Winifred Breines
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179040
- eISBN:
- 9780199788583
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179040.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book considers why a racially integrated feminist movement did not develop in the second wave of the feminist movement in the 1970s. It looks at radical white and black women in the civil rights ...
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This book considers why a racially integrated feminist movement did not develop in the second wave of the feminist movement in the 1970s. It looks at radical white and black women in the civil rights movement: black women in the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party; Bread and Roses, a primarily white Boston socialist feminist organization, black feminism with a focus on the Combahee River Collective in Boston; and cross-racial work and conferences in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It asks why the primarily white radical feminist movement has been considered racist and whether white women's racism kept African Americans away from the white movement. White radical feminists were committed to racial equality and to building a racially integrated movement. But due to young white radical women's romanticism, unconscious racism, segregated upbringing, and class privileges, the radical feminist movement they built was not attractive to black women. Influenced by the Black Power movement, radical black women were wary of white women. They distrusted white women's privilege, their focus on sisterhood without clearly recognizing difference based on race and class, and white women's innocence. Further, African American women were uninterested in white feminism because they were politically engaged with black nationalism and racial pride. Radical black women came to believe that they had to develop their own feminism, one which recognized the centrality of race and class to gender difference. Eventually, through much work and pain, instances occurred in which white and black feminists worked together politically. Their learning curve about gender, race, and class was steep in these years. Youthful American radical feminists were racial pioneers in developing a social movement that demonstrated politically how gender, race, and class are central to understanding and struggling against social inequality.Less
This book considers why a racially integrated feminist movement did not develop in the second wave of the feminist movement in the 1970s. It looks at radical white and black women in the civil rights movement: black women in the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party; Bread and Roses, a primarily white Boston socialist feminist organization, black feminism with a focus on the Combahee River Collective in Boston; and cross-racial work and conferences in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It asks why the primarily white radical feminist movement has been considered racist and whether white women's racism kept African Americans away from the white movement. White radical feminists were committed to racial equality and to building a racially integrated movement. But due to young white radical women's romanticism, unconscious racism, segregated upbringing, and class privileges, the radical feminist movement they built was not attractive to black women. Influenced by the Black Power movement, radical black women were wary of white women. They distrusted white women's privilege, their focus on sisterhood without clearly recognizing difference based on race and class, and white women's innocence. Further, African American women were uninterested in white feminism because they were politically engaged with black nationalism and racial pride. Radical black women came to believe that they had to develop their own feminism, one which recognized the centrality of race and class to gender difference. Eventually, through much work and pain, instances occurred in which white and black feminists worked together politically. Their learning curve about gender, race, and class was steep in these years. Youthful American radical feminists were racial pioneers in developing a social movement that demonstrated politically how gender, race, and class are central to understanding and struggling against social inequality.
Lily Geismer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157238
- eISBN:
- 9781400852420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter looks at the growth of suburban feminism as a means to consider the persistence of certain elements of suburban liberal activism and ideology in a changed political and economic climate. ...
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This chapter looks at the growth of suburban feminism as a means to consider the persistence of certain elements of suburban liberal activism and ideology in a changed political and economic climate. The increasing wedding of feminism with suburban politics had key trade-offs for the larger cause of women's equality. The sensibility and organizing strategies of suburban liberal politics were both crucial to the success of several campaigns, especially the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The pivot also helped the movement further earn the notice and attention of politicians eager to win suburban votes. Yet the relationship hardened the middle-class orientation of second-wave feminism and elevated class-blind and consumerist ideas of choice.Less
This chapter looks at the growth of suburban feminism as a means to consider the persistence of certain elements of suburban liberal activism and ideology in a changed political and economic climate. The increasing wedding of feminism with suburban politics had key trade-offs for the larger cause of women's equality. The sensibility and organizing strategies of suburban liberal politics were both crucial to the success of several campaigns, especially the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The pivot also helped the movement further earn the notice and attention of politicians eager to win suburban votes. Yet the relationship hardened the middle-class orientation of second-wave feminism and elevated class-blind and consumerist ideas of choice.
Hugh McLeod
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298259
- eISBN:
- 9780191711619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298259.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter discusses the sexual revolution, gay liberation movement, ‘second wave feminism’, and changes in family life that had a significant impact on religion. The 1960s and early 1970s were a ...
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This chapter discusses the sexual revolution, gay liberation movement, ‘second wave feminism’, and changes in family life that had a significant impact on religion. The 1960s and early 1970s were a time of crisis for the churches in most Western countries. Of the changes in this period in the field of sex, gender, and the family, those that had an impact on the largest numbers of people were the increasing focus of life on the home and the nuclear family, the influence of the ‘companionate marriage’ ideal, and the declining importance of the neighbourhood and of customs enforced by pressure from neighbours and extended families. The Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements exercised a powerful influence, but on much smaller numbers of people, revolutionizing the thinking of those who joined, becoming for many of them a complete way of life, and often placing attachments to religion or the churches under severe strain.Less
This chapter discusses the sexual revolution, gay liberation movement, ‘second wave feminism’, and changes in family life that had a significant impact on religion. The 1960s and early 1970s were a time of crisis for the churches in most Western countries. Of the changes in this period in the field of sex, gender, and the family, those that had an impact on the largest numbers of people were the increasing focus of life on the home and the nuclear family, the influence of the ‘companionate marriage’ ideal, and the declining importance of the neighbourhood and of customs enforced by pressure from neighbours and extended families. The Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements exercised a powerful influence, but on much smaller numbers of people, revolutionizing the thinking of those who joined, becoming for many of them a complete way of life, and often placing attachments to religion or the churches under severe strain.
Winifred Breines
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179040
- eISBN:
- 9780199788583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179040.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The author began the project of this book wondering why white radical feminists were considered racists by black feminists when she knew that white feminists were not racist or considered themselves ...
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The author began the project of this book wondering why white radical feminists were considered racists by black feminists when she knew that white feminists were not racist or considered themselves anti-racist. While committed to anti-racism, white feminists had grown up in segregation and, especially in the north, did not know or have experience of black people as equals. The author's whiteness kept her from understanding the perspective of African American women and from seeing the impact of race and class on all young activists. Eventually, she revised her research questions in order to see how both groups of women experienced each other and how they were able, only after years of painful learning about racism, to devise a politics that enabled them to work politically across race.Less
The author began the project of this book wondering why white radical feminists were considered racists by black feminists when she knew that white feminists were not racist or considered themselves anti-racist. While committed to anti-racism, white feminists had grown up in segregation and, especially in the north, did not know or have experience of black people as equals. The author's whiteness kept her from understanding the perspective of African American women and from seeing the impact of race and class on all young activists. Eventually, she revised her research questions in order to see how both groups of women experienced each other and how they were able, only after years of painful learning about racism, to devise a politics that enabled them to work politically across race.
Rachel Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474414661
- eISBN:
- 9781474453875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414661.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter focuses on a novel by a writer whose reputation as one of the most innovative and influential authors of the late twentieth century is firmly established. The centrality of Angela ...
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This chapter focuses on a novel by a writer whose reputation as one of the most innovative and influential authors of the late twentieth century is firmly established. The centrality of Angela Carter’s work to feminist literary culture is widely recognised and celebrated, as is her passionately combative engagement with the feminist orthodoxies of her time. Through a focus on the contrasting depictions of an involuntary transsexual, the eponymous Eve (who is subject to sex reassignment surgery without her consent), and an elective transgender person, Tristessa (who is refused medical treatment despite living as woman), this chapter aims to address the critical legacies of specific strands of Second Wave feminist critique. It does so by situating the novel within the context of debates and controversies about the place of male-to-female transsexuals in the women’s movement contemporary to the era of its writing and reception.Less
This chapter focuses on a novel by a writer whose reputation as one of the most innovative and influential authors of the late twentieth century is firmly established. The centrality of Angela Carter’s work to feminist literary culture is widely recognised and celebrated, as is her passionately combative engagement with the feminist orthodoxies of her time. Through a focus on the contrasting depictions of an involuntary transsexual, the eponymous Eve (who is subject to sex reassignment surgery without her consent), and an elective transgender person, Tristessa (who is refused medical treatment despite living as woman), this chapter aims to address the critical legacies of specific strands of Second Wave feminist critique. It does so by situating the novel within the context of debates and controversies about the place of male-to-female transsexuals in the women’s movement contemporary to the era of its writing and reception.
Susan Ware
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834541
- eISBN:
- 9781469603384
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807877999_ware
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
When Billie Jean King trounced Bobby Riggs in tennis's “Battle of the Sexes” in 1973, she placed sports squarely at the center of a national debate about gender equity. In this combination of ...
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When Billie Jean King trounced Bobby Riggs in tennis's “Battle of the Sexes” in 1973, she placed sports squarely at the center of a national debate about gender equity. In this combination of biography and history, the book argues that King's challenge to sexism, the supportive climate of second-wave feminism, and the legislative clout of Title IX sparked a women's sports revolution in the 1970s that fundamentally reshaped American society. While King did not single-handedly cause the revolution in women's sports, she quickly became one of its most enduring symbols, as did Title IX, a federal law that was initially passed in 1972 to attack sex discrimination in educational institutions but had its greatest impact by opening opportunities for women in sports. King's place in tennis history is secure, and now, with this book, she can take her rightful place as a key player in the history of feminism as well. By linking the stories of King and Title IX, the book explains why women's sports took off in the 1970s, and demonstrates how giving women a sporting chance has permanently changed American life on and off the playing field.Less
When Billie Jean King trounced Bobby Riggs in tennis's “Battle of the Sexes” in 1973, she placed sports squarely at the center of a national debate about gender equity. In this combination of biography and history, the book argues that King's challenge to sexism, the supportive climate of second-wave feminism, and the legislative clout of Title IX sparked a women's sports revolution in the 1970s that fundamentally reshaped American society. While King did not single-handedly cause the revolution in women's sports, she quickly became one of its most enduring symbols, as did Title IX, a federal law that was initially passed in 1972 to attack sex discrimination in educational institutions but had its greatest impact by opening opportunities for women in sports. King's place in tennis history is secure, and now, with this book, she can take her rightful place as a key player in the history of feminism as well. By linking the stories of King and Title IX, the book explains why women's sports took off in the 1970s, and demonstrates how giving women a sporting chance has permanently changed American life on and off the playing field.
Erin M. Kempker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041976
- eISBN:
- 9780252050701
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041976.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book maps the interplay of conservative and feminist women in Indiana during the second half of the twentieth century and proposes an alternative framework for understanding the second wave ...
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This book maps the interplay of conservative and feminist women in Indiana during the second half of the twentieth century and proposes an alternative framework for understanding the second wave feminist movement. The central theme is that rightwing women’s understanding of one-worldism--a conspiracy theory refined by grassroots anticommunists during the height of the Cold War--shaped conservative women’s response to the second wave feminist movement and circumscribed feminist activism. Over the course of the postwar era, anticommunist organizations like the Minute Women of the U.S.A., Pro America, and the John Birch Society provided a forum for rightwing women to develop their understanding of related forces pushing for a “one-world,” totalitarian supra-government, forces they described as treasonous. While communists often were lumped under the “one-worlder” category, the two were not synonymous. In literature rightwing women described a spectrum of subversion that included a fifth column but also those advocating domestic cooperation through federal regionalism, gender equality as opposed to gender difference, and internationalists advocating stronger authority for the United Nations. The book documents the work of Hoosier feminists to accomplish their goals, especially the Equal Rights Amendment, in a hostile political environment and the work of rightwing women to counter the threat of internationalism or one-worldism, culminating in a showdown at the 1977 International Women’s Year celebration.Less
This book maps the interplay of conservative and feminist women in Indiana during the second half of the twentieth century and proposes an alternative framework for understanding the second wave feminist movement. The central theme is that rightwing women’s understanding of one-worldism--a conspiracy theory refined by grassroots anticommunists during the height of the Cold War--shaped conservative women’s response to the second wave feminist movement and circumscribed feminist activism. Over the course of the postwar era, anticommunist organizations like the Minute Women of the U.S.A., Pro America, and the John Birch Society provided a forum for rightwing women to develop their understanding of related forces pushing for a “one-world,” totalitarian supra-government, forces they described as treasonous. While communists often were lumped under the “one-worlder” category, the two were not synonymous. In literature rightwing women described a spectrum of subversion that included a fifth column but also those advocating domestic cooperation through federal regionalism, gender equality as opposed to gender difference, and internationalists advocating stronger authority for the United Nations. The book documents the work of Hoosier feminists to accomplish their goals, especially the Equal Rights Amendment, in a hostile political environment and the work of rightwing women to counter the threat of internationalism or one-worldism, culminating in a showdown at the 1977 International Women’s Year celebration.
Pamela S. Nadell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814732182
- eISBN:
- 9780814733110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814732182.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses how the second wave of feminism in the 20th century expanded opportunities for American women, which ultimately led to the transformation of American Judaism. Prior to the ...
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This chapter discusses how the second wave of feminism in the 20th century expanded opportunities for American women, which ultimately led to the transformation of American Judaism. Prior to the emergence of this second-wave, women's roles within American Jewish life had changed slowly and incrementally over time. Yet, once second-wave feminism stormed American Judaism, change cascaded over the American Jewish landscape. In the early 1970s, for instance, women bent on becoming rabbis were on their way to ordination. Feminists also turned their attention to public rituals and celebrations, seeking new venues for communal feminist spirituality. One of these is the women's seder. By the end of the 20th century, women's seders had sprung up in Jewish communities all across the United States, bringing together “women of all ages and from every corner of the Jewish community to celebrate the Exodus in story, song, and symbolism from a woman's perspective.”Less
This chapter discusses how the second wave of feminism in the 20th century expanded opportunities for American women, which ultimately led to the transformation of American Judaism. Prior to the emergence of this second-wave, women's roles within American Jewish life had changed slowly and incrementally over time. Yet, once second-wave feminism stormed American Judaism, change cascaded over the American Jewish landscape. In the early 1970s, for instance, women bent on becoming rabbis were on their way to ordination. Feminists also turned their attention to public rituals and celebrations, seeking new venues for communal feminist spirituality. One of these is the women's seder. By the end of the 20th century, women's seders had sprung up in Jewish communities all across the United States, bringing together “women of all ages and from every corner of the Jewish community to celebrate the Exodus in story, song, and symbolism from a woman's perspective.”
Erin M. Kempker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041976
- eISBN:
- 9780252050701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041976.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Chapter 4 focuses on how Hoosier feminists adapted feminism to the particular political environment of Indiana, specifically we examine feminists’ decision to forward a “low key” image to achieve ...
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Chapter 4 focuses on how Hoosier feminists adapted feminism to the particular political environment of Indiana, specifically we examine feminists’ decision to forward a “low key” image to achieve greater respectability and support for the ERA in a conservative political milieu. This decision ultimately proved successful in ratification of the ERA, but also led to dissent and hard feelings within feminist coalitions as many started to see the “low key” strategy as a muzzle. This chapter explores the strategy decisions and contours of the Hoosier feminist movement rooted as it was to place.Less
Chapter 4 focuses on how Hoosier feminists adapted feminism to the particular political environment of Indiana, specifically we examine feminists’ decision to forward a “low key” image to achieve greater respectability and support for the ERA in a conservative political milieu. This decision ultimately proved successful in ratification of the ERA, but also led to dissent and hard feelings within feminist coalitions as many started to see the “low key” strategy as a muzzle. This chapter explores the strategy decisions and contours of the Hoosier feminist movement rooted as it was to place.
Erin M. Kempker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041976
- eISBN:
- 9780252050701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041976.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Chapter 3 zeros in on Indiana to investigate how conservativism infused with one-world conspiracism developed there and affected feminist goals like the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Feminism was ...
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Chapter 3 zeros in on Indiana to investigate how conservativism infused with one-world conspiracism developed there and affected feminist goals like the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Feminism was alive and well in the state and existing liberal groups formed a coalition that called itself the ERA Coordinating Committee (later renamed Hoosiers for the Equal Rights Amendment) in the early seventies in order to achieve state ratification of the ERA. Feminists adopted a “low key” approach--a strategy to make feminism palatable to the general public in the state. On the right, conservative women effectively transitioned old anticommunist fears to a new target and in editorials described the ERA as communist directed. State ERA ratification riled and rallied the rightwing and made conservatives all the more determined to stop “the planners” in their next showdown, International Women’s Year.Less
Chapter 3 zeros in on Indiana to investigate how conservativism infused with one-world conspiracism developed there and affected feminist goals like the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Feminism was alive and well in the state and existing liberal groups formed a coalition that called itself the ERA Coordinating Committee (later renamed Hoosiers for the Equal Rights Amendment) in the early seventies in order to achieve state ratification of the ERA. Feminists adopted a “low key” approach--a strategy to make feminism palatable to the general public in the state. On the right, conservative women effectively transitioned old anticommunist fears to a new target and in editorials described the ERA as communist directed. State ERA ratification riled and rallied the rightwing and made conservatives all the more determined to stop “the planners” in their next showdown, International Women’s Year.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Social History
From the 1940s, the sex manuals reflected a slow acceptance by society of varied physical sexual practices. There was a contradictory and contested re-emergence of male domination, justified by ...
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From the 1940s, the sex manuals reflected a slow acceptance by society of varied physical sexual practices. There was a contradictory and contested re-emergence of male domination, justified by popular interpretations of psychoanalysis, within the genre as the influence of first wave feminism and the need for sexual continence to control fertility receded into the past.Less
From the 1940s, the sex manuals reflected a slow acceptance by society of varied physical sexual practices. There was a contradictory and contested re-emergence of male domination, justified by popular interpretations of psychoanalysis, within the genre as the influence of first wave feminism and the need for sexual continence to control fertility receded into the past.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter concludes the section on sex manuals and relates sources with an analysis of post-World War II sex research into heterosexual physical sexual practice and, in particular, female orgasm. ...
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This chapter concludes the section on sex manuals and relates sources with an analysis of post-World War II sex research into heterosexual physical sexual practice and, in particular, female orgasm. It includes discussions about sex counsellors Dr Joan Malleson and Lena Levine; the Kinsey Reports; Masters and Johnson; and second wave feminists. It argues that the sensitivity and responsiveness of the vagina was underestimated in reaction to the Freudian rejection of clitoral sensation.Less
This chapter concludes the section on sex manuals and relates sources with an analysis of post-World War II sex research into heterosexual physical sexual practice and, in particular, female orgasm. It includes discussions about sex counsellors Dr Joan Malleson and Lena Levine; the Kinsey Reports; Masters and Johnson; and second wave feminists. It argues that the sensitivity and responsiveness of the vagina was underestimated in reaction to the Freudian rejection of clitoral sensation.
Laura K. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190265144
- eISBN:
- 9780190265175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Democratization
Challenging the notion that public actions and political lobbying are the women’s movement’s main tactics, this chapter traces the history of an extra-institutional form of feminism—narrative-based ...
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Challenging the notion that public actions and political lobbying are the women’s movement’s main tactics, this chapter traces the history of an extra-institutional form of feminism—narrative-based consciousness-raising—from its inception in the 1910s through its contemporary online expression today. Rather than a product of second-wave feminism, narrative-based consciousness-raising has always been central to the women’s movement, as the chapter shows. Narrative-based consciousness-raising as a strategy assumes that, in order to change fundamental societal institutions such as marriage, the nuclear family, and the state, men and women must first change their consciousness about themselves and society. This strategy utilizes personal life stories, or life narratives, to reveal the collective roots of personal problems in order to effect this personal change. The persistence of this strategy through three waves of feminist activism demonstrates the value of raising collective awareness for fighting gendered oppression. The author argues that this continuity is a result of institutionalized knowledge and a response to similar historical circumstances, rather than direct connections between waves.Less
Challenging the notion that public actions and political lobbying are the women’s movement’s main tactics, this chapter traces the history of an extra-institutional form of feminism—narrative-based consciousness-raising—from its inception in the 1910s through its contemporary online expression today. Rather than a product of second-wave feminism, narrative-based consciousness-raising has always been central to the women’s movement, as the chapter shows. Narrative-based consciousness-raising as a strategy assumes that, in order to change fundamental societal institutions such as marriage, the nuclear family, and the state, men and women must first change their consciousness about themselves and society. This strategy utilizes personal life stories, or life narratives, to reveal the collective roots of personal problems in order to effect this personal change. The persistence of this strategy through three waves of feminist activism demonstrates the value of raising collective awareness for fighting gendered oppression. The author argues that this continuity is a result of institutionalized knowledge and a response to similar historical circumstances, rather than direct connections between waves.
Erin M. Kempker
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041976
- eISBN:
- 9780252050701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041976.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The introduction sets up the differing perspectives and world views of feminist and conservative women in the last half of the twentieth century and situates their politics in the American Midwestern ...
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The introduction sets up the differing perspectives and world views of feminist and conservative women in the last half of the twentieth century and situates their politics in the American Midwestern state of Indiana. Key terms and definitions for feminist, conservative, and conspiracy are provided, along with a general understanding of conspiracism and the history of conspiracy in the United States.Less
The introduction sets up the differing perspectives and world views of feminist and conservative women in the last half of the twentieth century and situates their politics in the American Midwestern state of Indiana. Key terms and definitions for feminist, conservative, and conspiracy are provided, along with a general understanding of conspiracism and the history of conspiracy in the United States.
Carolyn Kitch
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252043109
- eISBN:
- 9780252051982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043109.003.0012
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This study considers how suffrage was remembered and forgotten half a century later in coverage of the second wave of American feminism published by the midcentury’s leading newsmagazines, Time, ...
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This study considers how suffrage was remembered and forgotten half a century later in coverage of the second wave of American feminism published by the midcentury’s leading newsmagazines, Time, Newsweek, and Life. In their initial reporting on “the woman problem,” these publications wondered why the achievement of suffrage had not satisfied women’s demands; as the movement gained momentum, however, they declared it not only newsworthy but unprecedented. Contrasting current feminism with the simpler, uncontestable goal of gaining the vote, this revised narrative (briefly) legitimized contemporary protesters while deradicalizing and even sentimentalizing suffragists. Yet in later decades when women ran for top political offices, newsmagazine journalism returned to a tone of surprise at each new “wave” of success. Thus, the longer-term news story of American women’s political activism remains one of a series of unconnected developments rather than one of continuous effort.Less
This study considers how suffrage was remembered and forgotten half a century later in coverage of the second wave of American feminism published by the midcentury’s leading newsmagazines, Time, Newsweek, and Life. In their initial reporting on “the woman problem,” these publications wondered why the achievement of suffrage had not satisfied women’s demands; as the movement gained momentum, however, they declared it not only newsworthy but unprecedented. Contrasting current feminism with the simpler, uncontestable goal of gaining the vote, this revised narrative (briefly) legitimized contemporary protesters while deradicalizing and even sentimentalizing suffragists. Yet in later decades when women ran for top political offices, newsmagazine journalism returned to a tone of surprise at each new “wave” of success. Thus, the longer-term news story of American women’s political activism remains one of a series of unconnected developments rather than one of continuous effort.
Karen W. Tice
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842780
- eISBN:
- 9780199933440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842780.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter begins with two in-depth case studies of a historically black university and a predominantly white university in the South from the 1920s through the 1980s, to examine generational and ...
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This chapter begins with two in-depth case studies of a historically black university and a predominantly white university in the South from the 1920s through the 1980s, to examine generational and racialized differences in the investment, meanings, and performance of gendered and classed distinction and desirability, the impact of shifting patterns of racial integration and segregation, the policing of student bodies through etiquette and grooming, the proliferation of campus queen contests as hundreds of college women represented their dorms and departments wearing tiaras, and the commercialization and export of collegiate beauty queens to local businesses and festivals. These studies also illuminate the changing contours of campus pageants, including the impact of civil rights organizing, black power student movements, and second wave feminism. A third case study examines the protracted racial turmoil that ensued at Indiana University when African American students repeatedly challenged normative iterations of beauty in student pageant rituals.Less
This chapter begins with two in-depth case studies of a historically black university and a predominantly white university in the South from the 1920s through the 1980s, to examine generational and racialized differences in the investment, meanings, and performance of gendered and classed distinction and desirability, the impact of shifting patterns of racial integration and segregation, the policing of student bodies through etiquette and grooming, the proliferation of campus queen contests as hundreds of college women represented their dorms and departments wearing tiaras, and the commercialization and export of collegiate beauty queens to local businesses and festivals. These studies also illuminate the changing contours of campus pageants, including the impact of civil rights organizing, black power student movements, and second wave feminism. A third case study examines the protracted racial turmoil that ensued at Indiana University when African American students repeatedly challenged normative iterations of beauty in student pageant rituals.
Robin E. Field
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781942954835
- eISBN:
- 9781800341838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781942954835.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
The introduction establishes the urgency of the feminist project of the 1970s to challenge the prevalent rape myths of the twentieth century: rape does not exist; women should simply enjoy sex even ...
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The introduction establishes the urgency of the feminist project of the 1970s to challenge the prevalent rape myths of the twentieth century: rape does not exist; women should simply enjoy sex even when they are forced into the act; and violent sex is pornographic and titillating, but not a crime. Earlier representations of rape in American fiction were not told through the perspective of the victim; instead, an unsympathetic bystander or even the perpetrator recounts the events. Women began portraying rape as rape—as a violent, nonconsensual act—once second-wave feminists challenged rape myths through consciousness-raising sessions, publications, and public activism. The resultant new genre of fiction, the rape novel, prioritizes the survivor and her physical and psychological trauma. The rape novel works to change the culture that allows rape and sexual violence to occur, demonstrating the transformative power of literature to educate, inspire activism, and promote healing.Less
The introduction establishes the urgency of the feminist project of the 1970s to challenge the prevalent rape myths of the twentieth century: rape does not exist; women should simply enjoy sex even when they are forced into the act; and violent sex is pornographic and titillating, but not a crime. Earlier representations of rape in American fiction were not told through the perspective of the victim; instead, an unsympathetic bystander or even the perpetrator recounts the events. Women began portraying rape as rape—as a violent, nonconsensual act—once second-wave feminists challenged rape myths through consciousness-raising sessions, publications, and public activism. The resultant new genre of fiction, the rape novel, prioritizes the survivor and her physical and psychological trauma. The rape novel works to change the culture that allows rape and sexual violence to occur, demonstrating the transformative power of literature to educate, inspire activism, and promote healing.
Gwyneth Jones
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042638
- eISBN:
- 9780252051487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042638.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
“Year Zero Art” situates Second Wave feminism in the context of the “domestic revival” decreed by Cold War politics; examines historical female-ordered utopias, and provides a close reading of the ...
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“Year Zero Art” situates Second Wave feminism in the context of the “domestic revival” decreed by Cold War politics; examines historical female-ordered utopias, and provides a close reading of the polemic, idyllic, and lyric voices; the layered realities and the “many worlds” speculative-science content of Joanna’s highly personal 1975 novel, The Female Man. Essays and reviews described include radical feminist criticism of Ursula K. Le Guin’s novels; the groundbreaking “Why Women Can’t Write”; the controversial “Image of Women in Science Fiction” and “Alien Monsters,” in which Joanna defines the pernicious sf figure of the “he-man.” Stories related to The Female Man (1971-75) include “When It Changed,” the Nebula Award-winning conventional sf version of The Female Man.Less
“Year Zero Art” situates Second Wave feminism in the context of the “domestic revival” decreed by Cold War politics; examines historical female-ordered utopias, and provides a close reading of the polemic, idyllic, and lyric voices; the layered realities and the “many worlds” speculative-science content of Joanna’s highly personal 1975 novel, The Female Man. Essays and reviews described include radical feminist criticism of Ursula K. Le Guin’s novels; the groundbreaking “Why Women Can’t Write”; the controversial “Image of Women in Science Fiction” and “Alien Monsters,” in which Joanna defines the pernicious sf figure of the “he-man.” Stories related to The Female Man (1971-75) include “When It Changed,” the Nebula Award-winning conventional sf version of The Female Man.
Cheryl Higashida
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036507
- eISBN:
- 9780252093548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036507.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter argues that Audre Lorde's essays and poetry from the 1980s develop an overlooked yet significant strand of second-wave Black feminism that reveals continuities with postwar anticolonial ...
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This chapter argues that Audre Lorde's essays and poetry from the 1980s develop an overlooked yet significant strand of second-wave Black feminism that reveals continuities with postwar anticolonial internationalism. Lorde's poetry and prose from the mid-1980s on, after the invasion of Grenada, reveal that independent Black nationhood becomes an important political goal for her, one not yet superseded by “free” mobility or exilic diasporic communities. Moreover, it is in Lorde's post-invasion prose and poetry that she most explicitly and consistently explores a nationalist internationalism, positing that African Americans are morally and politically bound to support Third World and indigenous struggles for national sovereignty and that anticolonial struggles illuminate and impact African Americans' situation in the United States as an oppressed people.Less
This chapter argues that Audre Lorde's essays and poetry from the 1980s develop an overlooked yet significant strand of second-wave Black feminism that reveals continuities with postwar anticolonial internationalism. Lorde's poetry and prose from the mid-1980s on, after the invasion of Grenada, reveal that independent Black nationhood becomes an important political goal for her, one not yet superseded by “free” mobility or exilic diasporic communities. Moreover, it is in Lorde's post-invasion prose and poetry that she most explicitly and consistently explores a nationalist internationalism, positing that African Americans are morally and politically bound to support Third World and indigenous struggles for national sovereignty and that anticolonial struggles illuminate and impact African Americans' situation in the United States as an oppressed people.
Neil Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781906733728
- eISBN:
- 9781800342118
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781906733728.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Brian De Palma's adaptation of Stephen King's debut novel, Carrie (1976), is one of the defining films of 1970s ‘New Hollywood’ style and a horror classic. The story of a teenage social outcast who ...
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Brian De Palma's adaptation of Stephen King's debut novel, Carrie (1976), is one of the defining films of 1970s ‘New Hollywood’ style and a horror classic. The story of a teenage social outcast who discovers she possesses latent psychic powers that allow her to deliver retribution to her peers, teachers, and abusive mother, Carrie was an enormous commercial and critical success and is still one of the finest screen adaptations of a King novel. This book not only breaks the film down into its formal components — its themes, stylistic tropes, technical approaches, uses of colour and sound, dialogue, and visual symbolism — but also considers a multitude of other factors contributing to the work's classic status. The act of adapting King's novel for the big screen, the origins of the novel itself, the place of Carrie in De Palma's oeuvre, the subsequent versions and sequel, and the social, political, and cultural climate of the era (including the influence of second wave feminism, loosening sexual norms, and changing representations of adolescence), as well as the explosion of interest in and the evolution of the horror genre during the decade, are all shown to have played an important part in the film's success and enduring reputation.Less
Brian De Palma's adaptation of Stephen King's debut novel, Carrie (1976), is one of the defining films of 1970s ‘New Hollywood’ style and a horror classic. The story of a teenage social outcast who discovers she possesses latent psychic powers that allow her to deliver retribution to her peers, teachers, and abusive mother, Carrie was an enormous commercial and critical success and is still one of the finest screen adaptations of a King novel. This book not only breaks the film down into its formal components — its themes, stylistic tropes, technical approaches, uses of colour and sound, dialogue, and visual symbolism — but also considers a multitude of other factors contributing to the work's classic status. The act of adapting King's novel for the big screen, the origins of the novel itself, the place of Carrie in De Palma's oeuvre, the subsequent versions and sequel, and the social, political, and cultural climate of the era (including the influence of second wave feminism, loosening sexual norms, and changing representations of adolescence), as well as the explosion of interest in and the evolution of the horror genre during the decade, are all shown to have played an important part in the film's success and enduring reputation.
