security of individuals should be incorporated into the understanding of international society. He begins by providing a brief description of CSS, identifying it as a deeper (in that it recognizes that security is derived from societal assumptions about the nature of politics), broader (in that it recognizes that security extends beyond the threat and use of military force), and more focused (on emancipation) approach to understanding security. He then frames his discussion of CSS and the English School around four central questions: the first asks what is security, the second asks whose security should be prioritized, and the third asks what counts as a security issue. The approaches of the English School of International Relations offer a restricted response to all three of these questions, and CSS also challenges the School's belief in the central value of international order by insisting that in the long run human emancipation may involve the removal of international order as the primary value. Finally, the author asks who or what can provide security – what is to be done to promote an emancipatory politics of security in the contemporary era.Less
The author submits that the English School of International Relations could usefully engage in a dialogue with the literature emerging under the umbrella label of Critical Security Studies (CSS), suggesting that the security of individuals should be incorporated into the understanding of international society. He begins by providing a brief description of CSS, identifying it as a deeper (in that it recognizes that security is derived from societal assumptions about the nature of politics), broader (in that it recognizes that security extends beyond the threat and use of military force), and more focused (on emancipation) approach to understanding security. He then frames his discussion of CSS and the English School around four central questions: the first asks what is security, the second asks whose security should be prioritized, and the third asks what counts as a security issue. The approaches of the English School of International Relations offer a restricted response to all three of these questions, and CSS also challenges the School's belief in the central value of international order by insisting that in the long run human emancipation may involve the removal of international order as the primary value. Finally, the author asks who or what can provide security – what is to be done to promote an emancipatory politics of security in the contemporary era.
Philip N. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736416
- eISBN:
- 9780199866441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736416.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Democratization
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten ...
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Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten internet users is a Muslim living in a populous Muslim community. In these countries, young people are developing their political identities—including a transnational Muslim identity—online. In countries where political parties are illegal, the internet is the only infrastructure for democratic discourse. In others, digital technologies such as mobile phones and the internet have given key actors an information infrastructure that is independent of the state. And in countries with large Muslim communities, mobile phones and the internet are helping civil society build systems of political communication independent of the state and beyond easy manipulation by cultural or religious elites. This book looks at the role that communications technologies play in advancing democratic transitions in Muslim countries. As such, its central question is whether technology holds the potential to substantially enhance democracy. Certainly, no democratic transition has occurred solely because of the internet. But, as the book argues, no democratic transition can occur today without the internet. According to this book, the major (and perhaps only meaningful) forum for civic debate in most Muslim countries today is online. Activists both within diasporic communities and within authoritarian states—including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—are the drivers of this debate, which centers around issues such as the interpretation of Islamic texts, gender roles, and security issues. Drawing upon material from interviews with telecommunications policy makers and activists in Azerbaijan, Egypt, Tajikistan, and Tanzania and a comparative study of seventy-four countries with large Muslim populations, this book demonstrates that these forums have been the means to organize activist movements that have lead to successful democratic insurgencies.Less
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten internet users is a Muslim living in a populous Muslim community. In these countries, young people are developing their political identities—including a transnational Muslim identity—online. In countries where political parties are illegal, the internet is the only infrastructure for democratic discourse. In others, digital technologies such as mobile phones and the internet have given key actors an information infrastructure that is independent of the state. And in countries with large Muslim communities, mobile phones and the internet are helping civil society build systems of political communication independent of the state and beyond easy manipulation by cultural or religious elites. This book looks at the role that communications technologies play in advancing democratic transitions in Muslim countries. As such, its central question is whether technology holds the potential to substantially enhance democracy. Certainly, no democratic transition has occurred solely because of the internet. But, as the book argues, no democratic transition can occur today without the internet. According to this book, the major (and perhaps only meaningful) forum for civic debate in most Muslim countries today is online. Activists both within diasporic communities and within authoritarian states—including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—are the drivers of this debate, which centers around issues such as the interpretation of Islamic texts, gender roles, and security issues. Drawing upon material from interviews with telecommunications policy makers and activists in Azerbaijan, Egypt, Tajikistan, and Tanzania and a comparative study of seventy-four countries with large Muslim populations, this book demonstrates that these forums have been the means to organize activist movements that have lead to successful democratic insurgencies.
Jae-Jung Suh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824837396
- eISBN:
- 9780824871154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824837396.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This introductory chapter presents the national security concerns regarding the North Korea’s Korean People’s Army. The army remains one of the most serious threats to the peace and security of the ...
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This introductory chapter presents the national security concerns regarding the North Korea’s Korean People’s Army. The army remains one of the most serious threats to the peace and security of the neighboring countries since its Special Forces are deemed especially capable of wreaking havoc on South Korea’s defense. Hence, movements of tanks, airplanes, and ships are scrutinized for any clues to the military’s tactics, strategy, or objectives. Though these issues matter a great deal to outsiders who can potentially suffer disastrous consequences, there is a host of non-traditional security (NTS) issues that have more immediate and graver impacts on the people in North Korea. Supplies of cooking fuel and foodstuffs, for example, are more pressing and more immediate issues for most in the North than weapons of mass destruction.Less
This introductory chapter presents the national security concerns regarding the North Korea’s Korean People’s Army. The army remains one of the most serious threats to the peace and security of the neighboring countries since its Special Forces are deemed especially capable of wreaking havoc on South Korea’s defense. Hence, movements of tanks, airplanes, and ships are scrutinized for any clues to the military’s tactics, strategy, or objectives. Though these issues matter a great deal to outsiders who can potentially suffer disastrous consequences, there is a host of non-traditional security (NTS) issues that have more immediate and graver impacts on the people in North Korea. Supplies of cooking fuel and foodstuffs, for example, are more pressing and more immediate issues for most in the North than weapons of mass destruction.
Srividhya Ragavan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199840670
- eISBN:
- 9780199949786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199840670.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter considers the elements of plant breeding in relation to the debate on plant variety production. It considers the second biggest barrier to agricultural trade, which is caused when poor ...
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This chapter considers the elements of plant breeding in relation to the debate on plant variety production. It considers the second biggest barrier to agricultural trade, which is caused when poor nations fail to protect plant breeding innovations. It then looks at the process of plant breeding and identifies the advantages of hybrids. This chapter also examines the historical context of the debate on plant breeding, the model of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act of 2004. The adoption by the Indian government of the model of confining plant breeding to the public sector to address food security issues is also discussed.Less
This chapter considers the elements of plant breeding in relation to the debate on plant variety production. It considers the second biggest barrier to agricultural trade, which is caused when poor nations fail to protect plant breeding innovations. It then looks at the process of plant breeding and identifies the advantages of hybrids. This chapter also examines the historical context of the debate on plant breeding, the model of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), and the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act of 2004. The adoption by the Indian government of the model of confining plant breeding to the public sector to address food security issues is also discussed.
Laura J. Heideman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814770207
- eISBN:
- 9780814770139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814770207.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter argues, in the context of postwar Croatia, that human security issues are of central concern and should not be treated as secondary to state security. Moreover, the causes of state ...
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This chapter argues, in the context of postwar Croatia, that human security issues are of central concern and should not be treated as secondary to state security. Moreover, the causes of state insecurity and human insecurity are similar, necessitating solutions that are intertwined. From the Greek Civil War in the 1940s to the more recent conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, research has shown that local ruptures were more important than national ones. Thus, addressing human security concerns is not just a dividend of peace. It is indispensable to postconflict reconstruction and preventing the recurrence of conflict. It also puts people's welfare at the center of the agenda, along with their priorities and needs.Less
This chapter argues, in the context of postwar Croatia, that human security issues are of central concern and should not be treated as secondary to state security. Moreover, the causes of state insecurity and human insecurity are similar, necessitating solutions that are intertwined. From the Greek Civil War in the 1940s to the more recent conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, research has shown that local ruptures were more important than national ones. Thus, addressing human security concerns is not just a dividend of peace. It is indispensable to postconflict reconstruction and preventing the recurrence of conflict. It also puts people's welfare at the center of the agenda, along with their priorities and needs.
Kerry Longhurst
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067082
- eISBN:
- 9781781700570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067082.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter addresses the issues and debates that were presented in the previous chapters and studies them in relation to the three main questions posed in the Introduction. The first question is on ...
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This chapter addresses the issues and debates that were presented in the previous chapters and studies them in relation to the three main questions posed in the Introduction. The first question is on identification, the second question is on change, and the third question is about behaviour. This chapter concludes that while Germany's strategic culture has not changed since its creation after the Second World War, a more self-assured Germany, in terms of security issues, seems to be emerging.Less
This chapter addresses the issues and debates that were presented in the previous chapters and studies them in relation to the three main questions posed in the Introduction. The first question is on identification, the second question is on change, and the third question is about behaviour. This chapter concludes that while Germany's strategic culture has not changed since its creation after the Second World War, a more self-assured Germany, in terms of security issues, seems to be emerging.
Ben Bowling
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199577699
- eISBN:
- 9780191702259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577699.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter states that the crusade against crime — illegal drug trafficking in particular — has put the Caribbean settlers'lives in peril. In addition, the context of security has brooded an even ...
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This chapter states that the crusade against crime — illegal drug trafficking in particular — has put the Caribbean settlers'lives in peril. In addition, the context of security has brooded an even greater sense of depression that the people of the region have had to face. This chapter also discusses the idea that security issues and threats will always coincide with the further advancement of globalization. The chapter also focuses on various organizations that take part in international security affairs. The chapter points out that the possibility of having a transnational policing government can only be accomplished by attaining a more cosmopolitan approach regarding the definition of police responsibilities. This chapter also stresses that peace and order is something that needs careful planning — something that cannot be achieved over a short period of time. The chapter also includes a list of interviewees as well as on-point details for policing the region.Less
This chapter states that the crusade against crime — illegal drug trafficking in particular — has put the Caribbean settlers'lives in peril. In addition, the context of security has brooded an even greater sense of depression that the people of the region have had to face. This chapter also discusses the idea that security issues and threats will always coincide with the further advancement of globalization. The chapter also focuses on various organizations that take part in international security affairs. The chapter points out that the possibility of having a transnational policing government can only be accomplished by attaining a more cosmopolitan approach regarding the definition of police responsibilities. This chapter also stresses that peace and order is something that needs careful planning — something that cannot be achieved over a short period of time. The chapter also includes a list of interviewees as well as on-point details for policing the region.
Kristin Bumiller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814770207
- eISBN:
- 9780814770139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814770207.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter highlights the intersectional impacts of feminist attention to violence against women. Many of the hallmarks of the American approach to addressing rape and domestic violence lack ...
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This chapter highlights the intersectional impacts of feminist attention to violence against women. Many of the hallmarks of the American approach to addressing rape and domestic violence lack efficacy as well as presenting significant threats to women's autonomy. The problems arising from these approaches are closely tied to the way feminists conceived of the problem and to the state's responsibility in addressing it. Thus, the complex development of strategies to combat violence against women in the United States provides an example of the hazards of too much reliance upon the state to address human security issues. Indeed, a historical analysis of policy responses to sexual violence in the United States shows how state-based strategies initiated by feminists inadvertently contributed to criminalizing a large section of American men who disproportionately represent ethnic minorities and immigrant groups.Less
This chapter highlights the intersectional impacts of feminist attention to violence against women. Many of the hallmarks of the American approach to addressing rape and domestic violence lack efficacy as well as presenting significant threats to women's autonomy. The problems arising from these approaches are closely tied to the way feminists conceived of the problem and to the state's responsibility in addressing it. Thus, the complex development of strategies to combat violence against women in the United States provides an example of the hazards of too much reliance upon the state to address human security issues. Indeed, a historical analysis of policy responses to sexual violence in the United States shows how state-based strategies initiated by feminists inadvertently contributed to criminalizing a large section of American men who disproportionately represent ethnic minorities and immigrant groups.
Jan Beek, Mirco Göpfert, Olly Owen, and Johnny Steinberg (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190676636
- eISBN:
- 9780190872625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190676636.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Organizations
State police forces in Africa are a curiously neglected subject of study, even within the framework of security issues and African states. This book brings together criminologists, anthropologists, ...
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State police forces in Africa are a curiously neglected subject of study, even within the framework of security issues and African states. This book brings together criminologists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, political scientists and others who have engaged with police forces across the continent and the publics with whom they interact to provide street-level perspectives from below and inside Africa’s police forces. The contributors consider historical trajectories and particular configurations of police power within wider political systems, then examine the ‘inside view’ of police forces as state institutions – the challenges, preoccupations, professional ethics and self-perceptions of police officers – and finally look at how African police officers go about their work in terms of everyday practices and engagements with the public.The studies span the continent, from South Africa to Sierra Leone, and illustrate similarities and differences in Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone states, post-socialist, post-military and post-conflict contexts, and amid both centralizsation and devolution of policing powers, democratic transitions and new illiberal regimes, all the while keeping a strong ethnographic focus on police officers and their work.Less
State police forces in Africa are a curiously neglected subject of study, even within the framework of security issues and African states. This book brings together criminologists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, political scientists and others who have engaged with police forces across the continent and the publics with whom they interact to provide street-level perspectives from below and inside Africa’s police forces. The contributors consider historical trajectories and particular configurations of police power within wider political systems, then examine the ‘inside view’ of police forces as state institutions – the challenges, preoccupations, professional ethics and self-perceptions of police officers – and finally look at how African police officers go about their work in terms of everyday practices and engagements with the public.The studies span the continent, from South Africa to Sierra Leone, and illustrate similarities and differences in Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone states, post-socialist, post-military and post-conflict contexts, and amid both centralizsation and devolution of policing powers, democratic transitions and new illiberal regimes, all the while keeping a strong ethnographic focus on police officers and their work.
