Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The first chapter sets the scene by placing the analysis within the framework of debates about developments in the transatlantic security community in the post-9/11 world. It explains this book's ...
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The first chapter sets the scene by placing the analysis within the framework of debates about developments in the transatlantic security community in the post-9/11 world. It explains this book's focus on the EU, NATO, and the OSCE, and discusses the methods and data used in this study. Following an analysis of changes in the field of security since the end of the Cold War — and, as a prelude to the empirical chapters, a brief discussion of the evolving roles of the EU, NATO, and the OSCE — this chapter explains the conceptual framework used in this book. Drawing on analyses of risk-management developed in the disciplines of sociology, criminology, and political science, it argues that contemporary practices aimed at preventing and fighting terrorism can be understood as instantiations of a particular form of management of allegedly exceptional risks to modern liberal order.Less
The first chapter sets the scene by placing the analysis within the framework of debates about developments in the transatlantic security community in the post-9/11 world. It explains this book's focus on the EU, NATO, and the OSCE, and discusses the methods and data used in this study. Following an analysis of changes in the field of security since the end of the Cold War — and, as a prelude to the empirical chapters, a brief discussion of the evolving roles of the EU, NATO, and the OSCE — this chapter explains the conceptual framework used in this book. Drawing on analyses of risk-management developed in the disciplines of sociology, criminology, and political science, it argues that contemporary practices aimed at preventing and fighting terrorism can be understood as instantiations of a particular form of management of allegedly exceptional risks to modern liberal order.
Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The final chapter explores the ways in which the EU, NATO, and the OSCE have related to each other in their (theoretically joint) effort to prevent and combat international terrorism. Drawing on the ...
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The final chapter explores the ways in which the EU, NATO, and the OSCE have related to each other in their (theoretically joint) effort to prevent and combat international terrorism. Drawing on the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, it argues that important instances of cooperation among NATO, the EU, and the OSCE have been accompanied by a dynamic of competition, as each institution has sought to secure a privileged position in the changing field of security by invoking and seeking to further enhance its symbolic and material capital. This chapter also reflects on the ways in which the activities carried out by the EU, NATO, and the OSCE have further contributed to transformations in the field of security and, more broadly, to changes in norms of governance in the Euro-Atlantic area, for instance by participating in the process of blurring the boundaries between policing/defence activities, public/private spheres, and (re)constituting categories of protector/protected. Through their practices, NATO, the EU, and the OSCE have also complicated questions about the acceptable limits of exceptional treatments of exclusion that target individuals and groups deemed as enemies of the community based on liberal-democratic values.Less
The final chapter explores the ways in which the EU, NATO, and the OSCE have related to each other in their (theoretically joint) effort to prevent and combat international terrorism. Drawing on the work of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, it argues that important instances of cooperation among NATO, the EU, and the OSCE have been accompanied by a dynamic of competition, as each institution has sought to secure a privileged position in the changing field of security by invoking and seeking to further enhance its symbolic and material capital. This chapter also reflects on the ways in which the activities carried out by the EU, NATO, and the OSCE have further contributed to transformations in the field of security and, more broadly, to changes in norms of governance in the Euro-Atlantic area, for instance by participating in the process of blurring the boundaries between policing/defence activities, public/private spheres, and (re)constituting categories of protector/protected. Through their practices, NATO, the EU, and the OSCE have also complicated questions about the acceptable limits of exceptional treatments of exclusion that target individuals and groups deemed as enemies of the community based on liberal-democratic values.
Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines some of the key OSCE initiatives adopted in the name of combating international terrorism, showing how the organization has sought to cast itself as a relevant, in some ways, ...
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This chapter examines some of the key OSCE initiatives adopted in the name of combating international terrorism, showing how the organization has sought to cast itself as a relevant, in some ways, uniquely competent security institution in the context of the fight against international terrorism. In particular, the OSCE has repeatedly invoked and sought to reinforce the inclusive security logic that it embodies. This chapter examines the dynamics — and limits — of some of the main practices enacted by the organization in the name of preventing and combating terrorism. It suggests that, for all its claims to the contrary, one of the key problems currently faced by the OSCE is that its ability to act as a security community-builder via the dissemination of norms of liberal-democratic governance has been significantly weakened in recent years. Simultaneously, the organization seems to have developed a greater capacity to carry out practices aimed at excluding from the OSCE territory individuals/groups suspected of involvement in terrorism. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the normative and political problems generated by this apparent change in the mix of inclusive and exclusionary security practices enacted by the OSCE.Less
This chapter examines some of the key OSCE initiatives adopted in the name of combating international terrorism, showing how the organization has sought to cast itself as a relevant, in some ways, uniquely competent security institution in the context of the fight against international terrorism. In particular, the OSCE has repeatedly invoked and sought to reinforce the inclusive security logic that it embodies. This chapter examines the dynamics — and limits — of some of the main practices enacted by the organization in the name of preventing and combating terrorism. It suggests that, for all its claims to the contrary, one of the key problems currently faced by the OSCE is that its ability to act as a security community-builder via the dissemination of norms of liberal-democratic governance has been significantly weakened in recent years. Simultaneously, the organization seems to have developed a greater capacity to carry out practices aimed at excluding from the OSCE territory individuals/groups suspected of involvement in terrorism. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the normative and political problems generated by this apparent change in the mix of inclusive and exclusionary security practices enacted by the OSCE.
Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
It has become almost a cliché in many Euro-Atlantic political and academic circles to argue that the transatlantic security community that defines itself around liberal-democratic values is facing a ...
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It has become almost a cliché in many Euro-Atlantic political and academic circles to argue that the transatlantic security community that defines itself around liberal-democratic values is facing a particularly dangerous set of challenges and must find ways to adapt to an environment marked by the growing power of unconventional enemies, particularly transnationally organized terrorist groups. But the question is, what has this meant in practice? What are the dynamics and implications of the security policies and practices aimed at addressing the (allegedly) new threat of international terrorism? This book examines the practices enacted by three key institutions of the transatlantic security community — the EU, NATO, and the OSCE — in the name of combating international terrorism, and analyses the ways in which those practices have both been affected by and contributed to changes in the field of security. This book argues that contemporary attempts to respond to the perceived threat of international terrorism reflect a particular ethos of risk-management and involve a combination of two different — an inclusive and an exclusionary — logics of security. This book examines the interplay between the two logics and analyses their implications, including the ways in which they have contributed to processes of reconstitution of boundaries and norms of governance in the security community. In developing this analysis, this book also explores some of the normative and political dilemmas generated by contemporary patterns of inclusion/exclusion. On this basis, it seeks to make a significant contribution to the study of security practices and international governance in the post-9/11 world.Less
It has become almost a cliché in many Euro-Atlantic political and academic circles to argue that the transatlantic security community that defines itself around liberal-democratic values is facing a particularly dangerous set of challenges and must find ways to adapt to an environment marked by the growing power of unconventional enemies, particularly transnationally organized terrorist groups. But the question is, what has this meant in practice? What are the dynamics and implications of the security policies and practices aimed at addressing the (allegedly) new threat of international terrorism? This book examines the practices enacted by three key institutions of the transatlantic security community — the EU, NATO, and the OSCE — in the name of combating international terrorism, and analyses the ways in which those practices have both been affected by and contributed to changes in the field of security. This book argues that contemporary attempts to respond to the perceived threat of international terrorism reflect a particular ethos of risk-management and involve a combination of two different — an inclusive and an exclusionary — logics of security. This book examines the interplay between the two logics and analyses their implications, including the ways in which they have contributed to processes of reconstitution of boundaries and norms of governance in the security community. In developing this analysis, this book also explores some of the normative and political dilemmas generated by contemporary patterns of inclusion/exclusion. On this basis, it seeks to make a significant contribution to the study of security practices and international governance in the post-9/11 world.
Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Over the past few years, the challenge for NATO has been to transform itself into a highly flexible and complex institution, designed to manage a plurality of complex risks, especially the risk of ...
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Over the past few years, the challenge for NATO has been to transform itself into a highly flexible and complex institution, designed to manage a plurality of complex risks, especially the risk of terrorist attacks. Although NATO remains an institution that is significantly different from the EU, in response to significant changes in the field of security, the alliance has adopted a similar approach to risk-management, combining inclusive and exclusivist security practices. This chapter examines some notable examples of such practices, ranging from efforts to expand the security community via the diffusion of liberal norms in partner states, to attempts to control and exclude terrorists from the allied territory via operations such as Operation Active Endeavour in the Mediterranean. In addition, this chapter analyses NATO's most important current mission — ISAF in Afghanistan — and argues that this, too, reveals a combination of practices of inclusion and exclusion. This chapter also shows that, as in the case of the EU, practices enacted in the name of combating terrorism have contributed to a redefinition of modes of governance in the Euro-Atlantic area, especially by blurring the boundaries between the public–private spheres.Less
Over the past few years, the challenge for NATO has been to transform itself into a highly flexible and complex institution, designed to manage a plurality of complex risks, especially the risk of terrorist attacks. Although NATO remains an institution that is significantly different from the EU, in response to significant changes in the field of security, the alliance has adopted a similar approach to risk-management, combining inclusive and exclusivist security practices. This chapter examines some notable examples of such practices, ranging from efforts to expand the security community via the diffusion of liberal norms in partner states, to attempts to control and exclude terrorists from the allied territory via operations such as Operation Active Endeavour in the Mediterranean. In addition, this chapter analyses NATO's most important current mission — ISAF in Afghanistan — and argues that this, too, reveals a combination of practices of inclusion and exclusion. This chapter also shows that, as in the case of the EU, practices enacted in the name of combating terrorism have contributed to a redefinition of modes of governance in the Euro-Atlantic area, especially by blurring the boundaries between the public–private spheres.
Alexandra Gheciu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217229
- eISBN:
- 9780191712449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217229.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management ...
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This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management programmes and projects that involve a combination of inclusive and exclusionary practices. To begin with, those actors seen as vulnerable to, but not yet fully corrupted by, the anti-liberal ideas promoted by terrorist organizations are to be supported, monitored, and guided by the EU in an attempt to transform them into self-disciplined, ‘responsible’ liberal actors who are worthy of inclusion in liberal relations of community. Thus, in the contemporary security environment, the EU has sought to enhance its ability to construct ‘good’ (liberal) actors, both in Europe and abroad, and in so doing also to expand the broader security community of liberal-democratic values. Those inclusive practices are accompanied by attempts at enhancing the collective ability of members of the Union to identify and exclude from their territory — or at least contain and place beyond the realm of normal politics and liberal socio-economic activities — individuals and groups with alleged links to international terrorism.Less
This chapter argues that the risk of terrorist attacks by transnational groups has been systematically invoked by EU bodies to justify the launch (or expansion) of a broad set of risk-management programmes and projects that involve a combination of inclusive and exclusionary practices. To begin with, those actors seen as vulnerable to, but not yet fully corrupted by, the anti-liberal ideas promoted by terrorist organizations are to be supported, monitored, and guided by the EU in an attempt to transform them into self-disciplined, ‘responsible’ liberal actors who are worthy of inclusion in liberal relations of community. Thus, in the contemporary security environment, the EU has sought to enhance its ability to construct ‘good’ (liberal) actors, both in Europe and abroad, and in so doing also to expand the broader security community of liberal-democratic values. Those inclusive practices are accompanied by attempts at enhancing the collective ability of members of the Union to identify and exclude from their territory — or at least contain and place beyond the realm of normal politics and liberal socio-economic activities — individuals and groups with alleged links to international terrorism.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter explores how different forms of inclusion and exclusion relate to a broader system of security relations in post-Cold War Europe. In so doing, it utilises the notion of ‘security ...
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This chapter explores how different forms of inclusion and exclusion relate to a broader system of security relations in post-Cold War Europe. In so doing, it utilises the notion of ‘security community’, which has features deducible from its core characteristic of regulated peace. It considers these features as a form of ‘security governance’ at the international level. Governance of this type is evidenced by reference to the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance. These categories help in delineating relations of governance within the security community itself and, equally, help to conceptualise the ‘fuzzy’ boundary between that community and its external environment. This chapter first discusses war and conflict in Europe after the Cold War, neo-realism and neo-institutionalism, security cooperation, peace, liberal theory on European security, social constructivism and the limits of Europe's security community.Less
This chapter explores how different forms of inclusion and exclusion relate to a broader system of security relations in post-Cold War Europe. In so doing, it utilises the notion of ‘security community’, which has features deducible from its core characteristic of regulated peace. It considers these features as a form of ‘security governance’ at the international level. Governance of this type is evidenced by reference to the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance. These categories help in delineating relations of governance within the security community itself and, equally, help to conceptualise the ‘fuzzy’ boundary between that community and its external environment. This chapter first discusses war and conflict in Europe after the Cold War, neo-realism and neo-institutionalism, security cooperation, peace, liberal theory on European security, social constructivism and the limits of Europe's security community.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
How inclusive are the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union (EU)? The enlargement of both organisations seems to give some substance to the vision of a ‘Europe whole and ...
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How inclusive are the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union (EU)? The enlargement of both organisations seems to give some substance to the vision of a ‘Europe whole and free’ articulated at the Cold War's end. Yet more recently, enlargement's limits have increasingly come to be recognised, bringing an important debate on the balance to be struck between inclusion and exclusion. This book examines that sometimes awkward balance. Its analytical starting point is the characterisation of much of Europe as a security community managed by a system of security governance. The boundary of this system is neither clear nor fixed, but a dynamic of inclusion and exclusion can be said to exist by reference to its most concrete expression—that of institutional enlargement. On this basis, the book offers an elaboration of the concept of security governance itself, complemented by a historical survey of the Cold War and its end, the post-Cold War development of NATO and the EU, and case studies of two important ‘excluded’ states: Russia and Turkey.Less
How inclusive are the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union (EU)? The enlargement of both organisations seems to give some substance to the vision of a ‘Europe whole and free’ articulated at the Cold War's end. Yet more recently, enlargement's limits have increasingly come to be recognised, bringing an important debate on the balance to be struck between inclusion and exclusion. This book examines that sometimes awkward balance. Its analytical starting point is the characterisation of much of Europe as a security community managed by a system of security governance. The boundary of this system is neither clear nor fixed, but a dynamic of inclusion and exclusion can be said to exist by reference to its most concrete expression—that of institutional enlargement. On this basis, the book offers an elaboration of the concept of security governance itself, complemented by a historical survey of the Cold War and its end, the post-Cold War development of NATO and the EU, and case studies of two important ‘excluded’ states: Russia and Turkey.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
As the Cold War ended, a reinvigorated role for the European Union (EU) required of its leaders a major political, even intellectual, readjustment. Prior to 1989, the European Community had enlarged ...
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As the Cold War ended, a reinvigorated role for the European Union (EU) required of its leaders a major political, even intellectual, readjustment. Prior to 1989, the European Community had enlarged on three occasions. To the original six members of the then European Economic Community (France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) were added Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom in 1973, Greece in 1981 and, five years later Spain and Portugal. These enlargements were, however, entirely consistent with the Cold War division of Europe. From its inception, the process of European integration has been explicitly informed by a desire among the governments of Europe to preserve peace on the continent. This chapter explores security governance and security community in the EU, partnership and enlargement, inclusion and exclusion, and the limits of enlargement. To assess how the limits of enlargement are to be gauged and how these relate to security governance, the chapter also turns to the categories of region, institutionalisation, and compliance. Finally, it describes the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Justice and Home Affairs.Less
As the Cold War ended, a reinvigorated role for the European Union (EU) required of its leaders a major political, even intellectual, readjustment. Prior to 1989, the European Community had enlarged on three occasions. To the original six members of the then European Economic Community (France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg) were added Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom in 1973, Greece in 1981 and, five years later Spain and Portugal. These enlargements were, however, entirely consistent with the Cold War division of Europe. From its inception, the process of European integration has been explicitly informed by a desire among the governments of Europe to preserve peace on the continent. This chapter explores security governance and security community in the EU, partnership and enlargement, inclusion and exclusion, and the limits of enlargement. To assess how the limits of enlargement are to be gauged and how these relate to security governance, the chapter also turns to the categories of region, institutionalisation, and compliance. Finally, it describes the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Justice and Home Affairs.
Monica M. White
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643694
- eISBN:
- 9781469643717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643694.003.0081
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far ...
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Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far in time and space from the other examples of Black agricultural resistance discussed in this book, contemporary communities in Detroit are similarly turning to agriculture as a strategy of survival and resistance. The Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) formed in 2006, setting goals of improving education, food access, and collective buying. DBCFSN is rooted in a pan-African philosophy of pride and solidarity and draws from founders’ experiences in Detroit’s Black Power era and in city government. Central to DBCFSN’s approach to community food sovereignty are antiracist and anticapitalist principles that guide cooperative efforts, political education, and organizing designed to dismantle systems of white supremacy embedded in the food system. DBCFSN’s most well-known projects – the Detroit Food Policy Council, D-Town Farm, and the Ujamaa Food Buying Club – enact the strategies of prefigurative politics, economic autonomy, and commons as praxis to build collective agency and community resilience.Less
Whereas previous chapters discussed strategies employed by those who stayed in the South, this chapter tells the stories of the descendants of those who migrated north, focusing on Detroit. While far in time and space from the other examples of Black agricultural resistance discussed in this book, contemporary communities in Detroit are similarly turning to agriculture as a strategy of survival and resistance. The Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) formed in 2006, setting goals of improving education, food access, and collective buying. DBCFSN is rooted in a pan-African philosophy of pride and solidarity and draws from founders’ experiences in Detroit’s Black Power era and in city government. Central to DBCFSN’s approach to community food sovereignty are antiracist and anticapitalist principles that guide cooperative efforts, political education, and organizing designed to dismantle systems of white supremacy embedded in the food system. DBCFSN’s most well-known projects – the Detroit Food Policy Council, D-Town Farm, and the Ujamaa Food Buying Club – enact the strategies of prefigurative politics, economic autonomy, and commons as praxis to build collective agency and community resilience.
Daniel J. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199916061
- eISBN:
- 9780199980246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916061.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a ...
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In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a “communitarian” perspective: David Mitrany’s functionalism (with its roots in the Fabian tradition), and the more systematic work of Karl Deutsch and Emanuel Adler.Less
In Chapter 4 and 5, the case study format developed for realism is extended to two variants within what is broadly considered “liberal” IR. Chapter 4 explores liberal IR written from a “communitarian” perspective: David Mitrany’s functionalism (with its roots in the Fabian tradition), and the more systematic work of Karl Deutsch and Emanuel Adler.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
For those fortunate to live in a prosperous democratic state in the first decade of the 2000s, the politics of inclusion seems a natural state of affairs. It is indeed one of the most powerful ...
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For those fortunate to live in a prosperous democratic state in the first decade of the 2000s, the politics of inclusion seems a natural state of affairs. It is indeed one of the most powerful legitimating claims of democratic political life. The ability to deliver welfare, prosperity and security to all citizens is the premise of successful electoral politics. This book considers one important aspect of the relationship between inclusion and exclusion, namely, how it has been played out in the sphere of international security, how the organisation of security on a European level has developed since the Cold War watershed, and what enduring forms of exclusion have remained. The credibility of the claims made on behalf of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation rest on enlargement and partnership and, in security terms, the functional competence of these two organisations in addressing post-Cold War concerns. This book elaborates the notion of ‘security governance’, itself seen as related to the more familiar concept of security community, and looks at two important ‘excluded’ states: Russia and Turkey.Less
For those fortunate to live in a prosperous democratic state in the first decade of the 2000s, the politics of inclusion seems a natural state of affairs. It is indeed one of the most powerful legitimating claims of democratic political life. The ability to deliver welfare, prosperity and security to all citizens is the premise of successful electoral politics. This book considers one important aspect of the relationship between inclusion and exclusion, namely, how it has been played out in the sphere of international security, how the organisation of security on a European level has developed since the Cold War watershed, and what enduring forms of exclusion have remained. The credibility of the claims made on behalf of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation rest on enlargement and partnership and, in security terms, the functional competence of these two organisations in addressing post-Cold War concerns. This book elaborates the notion of ‘security governance’, itself seen as related to the more familiar concept of security community, and looks at two important ‘excluded’ states: Russia and Turkey.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Is Russia part of the European security community? What is its relationship to the structures of European security governance? It was previously suggested that Russia occupies an ambiguous ...
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Is Russia part of the European security community? What is its relationship to the structures of European security governance? It was previously suggested that Russia occupies an ambiguous position—related to but not fully part of this community or its system of governance. This chapter elaborates this theme in greater detail, first by setting out in broad terms the nature of Russia's exclusion and then by analysing its relationship with Europe in terms of a search on both sides for a more inclusive relationship. It explores the possibilities and parameters of this relationship, focusing on the long-term prospects of Russian integration into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and, more schematically, its standing in relation to the core features of security governance. The chapter also discusses Russia's search for inclusion in Europe and characterises security governance by looking at region, institutionalisation and compliance.Less
Is Russia part of the European security community? What is its relationship to the structures of European security governance? It was previously suggested that Russia occupies an ambiguous position—related to but not fully part of this community or its system of governance. This chapter elaborates this theme in greater detail, first by setting out in broad terms the nature of Russia's exclusion and then by analysing its relationship with Europe in terms of a search on both sides for a more inclusive relationship. It explores the possibilities and parameters of this relationship, focusing on the long-term prospects of Russian integration into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and, more schematically, its standing in relation to the core features of security governance. The chapter also discusses Russia's search for inclusion in Europe and characterises security governance by looking at region, institutionalisation and compliance.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The question of Turkey's relationship to Europe's security community is, in one sense, a seemingly superfluous one; the country has, after all, been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ...
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The question of Turkey's relationship to Europe's security community is, in one sense, a seemingly superfluous one; the country has, after all, been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation for decades. Yet in a post-Cold War Europe where security community and European security governance are increasingly linked to the European Union (EU) as much as the Alliance, the question has seemed more and more pertinent. Turkey's exclusion from the EU, moreover, sits alongside other controversial and sometimes fraught issues: the question of Cyprus, relations with Greece, a difficult democratic transition and, in broad terms, the matter of Europeanness. These, and other matters, have on occasion pitted Turkey against both public and elite opinion in Europe and, indeed, have caused division within Turkey itself. On these grounds, the issue of inclusion and exclusion has been a live one in Turkey's relationship with Europe for decades, if not centuries. This chapter discusses Turkey's search for inclusion in Europe and looks at the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance.Less
The question of Turkey's relationship to Europe's security community is, in one sense, a seemingly superfluous one; the country has, after all, been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation for decades. Yet in a post-Cold War Europe where security community and European security governance are increasingly linked to the European Union (EU) as much as the Alliance, the question has seemed more and more pertinent. Turkey's exclusion from the EU, moreover, sits alongside other controversial and sometimes fraught issues: the question of Cyprus, relations with Greece, a difficult democratic transition and, in broad terms, the matter of Europeanness. These, and other matters, have on occasion pitted Turkey against both public and elite opinion in Europe and, indeed, have caused division within Turkey itself. On these grounds, the issue of inclusion and exclusion has been a live one in Turkey's relationship with Europe for decades, if not centuries. This chapter discusses Turkey's search for inclusion in Europe and looks at the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance.
Raymond C. Kuo
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781503628434
- eISBN:
- 9781503628571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503628434.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Given the dangers of war, states should carefully tailor their alliances to specific threats and constraints. We expect wide variety in security strategies and pact designs. This expectation is ...
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Given the dangers of war, states should carefully tailor their alliances to specific threats and constraints. We expect wide variety in security strategies and pact designs. This expectation is wrong. In any year, 75 percent of states pursue identical alliance strategies. Why do countries ignore their individuated conditions and converge on a single dominant alliance strategy? This chapter presents the book’s puzzle, describing patterns in alliance design from 1715–2003.Less
Given the dangers of war, states should carefully tailor their alliances to specific threats and constraints. We expect wide variety in security strategies and pact designs. This expectation is wrong. In any year, 75 percent of states pursue identical alliance strategies. Why do countries ignore their individuated conditions and converge on a single dominant alliance strategy? This chapter presents the book’s puzzle, describing patterns in alliance design from 1715–2003.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter assesses the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) relevance in terms of how it has contributed to a dynamic of inclusion and, in parallel, of exclusion in European security. It ...
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This chapter assesses the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) relevance in terms of how it has contributed to a dynamic of inclusion and, in parallel, of exclusion in European security. It also highlights two fundamental developments which flowed from NATO's strategic response to the end of the Cold War and which have been reinforced by the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. These are, first, an extension of geopolitical remit, and second, a widening of purpose. The first of these informed debates on NATO's persistence in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War and has been carried forward through processes of liaison, partnership and enlargement. The second has informed the manner in which NATO has acted as a vehicle of security provision and, related to this, the implicit, and sometimes explicit, message it has projected as to where the threats to security reside. This chapter also analyses NATO's role in security governance and security community in Europe, along with region, institutionalisation and compliance.Less
This chapter assesses the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's (NATO) relevance in terms of how it has contributed to a dynamic of inclusion and, in parallel, of exclusion in European security. It also highlights two fundamental developments which flowed from NATO's strategic response to the end of the Cold War and which have been reinforced by the impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. These are, first, an extension of geopolitical remit, and second, a widening of purpose. The first of these informed debates on NATO's persistence in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War and has been carried forward through processes of liaison, partnership and enlargement. The second has informed the manner in which NATO has acted as a vehicle of security provision and, related to this, the implicit, and sometimes explicit, message it has projected as to where the threats to security reside. This chapter also analyses NATO's role in security governance and security community in Europe, along with region, institutionalisation and compliance.
Mark Webber
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061486
- eISBN:
- 9781781701645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061486.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
In so far as debate exists on the governance of Europe in the early twenty-first century, it is conducted in parochial terms. The European order emerged from the settlement of the Cold War and has ...
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In so far as debate exists on the governance of Europe in the early twenty-first century, it is conducted in parochial terms. The European order emerged from the settlement of the Cold War and has been consolidated through the adaptation and enlargement of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). These bodies do not represent the totality of Europe's security governance nor are they the sole expression of the broader phenomenon of a European security community. Yet they are, without doubt, among its most important defining features, to which there is now ‘no serious revisionist challenge’. Neither NATO nor the EU can simply be characterised as practising a politics of exclusion. In broad terms, enlargement, partnership and association have typified an equally important politics of inclusion. While the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance used to examine security governance in many ways approximate the EU/NATO boundary, to some degree they also extend beyond it.Less
In so far as debate exists on the governance of Europe in the early twenty-first century, it is conducted in parochial terms. The European order emerged from the settlement of the Cold War and has been consolidated through the adaptation and enlargement of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). These bodies do not represent the totality of Europe's security governance nor are they the sole expression of the broader phenomenon of a European security community. Yet they are, without doubt, among its most important defining features, to which there is now ‘no serious revisionist challenge’. Neither NATO nor the EU can simply be characterised as practising a politics of exclusion. In broad terms, enlargement, partnership and association have typified an equally important politics of inclusion. While the categories of region, institutionalisation and compliance used to examine security governance in many ways approximate the EU/NATO boundary, to some degree they also extend beyond it.
Nicholas J. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199696475
- eISBN:
- 9780191835599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199696475.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The previous chapter showed the limits of ‘incrementalist’ theories of trust-building when it comes to the building of trust and the accurate interpretation of signals. This chapter examines what ...
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The previous chapter showed the limits of ‘incrementalist’ theories of trust-building when it comes to the building of trust and the accurate interpretation of signals. This chapter examines what identity-based approaches to trust can contribute to the challenge of building trust between two enemies. The chapter examines security community theory and democratic peace theory. It argues that neither of these identity-based approaches has a persuasive causal mechanism for how trust develops. There is imprecision in these theories as to the relationship between trust and identity. What unites both approaches is their neglect of interpersonal relationships and the trust that can emerge from this.Less
The previous chapter showed the limits of ‘incrementalist’ theories of trust-building when it comes to the building of trust and the accurate interpretation of signals. This chapter examines what identity-based approaches to trust can contribute to the challenge of building trust between two enemies. The chapter examines security community theory and democratic peace theory. It argues that neither of these identity-based approaches has a persuasive causal mechanism for how trust develops. There is imprecision in these theories as to the relationship between trust and identity. What unites both approaches is their neglect of interpersonal relationships and the trust that can emerge from this.
Theresa Kuhn
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199688913
- eISBN:
- 9780191768026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199688913.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Chapter 3 develops the theoretical framework further by linking individual transnationalism to orientations towards European integration. It first discusses the dependent variables of this book, i.e. ...
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Chapter 3 develops the theoretical framework further by linking individual transnationalism to orientations towards European integration. It first discusses the dependent variables of this book, i.e. European identity and EU support. Building on Deutsch’s transactionalist theory, the chapter develops a set of hypotheses on the conditions under which individual transnationalism leads to attitude change. The core argument can be summarized as follows. First, due to the highly stratified distribution of transnational interactions across society, relatively few Europeans are actually triggered to adopt a European mindset by interacting across borders. Second, not all European interactions automatically influence orientations towards European integration: their effectiveness depends on their purpose and scope. Third, increased transnational interactions can cause negative externalities with respect to the people who are not transnationally active themselves. The chapter concludes by outlining how this argument is translated into empirical research.Less
Chapter 3 develops the theoretical framework further by linking individual transnationalism to orientations towards European integration. It first discusses the dependent variables of this book, i.e. European identity and EU support. Building on Deutsch’s transactionalist theory, the chapter develops a set of hypotheses on the conditions under which individual transnationalism leads to attitude change. The core argument can be summarized as follows. First, due to the highly stratified distribution of transnational interactions across society, relatively few Europeans are actually triggered to adopt a European mindset by interacting across borders. Second, not all European interactions automatically influence orientations towards European integration: their effectiveness depends on their purpose and scope. Third, increased transnational interactions can cause negative externalities with respect to the people who are not transnationally active themselves. The chapter concludes by outlining how this argument is translated into empirical research.
Peter C. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226036021
- eISBN:
- 9780226036038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226036038.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter examines the role of gas streetlamps in community security in American cities during the 1800s. It describes a gas lamp that served as an outpost of order in the notorious Five Points ...
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This chapter examines the role of gas streetlamps in community security in American cities during the 1800s. It describes a gas lamp that served as an outpost of order in the notorious Five Points neighborhood in Manhattan in 1850. It suggests that during this period gas lamps can be considered the best policemen because they allowed the nocturnal city to be seen, understood, and safely navigated. This chapter also mentions that property and public safety were thought to be secure in the presence of gas lamps and at grave risk in their absence.Less
This chapter examines the role of gas streetlamps in community security in American cities during the 1800s. It describes a gas lamp that served as an outpost of order in the notorious Five Points neighborhood in Manhattan in 1850. It suggests that during this period gas lamps can be considered the best policemen because they allowed the nocturnal city to be seen, understood, and safely navigated. This chapter also mentions that property and public safety were thought to be secure in the presence of gas lamps and at grave risk in their absence.