John M. Giggie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195304039
- eISBN:
- 9780199866885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, History of Religion
This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual ...
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This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual lives. Thousands of Delta black men joined the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias in order to tap into their health and burial insurances, employment opportunities, social functions, and ritual life. The popularity of these secret societies, however, angered many churchgoers. Black women complained that fraternal orders represented a new black civic culture open only to men. Many clerics feared a loss of financial support and moral authority as their male congregants devoted much of their time and money to local fraternal orders. Conflict died down by 1900, though, as fraternal leaders openly stressed subservience to churches in spiritual matters and some lodges fell into financial ruin. But churches changed, too. In a bid to boost their popular appeal, churches began to incorporate the most salient and attractive features of fraternal life, such as life and burial insurance, while most women and preachers grudgingly accepted the role of lodges as a new and legitimate source of African American religious life.Less
This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual lives. Thousands of Delta black men joined the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias in order to tap into their health and burial insurances, employment opportunities, social functions, and ritual life. The popularity of these secret societies, however, angered many churchgoers. Black women complained that fraternal orders represented a new black civic culture open only to men. Many clerics feared a loss of financial support and moral authority as their male congregants devoted much of their time and money to local fraternal orders. Conflict died down by 1900, though, as fraternal leaders openly stressed subservience to churches in spiritual matters and some lodges fell into financial ruin. But churches changed, too. In a bid to boost their popular appeal, churches began to incorporate the most salient and attractive features of fraternal life, such as life and burial insurance, while most women and preachers grudgingly accepted the role of lodges as a new and legitimate source of African American religious life.
Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207443
- eISBN:
- 9780191677670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207443.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter traces the widespread growth of secret societies in Europe from the 18th century onwards. Members were initiated into these societies upon an oath to observe confidentiality of ...
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This chapter traces the widespread growth of secret societies in Europe from the 18th century onwards. Members were initiated into these societies upon an oath to observe confidentiality of proceedings, and which contained a strong ceremonial element. The source, and thereafter the main tradition, of these was Freemasonry. By the opening of the 20th century, millions of British men, and hundreds of women, were accustomed to working within closed groups which initiated newcomers through a process that involved blindfolding, a series of challenges and responses, admission to a ritual space, the taking of an oath of secrecy, and the passage of an ordeal. All imparted arcane knowledge to those who were accepted, and all claimed to represent an immemorial body of wisdom and practice — commonly called ‘craft’ — which had been handed down in private, through initiation and training, from the beginning of recorded time. All had incorporated actual historical figures and events into their own mythological past.Less
This chapter traces the widespread growth of secret societies in Europe from the 18th century onwards. Members were initiated into these societies upon an oath to observe confidentiality of proceedings, and which contained a strong ceremonial element. The source, and thereafter the main tradition, of these was Freemasonry. By the opening of the 20th century, millions of British men, and hundreds of women, were accustomed to working within closed groups which initiated newcomers through a process that involved blindfolding, a series of challenges and responses, admission to a ritual space, the taking of an oath of secrecy, and the passage of an ordeal. All imparted arcane knowledge to those who were accepted, and all claimed to represent an immemorial body of wisdom and practice — commonly called ‘craft’ — which had been handed down in private, through initiation and training, from the beginning of recorded time. All had incorporated actual historical figures and events into their own mythological past.
Anne Storch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199768974
- eISBN:
- 9780199914425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199768974.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book deals with a specific form of language change: deliberate manipulations of a language by its speakers. These manipulations are based and depending on cultural and social contexts, they are ...
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This book deals with a specific form of language change: deliberate manipulations of a language by its speakers. These manipulations are based and depending on cultural and social contexts, they are often—if not always—considered to be secret, and are at the same time expressions of difference and power. The central thesis on which the explorations of manipulated language in this book are based is that language here—deliberately diverging from the norm—is central to the construction of social norms, and that exactly by manipulation and alteration identity may be explored and defined. Manipulated language and deliberate linguistic change are thus seen as the creation of a medium through which speakers attempt to preserve certain structures. The complexity and diversity of linguistic manipulation and how it is linked to the structure of society are dealt with in this book by referring to secrecy, mimesis, sacrilege, and ambiguity as leading concepts of power. This study concentrates on case studies from the Jukun-speaking areas of Nigeria, as well as Nilotic and Bantu-speaking parts of Uganda (and to a lesser extent Sudan), but also presents data on manipulated languages from many other parts and speaker communities of the continent, as well as examples from the African diaspora.Less
This book deals with a specific form of language change: deliberate manipulations of a language by its speakers. These manipulations are based and depending on cultural and social contexts, they are often—if not always—considered to be secret, and are at the same time expressions of difference and power. The central thesis on which the explorations of manipulated language in this book are based is that language here—deliberately diverging from the norm—is central to the construction of social norms, and that exactly by manipulation and alteration identity may be explored and defined. Manipulated language and deliberate linguistic change are thus seen as the creation of a medium through which speakers attempt to preserve certain structures. The complexity and diversity of linguistic manipulation and how it is linked to the structure of society are dealt with in this book by referring to secrecy, mimesis, sacrilege, and ambiguity as leading concepts of power. This study concentrates on case studies from the Jukun-speaking areas of Nigeria, as well as Nilotic and Bantu-speaking parts of Uganda (and to a lesser extent Sudan), but also presents data on manipulated languages from many other parts and speaker communities of the continent, as well as examples from the African diaspora.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter reconstructs the events that followed Murat's defection to the Allies in 1814, his subsequent decision to rally to Napoleon after the flight from Elba, and his defeat by the Austrians at ...
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This chapter reconstructs the events that followed Murat's defection to the Allies in 1814, his subsequent decision to rally to Napoleon after the flight from Elba, and his defeat by the Austrians at the battle of Tolentino in May 1815. It explores the growth of opposition to Murat's government after 1812 in southern Italy, in particular the spread of the secret societies and the Carbonari. Closely linked to the earlier Masonic lodges, these became important vehicles for spreading support for demands for constitutional government, for which the constitutions conceded by the British in Sicily and adopted by the liberals in Spain offered recent and alternative models. The chapter concludes with a description of the remarkably peaceful transition of power in 1815.Less
This chapter reconstructs the events that followed Murat's defection to the Allies in 1814, his subsequent decision to rally to Napoleon after the flight from Elba, and his defeat by the Austrians at the battle of Tolentino in May 1815. It explores the growth of opposition to Murat's government after 1812 in southern Italy, in particular the spread of the secret societies and the Carbonari. Closely linked to the earlier Masonic lodges, these became important vehicles for spreading support for demands for constitutional government, for which the constitutions conceded by the British in Sicily and adopted by the liberals in Spain offered recent and alternative models. The chapter concludes with a description of the remarkably peaceful transition of power in 1815.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) ...
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In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) to concede a constitution, and the manoeuvres he then engaged in to bring about the Austrian invasion that in March 1821 overthrew the constitutional governments in Naples and Sicily. Analysing the projects debated in the national Parliament, the chapter argues that the revolutions were the epilogue to the earlier decade of reform — the secret societies, the Carbonari, and the provincial assemblies mounted a detailed critique of the centralizing and bureaucratic system of power derived from the model of Napoleonic France. Although the revolution on the mainland came into conflict with the separatist aspirations of Palermo, the period of constitutional government was remarkably free of social conflict and violence. However, the Austrian invasion ordered by Prince Metternich was followed by a massive purge of the military, the clergy, and of all those who had supported the constitutional government.Less
In 1820-21, Naples and Sicily were the theatres of one of the strangest revolutions in 19th-century Europe. This chapter describes the events that led the king (Ferdinand I – formerly Ferdinand IV) to concede a constitution, and the manoeuvres he then engaged in to bring about the Austrian invasion that in March 1821 overthrew the constitutional governments in Naples and Sicily. Analysing the projects debated in the national Parliament, the chapter argues that the revolutions were the epilogue to the earlier decade of reform — the secret societies, the Carbonari, and the provincial assemblies mounted a detailed critique of the centralizing and bureaucratic system of power derived from the model of Napoleonic France. Although the revolution on the mainland came into conflict with the separatist aspirations of Palermo, the period of constitutional government was remarkably free of social conflict and violence. However, the Austrian invasion ordered by Prince Metternich was followed by a massive purge of the military, the clergy, and of all those who had supported the constitutional government.
Ferdinand de Jong
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748633197
- eISBN:
- 9780748670642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633197.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter examines the historical trajectory of the Kankurang, a masquerade that is held to protect the initiates of the ‘Mandinko circumcision’ against witchcraft. It demonstrates that legal ...
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This chapter examines the historical trajectory of the Kankurang, a masquerade that is held to protect the initiates of the ‘Mandinko circumcision’ against witchcraft. It demonstrates that legal dualism, if this ever existed in colonial Senegal, becomes increasingly blurred in the postcolonial performances of the Kankurang masquerade. Certainly, as the public face of a secret society, the masquerade continues to challenge the state's quest for hegemony. But the secret society penetrates the domain of public politics and is itself also increasingly penetrated by this domain. The masquerade is still used to contest state authority, but cultural brokers have also tried to make masked performances compatible with state hegemony. The masked performance should be understood as yet another domain subjected to state control, while simultaneously subverting the legitimacy of the state.Less
This chapter examines the historical trajectory of the Kankurang, a masquerade that is held to protect the initiates of the ‘Mandinko circumcision’ against witchcraft. It demonstrates that legal dualism, if this ever existed in colonial Senegal, becomes increasingly blurred in the postcolonial performances of the Kankurang masquerade. Certainly, as the public face of a secret society, the masquerade continues to challenge the state's quest for hegemony. But the secret society penetrates the domain of public politics and is itself also increasingly penetrated by this domain. The masquerade is still used to contest state authority, but cultural brokers have also tried to make masked performances compatible with state hegemony. The masked performance should be understood as yet another domain subjected to state control, while simultaneously subverting the legitimacy of the state.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter covers the outbreak of the Greek revolt in 1821 and the early diplomacy of the crisis. It considers the origins of Ypsilantis's revolt in 1820–21; the Tsarist reaction in 1821–22; the ...
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This chapter covers the outbreak of the Greek revolt in 1821 and the early diplomacy of the crisis. It considers the origins of Ypsilantis's revolt in 1820–21; the Tsarist reaction in 1821–22; the Second Army and the study of the Greek revolt. Following the receipt of reports from Pestel, lnzov, and other military agents, Kiselev established his Main Staff as the centre for the investigation of the Greek revolt. In early 1822, he informed lnzov of his intention to commission the writing of the first historical account of the revolution. To this end, Kiselev outlined the various areas of research that were still required. They related to the connection between the first Greek secret society and the Russian Hetairia movement; the role of Napoleon and the French revolutionaries in these societies; the level of co-ordination between the revolts of Ypsilantis and Vladimirescu; and the character of Ypsilantis.Less
This chapter covers the outbreak of the Greek revolt in 1821 and the early diplomacy of the crisis. It considers the origins of Ypsilantis's revolt in 1820–21; the Tsarist reaction in 1821–22; the Second Army and the study of the Greek revolt. Following the receipt of reports from Pestel, lnzov, and other military agents, Kiselev established his Main Staff as the centre for the investigation of the Greek revolt. In early 1822, he informed lnzov of his intention to commission the writing of the first historical account of the revolution. To this end, Kiselev outlined the various areas of research that were still required. They related to the connection between the first Greek secret society and the Russian Hetairia movement; the role of Napoleon and the French revolutionaries in these societies; the level of co-ordination between the revolts of Ypsilantis and Vladimirescu; and the character of Ypsilantis.
Elizabeth J. Perry
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520271890
- eISBN:
- 9780520954038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271890.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter provides background on the history of the Anyuan coal mine and its surrounding area. It describes previous rebellions in the region, especially the Ping-Liu-Li Uprising of 1906, and ...
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This chapter provides background on the history of the Anyuan coal mine and its surrounding area. It describes previous rebellions in the region, especially the Ping-Liu-Li Uprising of 1906, and explores reasons for their limited success.Less
This chapter provides background on the history of the Anyuan coal mine and its surrounding area. It describes previous rebellions in the region, especially the Ping-Liu-Li Uprising of 1906, and explores reasons for their limited success.
Craig R. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804781381
- eISBN:
- 9780804785631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804781381.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter examines relevant research about hidden organizations as it has emerged in various disciplines. It addresses work on secret societies, criminal organizations, the informal economy, ...
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This chapter examines relevant research about hidden organizations as it has emerged in various disciplines. It addresses work on secret societies, criminal organizations, the informal economy, terrorist organizations, secret government agencies, and other hidden collectives. Several conclusions are drawn from this research, which are helpful in talking about the strategic communication of organizational and organizational member identity in these hidden organizations.Less
This chapter examines relevant research about hidden organizations as it has emerged in various disciplines. It addresses work on secret societies, criminal organizations, the informal economy, terrorist organizations, secret government agencies, and other hidden collectives. Several conclusions are drawn from this research, which are helpful in talking about the strategic communication of organizational and organizational member identity in these hidden organizations.
Mark A. Lause
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036552
- eISBN:
- 9780252093593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This history of the Civil War considers the impact of nineteenth-century American secret societies on the path to as well as the course of the war. Beginning with the European secret societies that ...
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This history of the Civil War considers the impact of nineteenth-century American secret societies on the path to as well as the course of the war. Beginning with the European secret societies that laid the groundwork for Freemasonry in the United States, the book analyzes how the Old World's traditions influenced various underground groups and movements in America, particularly George Lippard's Brotherhood of the Union, an American attempt to replicate the political secret societies that influenced the European Revolutions of 1848. The book traces the Brotherhood's various manifestations, including the Knights of the Golden Circle (out of which developed the Ku Klux Klan), and the Confederate secret groups through which John Wilkes Booth and others attempted to undermine the Union. It shows how, in the years leading up to the Civil War, these clandestine organizations exacerbated existing sectional tensions and may have played a part in key events such as John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Lincoln's election, and the Southern secession process of 1860–1861.Less
This history of the Civil War considers the impact of nineteenth-century American secret societies on the path to as well as the course of the war. Beginning with the European secret societies that laid the groundwork for Freemasonry in the United States, the book analyzes how the Old World's traditions influenced various underground groups and movements in America, particularly George Lippard's Brotherhood of the Union, an American attempt to replicate the political secret societies that influenced the European Revolutions of 1848. The book traces the Brotherhood's various manifestations, including the Knights of the Golden Circle (out of which developed the Ku Klux Klan), and the Confederate secret groups through which John Wilkes Booth and others attempted to undermine the Union. It shows how, in the years leading up to the Civil War, these clandestine organizations exacerbated existing sectional tensions and may have played a part in key events such as John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Lincoln's election, and the Southern secession process of 1860–1861.
Kevin M. Watson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190844516
- eISBN:
- 9780190844547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190844516.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter explores the diverging conceptions of holy living in Simpson and Roberts in depth. The chapter argues that Simpson was most concerned with growing and expanding the Methodist Episcopal ...
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This chapter explores the diverging conceptions of holy living in Simpson and Roberts in depth. The chapter argues that Simpson was most concerned with growing and expanding the Methodist Episcopal Church, often compromising on what had been core commitments of Methodism in the hope of gaining a broader audience and expanding the institution. Roberts, on the other hand, believed that these same compromises were leading to a sacrifice of Methodism’s mission to “spread scriptural holiness.” The chapter outlines disagreements about how holiness should be expressed in the lives of Methodists, focusing in particular on differences in church buildings, dress and personal wealth, secret societies, and slavery. The chapter concludes by discussing the different visions for the future of American Methodism that Simpson and Roberts had, as a result of these different understandings of the importance of holiness and how it should be expressed in the lives of Methodists.Less
This chapter explores the diverging conceptions of holy living in Simpson and Roberts in depth. The chapter argues that Simpson was most concerned with growing and expanding the Methodist Episcopal Church, often compromising on what had been core commitments of Methodism in the hope of gaining a broader audience and expanding the institution. Roberts, on the other hand, believed that these same compromises were leading to a sacrifice of Methodism’s mission to “spread scriptural holiness.” The chapter outlines disagreements about how holiness should be expressed in the lives of Methodists, focusing in particular on differences in church buildings, dress and personal wealth, secret societies, and slavery. The chapter concludes by discussing the different visions for the future of American Methodism that Simpson and Roberts had, as a result of these different understandings of the importance of holiness and how it should be expressed in the lives of Methodists.
Jan Assmann
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9789774166310
- eISBN:
- 9781617975899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166310.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion in the Ancient World
The 18th century was the age not only of enlightenment but also of secret societies. Many of them—Freemasons and Illuminati—discovered in what they understood as “Egyptian mysteries” the origin of ...
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The 18th century was the age not only of enlightenment but also of secret societies. Many of them—Freemasons and Illuminati—discovered in what they understood as “Egyptian mysteries” the origin of their craft and reconstructed the secret theology of these mysteries as a cult of Nature=Isis and a precursor of Spinozism (“deus sive natura”). The distinction between “religions of nature” or “reason” and “religions of revelation” led to a reappraisal of ancient Egyptian (secret) religion as the archetype of “natural religion. ”Less
The 18th century was the age not only of enlightenment but also of secret societies. Many of them—Freemasons and Illuminati—discovered in what they understood as “Egyptian mysteries” the origin of their craft and reconstructed the secret theology of these mysteries as a cult of Nature=Isis and a precursor of Spinozism (“deus sive natura”). The distinction between “religions of nature” or “reason” and “religions of revelation” led to a reappraisal of ancient Egyptian (secret) religion as the archetype of “natural religion. ”
Douglas Comer
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520204294
- eISBN:
- 9780520918702
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520204294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. ...
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From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. Although the raw enterprise and improvisation which characterized the American westward movement seem to have little to do with ritual, this book argues that the fort grew and prospered because of ritual, and that that ritual shaped the subsequent history of the region to an astonishing extent. At Bent's Old Fort, rituals of trade, feasting, gaming, marriage, secret societies, and war, as well as the “calcified ritual” provided by the fort itself, brought together and restructured Anglo, Hispanic, and American Indian cultures. The book sheds new light on this heretofore poorly understood period in American history, building at the same time a case to demonstrate that the human world is made through ritual. The text gives this narrative an anthropological and philosophical framework; the events at Bent's Old Fort provide a compelling example not only of “world formation,” but of a world's tragic collapse, culminating in the Sand Creek massacre. It also calls attention to the reconstructed Bent's Old Fort on the site of the original, where visitors re-enact history, staff work out personal identities, and groups lobby for special versions of history by ritual recasting of the past as the present.Less
From about 1830 to 1849, Bent's Old Fort, located in present-day Colorado on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was the largest trading post in the Southwest and the mountain-plains region. Although the raw enterprise and improvisation which characterized the American westward movement seem to have little to do with ritual, this book argues that the fort grew and prospered because of ritual, and that that ritual shaped the subsequent history of the region to an astonishing extent. At Bent's Old Fort, rituals of trade, feasting, gaming, marriage, secret societies, and war, as well as the “calcified ritual” provided by the fort itself, brought together and restructured Anglo, Hispanic, and American Indian cultures. The book sheds new light on this heretofore poorly understood period in American history, building at the same time a case to demonstrate that the human world is made through ritual. The text gives this narrative an anthropological and philosophical framework; the events at Bent's Old Fort provide a compelling example not only of “world formation,” but of a world's tragic collapse, culminating in the Sand Creek massacre. It also calls attention to the reconstructed Bent's Old Fort on the site of the original, where visitors re-enact history, staff work out personal identities, and groups lobby for special versions of history by ritual recasting of the past as the present.
James G. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076930
- eISBN:
- 9781781700822
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076930.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His ...
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On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His name was Robert Emmet and he was standing trial for heading a rebellion on 23 July 1803. The iconic power of Robert Emmet in Irish history cannot be overstated. Emmet looms large in narratives of the past, yet the rebellion which he led remains to be fully contextualised. This book repairs this omission and explains the complex of politicisation and revolutionary activity extending into the 1800s, detailing the radicalisation of the grass roots, their para-militarism and engagement in secret societies. Drawing on a range of sources, the book offers a comprehensive insight into a relatively neglected period of history.Less
On Monday 19 September 1803, the most significant trial in the history of Ireland took place in Dublin. At the dock stood a twenty-five-year-old former Trinity College student and doctor's son. His name was Robert Emmet and he was standing trial for heading a rebellion on 23 July 1803. The iconic power of Robert Emmet in Irish history cannot be overstated. Emmet looms large in narratives of the past, yet the rebellion which he led remains to be fully contextualised. This book repairs this omission and explains the complex of politicisation and revolutionary activity extending into the 1800s, detailing the radicalisation of the grass roots, their para-militarism and engagement in secret societies. Drawing on a range of sources, the book offers a comprehensive insight into a relatively neglected period of history.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Following from the analysis of brigandage and its causes, this chapter examines the consequences of Murat's increasingly insecure place in the imperial enterprise. The confrontation with Napoleon in ...
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Following from the analysis of brigandage and its causes, this chapter examines the consequences of Murat's increasingly insecure place in the imperial enterprise. The confrontation with Napoleon in 1811 increased divisions within his government (in which Caroline Bonaparte assumed much greater power). The implementation of key reforms — the abolition of feudalism, the division of the former feudal estates and common lands, and the reorganization of the law courts and the magistracy — was increasingly delegated to Neapolitans. Murat also increased his efforts to create an independent political base among the notables, public employees, the military, the clergy, and the people. He also tried to use freemasonry as means to strengthen contacts with the elites. But the results were uncertain, while the Masonic lodges provided the regime's opponents with the opportunity to develop a coherent political programme that focused on demands for constitutional government and an end to the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France and its empire.Less
Following from the analysis of brigandage and its causes, this chapter examines the consequences of Murat's increasingly insecure place in the imperial enterprise. The confrontation with Napoleon in 1811 increased divisions within his government (in which Caroline Bonaparte assumed much greater power). The implementation of key reforms — the abolition of feudalism, the division of the former feudal estates and common lands, and the reorganization of the law courts and the magistracy — was increasingly delegated to Neapolitans. Murat also increased his efforts to create an independent political base among the notables, public employees, the military, the clergy, and the people. He also tried to use freemasonry as means to strengthen contacts with the elites. But the results were uncertain, while the Masonic lodges provided the regime's opponents with the opportunity to develop a coherent political programme that focused on demands for constitutional government and an end to the Kingdom's colonial subordination to France and its empire.
Mark A. Lause
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036552
- eISBN:
- 9780252093593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This epilogue examines the lineages of the secret society tradition in America. The lineages of the mid-nineteenth-century American secret societies persisted through the rest of the century and ...
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This epilogue examines the lineages of the secret society tradition in America. The lineages of the mid-nineteenth-century American secret societies persisted through the rest of the century and beyond. Certainly, such secret societies—or the idea of them—haunted the closing events of the conflict from Washington to the Rio Grande. Workers and radicals built upon the legacy of groups like the Ourvrier Circle of the Brotherhood of the Union, though they began abandoning secrecy within a generation of the Civil War. Nevertheless, secret societies and conspiracies became an essential feature of the carefully constructed postwar perception that an underlying order had somehow survived the chaos of war.Less
This epilogue examines the lineages of the secret society tradition in America. The lineages of the mid-nineteenth-century American secret societies persisted through the rest of the century and beyond. Certainly, such secret societies—or the idea of them—haunted the closing events of the conflict from Washington to the Rio Grande. Workers and radicals built upon the legacy of groups like the Ourvrier Circle of the Brotherhood of the Union, though they began abandoning secrecy within a generation of the Civil War. Nevertheless, secret societies and conspiracies became an essential feature of the carefully constructed postwar perception that an underlying order had somehow survived the chaos of war.
Christine B. N. Chin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199890910
- eISBN:
- 9780199345489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890910.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter Five examines ‘Syndicate X’ (pseudonym), its historical origins, organization structure and operations. This syndicate is one of the largest groups specializing exclusively in non-trafficked ...
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Chapter Five examines ‘Syndicate X’ (pseudonym), its historical origins, organization structure and operations. This syndicate is one of the largest groups specializing exclusively in non-trafficked transnational migrant women sex workers. The syndicate and its counterparts are anchors in KL’s migration-ancillary industry for sex work (e.g., ancillary partners such as money changers or hawala, and alliances with overseas syndicates). This chapter discusses why and how Syndicate X morphed from a hierarchical Chinese triad or secret society controlling on-street Malaysian women sex workers, to a more horizontal corporate-like enterprise specializing in up-market sexual services performed by transnational migrant women (especially those on the ‘Asian Circuit’ of sex work). Syndicate X brings in women of different nationalities and provides them with board and lodging, personal security and men clientele in exchange for monthly board and lodging fees and taxes on women’s incomes. Shaped by KL’s history of race relations, the racialisation of Syndicate X and migrant women also is examined in this chapter.Less
Chapter Five examines ‘Syndicate X’ (pseudonym), its historical origins, organization structure and operations. This syndicate is one of the largest groups specializing exclusively in non-trafficked transnational migrant women sex workers. The syndicate and its counterparts are anchors in KL’s migration-ancillary industry for sex work (e.g., ancillary partners such as money changers or hawala, and alliances with overseas syndicates). This chapter discusses why and how Syndicate X morphed from a hierarchical Chinese triad or secret society controlling on-street Malaysian women sex workers, to a more horizontal corporate-like enterprise specializing in up-market sexual services performed by transnational migrant women (especially those on the ‘Asian Circuit’ of sex work). Syndicate X brings in women of different nationalities and provides them with board and lodging, personal security and men clientele in exchange for monthly board and lodging fees and taxes on women’s incomes. Shaped by KL’s history of race relations, the racialisation of Syndicate X and migrant women also is examined in this chapter.
Mark A. Lause
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036552
- eISBN:
- 9780252093593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This prologue discusses the proliferation of revolutionaries and revolutionary secret societies in America in the wake of the revolts of 1848–49. Americans initially shared with Europe the mechanisms ...
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This prologue discusses the proliferation of revolutionaries and revolutionary secret societies in America in the wake of the revolts of 1848–49. Americans initially shared with Europe the mechanisms by which republicans sought to reconstruct their civilizations. Masonry, the earliest model of a secular voluntary association, emerged from the Old World Enlightenment with unavoidable implications for the political organizations built in its wake and for the revolutionary movements of the eighteenth century. For the defenders of the status quo, the membership, influence, and agendas of secret societies might be unknown, but it seemed wisest to assume them to be massive, pervasive, and insidious. On the other hand, some participants sought to turn a Masonic model to revolutionary purposes, with goals that ranged from the mere displacement of a regime to a thorough social transformation.Less
This prologue discusses the proliferation of revolutionaries and revolutionary secret societies in America in the wake of the revolts of 1848–49. Americans initially shared with Europe the mechanisms by which republicans sought to reconstruct their civilizations. Masonry, the earliest model of a secular voluntary association, emerged from the Old World Enlightenment with unavoidable implications for the political organizations built in its wake and for the revolutionary movements of the eighteenth century. For the defenders of the status quo, the membership, influence, and agendas of secret societies might be unknown, but it seemed wisest to assume them to be massive, pervasive, and insidious. On the other hand, some participants sought to turn a Masonic model to revolutionary purposes, with goals that ranged from the mere displacement of a regime to a thorough social transformation.
Michael E. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190842383
- eISBN:
- 9780190842413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190842383.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter deals with the sources available for knowledge of Jewish esoteric groups, distinguishing between “insider” and “outsider” sources. The Essenes and the Qumran covenanters as a secret ...
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This chapter deals with the sources available for knowledge of Jewish esoteric groups, distinguishing between “insider” and “outsider” sources. The Essenes and the Qumran covenanters as a secret society are introduced. The keeping of secrets in the Greco–Roman world and the consequent importance of archaeology in discovering these secrets are briefly discussed. Typical features of secret societies are given: gradual initiation and limitation of membership, hierarchical organization with different levels, and stages of admission to the special knowledge. The main categories are “secret–open,” not “sectarian–normative,” as in previous studies. Analogous secret cults in the Greco–Roman world are also listed.Less
This chapter deals with the sources available for knowledge of Jewish esoteric groups, distinguishing between “insider” and “outsider” sources. The Essenes and the Qumran covenanters as a secret society are introduced. The keeping of secrets in the Greco–Roman world and the consequent importance of archaeology in discovering these secrets are briefly discussed. Typical features of secret societies are given: gradual initiation and limitation of membership, hierarchical organization with different levels, and stages of admission to the special knowledge. The main categories are “secret–open,” not “sectarian–normative,” as in previous studies. Analogous secret cults in the Greco–Roman world are also listed.
Susan Shepler
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814724965
- eISBN:
- 9780814760192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814724965.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes aspects of the practice of childhood in Sierra Leone—child labor, secret society initiations, child fosterage, and education and apprenticeship—that are continuous with the ...
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This chapter describes aspects of the practice of childhood in Sierra Leone—child labor, secret society initiations, child fosterage, and education and apprenticeship—that are continuous with the participation of children in armed forces. Sierra Leoneans have their own culturally specific reactions to child soldiering that are not reflected in global child rights discourse. What is disturbing to them is not a lost innocence but a separation from family and training and the idea that the nation loses a generation. However, the focus on social, cultural, and historical continuity does not change the fact that the war was an extraordinary event, and a horrible experience for almost everyone involved.Less
This chapter describes aspects of the practice of childhood in Sierra Leone—child labor, secret society initiations, child fosterage, and education and apprenticeship—that are continuous with the participation of children in armed forces. Sierra Leoneans have their own culturally specific reactions to child soldiering that are not reflected in global child rights discourse. What is disturbing to them is not a lost innocence but a separation from family and training and the idea that the nation loses a generation. However, the focus on social, cultural, and historical continuity does not change the fact that the war was an extraordinary event, and a horrible experience for almost everyone involved.
