Duncan Pritchard, Alan Millar, and Adrian Haddock
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199586264
- eISBN:
- 9780191723360
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586264.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, General
The three parts of the book comprise three distinct investigations under a common theme: enquiry into inter-relationships between issues about the nature of knowledge and issues about the value of ...
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The three parts of the book comprise three distinct investigations under a common theme: enquiry into inter-relationships between issues about the nature of knowledge and issues about the value of knowledge. The first investigation provides an analysis of problems concerning the value of knowledge and a critical examination of responses to these by virtue epistemologists. The book finds virtue-theoretic accounts wanting and argues that there is a cognitive state — understanding — which is similar to, but different from knowledge, and which has final value. In the second investigation the book presents accounts of perceptual knowledge, knowledge from indicator phenomena, and knowledge from testimony, in each of which recognitional abilities feature prominently. Consideration of these abilities, the book claims, enables us to reach a better understanding of knowledge and its value. The third investigation focuses on the relationship between perceptual knowledge and knowledge of our own intentional actions. The book argues for an account of knowledge and justification to which a certain kind of second-order knowledge is central and applies this both to perceptual knowledge, and knowledge of our own intentional actions, with a view to explaining ways in which knowledge is of value.Less
The three parts of the book comprise three distinct investigations under a common theme: enquiry into inter-relationships between issues about the nature of knowledge and issues about the value of knowledge. The first investigation provides an analysis of problems concerning the value of knowledge and a critical examination of responses to these by virtue epistemologists. The book finds virtue-theoretic accounts wanting and argues that there is a cognitive state — understanding — which is similar to, but different from knowledge, and which has final value. In the second investigation the book presents accounts of perceptual knowledge, knowledge from indicator phenomena, and knowledge from testimony, in each of which recognitional abilities feature prominently. Consideration of these abilities, the book claims, enables us to reach a better understanding of knowledge and its value. The third investigation focuses on the relationship between perceptual knowledge and knowledge of our own intentional actions. The book argues for an account of knowledge and justification to which a certain kind of second-order knowledge is central and applies this both to perceptual knowledge, and knowledge of our own intentional actions, with a view to explaining ways in which knowledge is of value.
Nino B. Cocchiarella and Max A. Freund
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195366587
- eISBN:
- 9780199851898
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
In this text, a variety of modal logics at the sentential, first-order, and second-order levels are developed with clarity, precision, and philosophical insight. All of the S1-S5 modal logics of ...
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In this text, a variety of modal logics at the sentential, first-order, and second-order levels are developed with clarity, precision, and philosophical insight. All of the S1-S5 modal logics of Lewis and Langford, among others, are constructed. A matrix, or many-valued semantics, for sentential modal logic is formalized, and an important result that no finite matrix can characterize any of the standard modal logics is proven. Exercises, some of which show independence results, help to develop logical skills. A separate sentential modal logic of logical necessity in logical atomism is also constructed and shown to be complete and decidable. On the first-order level of the logic of logical necessity, the modal thesis of anti-essentialism is valid and every de re sentence is provably equivalent to a de dicto sentence. An elegant extension of the standard sentential modal logics into several first-order modal logics is developed. Both a first-order modal logic for possibilism containing actualism as a proper part as well as a separate modal logic for actualism alone are constructed for a variety of modal systems. Exercises on this level show the connections between modal laws and quantifier logic regarding generalization into, or out of, modal contexts and the conditions required for the necessity of identity and non-identity. Two types of second-order modal logics, one possibilist and the other actualist, are developed based on a distinction between existence-entailing concepts and concepts in general. The result is a deeper second-order analysis of possibilism and actualism as ontological frameworks. Exercises regarding second-order predicate quantifiers clarify the distinction between existence-entailing concepts and concepts in general.Less
In this text, a variety of modal logics at the sentential, first-order, and second-order levels are developed with clarity, precision, and philosophical insight. All of the S1-S5 modal logics of Lewis and Langford, among others, are constructed. A matrix, or many-valued semantics, for sentential modal logic is formalized, and an important result that no finite matrix can characterize any of the standard modal logics is proven. Exercises, some of which show independence results, help to develop logical skills. A separate sentential modal logic of logical necessity in logical atomism is also constructed and shown to be complete and decidable. On the first-order level of the logic of logical necessity, the modal thesis of anti-essentialism is valid and every de re sentence is provably equivalent to a de dicto sentence. An elegant extension of the standard sentential modal logics into several first-order modal logics is developed. Both a first-order modal logic for possibilism containing actualism as a proper part as well as a separate modal logic for actualism alone are constructed for a variety of modal systems. Exercises on this level show the connections between modal laws and quantifier logic regarding generalization into, or out of, modal contexts and the conditions required for the necessity of identity and non-identity. Two types of second-order modal logics, one possibilist and the other actualist, are developed based on a distinction between existence-entailing concepts and concepts in general. The result is a deeper second-order analysis of possibilism and actualism as ontological frameworks. Exercises regarding second-order predicate quantifiers clarify the distinction between existence-entailing concepts and concepts in general.
Stewart Shapiro
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198250296
- eISBN:
- 9780191598388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198250290.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
A language is second‐order, or higher‐order, if it has bound variables that range over properties or sets of the items in the range of the ordinary, first‐order variables. This book presents a formal ...
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A language is second‐order, or higher‐order, if it has bound variables that range over properties or sets of the items in the range of the ordinary, first‐order variables. This book presents a formal development of second‐ and higher‐order logic and an extended argument that higher‐order systems have an important role to play in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. The development includes the languages, deductive systems, and model‐theoretic semantics for higher‐order languages, and the basic and advanced results in its meta‐theory: completeness, compactness, and the Löwenheim–Skolem theorems for Henkin semantics, and the failure of those results for standard semantics. Argues that second‐order theories and formalizations, with standard semantics, provide better models of important aspects of mathematics than their first‐order counterparts. Despite the fact that Quine is the main opponent of second‐order logic (arguing that second‐order logic is set‐theory in disguise), the present argument is broadly Quinean, proposing that there is no sharp line dividing mathematics from logic, especially the logic of mathematics. Also surveys the historical development in logic, tracing the emergence of first‐order logic as the de facto standard among logicians and philosophers. The connection between formal deduction and reasoning is related to Wittgensteinian issues concerning rule‐following. The book closes with an examination of several alternatives to second‐order logic: first‐order set theory, infinitary languages, and systems that are, in a sense, intermediate between first order and second order.Less
A language is second‐order, or higher‐order, if it has bound variables that range over properties or sets of the items in the range of the ordinary, first‐order variables. This book presents a formal development of second‐ and higher‐order logic and an extended argument that higher‐order systems have an important role to play in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. The development includes the languages, deductive systems, and model‐theoretic semantics for higher‐order languages, and the basic and advanced results in its meta‐theory: completeness, compactness, and the Löwenheim–Skolem theorems for Henkin semantics, and the failure of those results for standard semantics. Argues that second‐order theories and formalizations, with standard semantics, provide better models of important aspects of mathematics than their first‐order counterparts. Despite the fact that Quine is the main opponent of second‐order logic (arguing that second‐order logic is set‐theory in disguise), the present argument is broadly Quinean, proposing that there is no sharp line dividing mathematics from logic, especially the logic of mathematics. Also surveys the historical development in logic, tracing the emergence of first‐order logic as the de facto standard among logicians and philosophers. The connection between formal deduction and reasoning is related to Wittgensteinian issues concerning rule‐following. The book closes with an examination of several alternatives to second‐order logic: first‐order set theory, infinitary languages, and systems that are, in a sense, intermediate between first order and second order.
Jean Blondel, Richard Sinnott, and Palle Svensson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293088
- eISBN:
- 9780191598814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293089.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Sets the context for this study of the relationship between people and parliament in the European Union and of the problem of participation in European Parliament elections by considering the meaning ...
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Sets the context for this study of the relationship between people and parliament in the European Union and of the problem of participation in European Parliament elections by considering the meaning of the concepts of democracy and legitimacy as applied to the supranational level of governance. It goes on to examine the second‐order‐election model and concludes that assessment of the value of the model—as an account of the relationship between the citizens and the European Parliament, and as an explanation of turnout in European Parliament elections—depends on the outcome of detailed empirical research on the perceptions and attitudes of European citizens. The chapter provides a very brief overview of the literature on turnout, emphasizing the need to pay attention to both contextual and individual‐level variables. Finally, the chapter deals with methodological aspects of the study and describes the main features of the survey (Eurobarometer 41.1 (1994)) on which the study is based.Less
Sets the context for this study of the relationship between people and parliament in the European Union and of the problem of participation in European Parliament elections by considering the meaning of the concepts of democracy and legitimacy as applied to the supranational level of governance. It goes on to examine the second‐order‐election model and concludes that assessment of the value of the model—as an account of the relationship between the citizens and the European Parliament, and as an explanation of turnout in European Parliament elections—depends on the outcome of detailed empirical research on the perceptions and attitudes of European citizens. The chapter provides a very brief overview of the literature on turnout, emphasizing the need to pay attention to both contextual and individual‐level variables. Finally, the chapter deals with methodological aspects of the study and describes the main features of the survey (Eurobarometer 41.1 (1994)) on which the study is based.
Jean Blondel, Richard Sinnott, and Palle Svensson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293088
- eISBN:
- 9780191598814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293089.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Examines perceptions of the power and reliability of the European Parliament and affective images of the Parliament as measured by an open‐ended, likes–dislikes question. As with the previous ...
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Examines perceptions of the power and reliability of the European Parliament and affective images of the Parliament as measured by an open‐ended, likes–dislikes question. As with the previous chapters, the relationship between such perceptions and images and participation/abstention in European Parliament elections is considered, with particular reference to the implications of the evidence for the second‐order‐election model.Less
Examines perceptions of the power and reliability of the European Parliament and affective images of the Parliament as measured by an open‐ended, likes–dislikes question. As with the previous chapters, the relationship between such perceptions and images and participation/abstention in European Parliament elections is considered, with particular reference to the implications of the evidence for the second‐order‐election model.
Jean Blondel, Richard Sinnott, and Palle Svensson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293088
- eISBN:
- 9780191598814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293089.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Takes up the question of the perceptions of, and attitudes to, parties and candidates in European and national elections. Measures of party differentials and candidate differentials are presented, ...
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Takes up the question of the perceptions of, and attitudes to, parties and candidates in European and national elections. Measures of party differentials and candidate differentials are presented, and the implications of the evidence for an assessment of the second‐order‐election model are examined. The chapter then deals with the citizens’ experience of the European Parliament election campaign of 1994, distinguishing between active and passive exposure to the campaign. The chapter concludes with an examination of the relationship between the variables considered and participation/abstention.Less
Takes up the question of the perceptions of, and attitudes to, parties and candidates in European and national elections. Measures of party differentials and candidate differentials are presented, and the implications of the evidence for an assessment of the second‐order‐election model are examined. The chapter then deals with the citizens’ experience of the European Parliament election campaign of 1994, distinguishing between active and passive exposure to the campaign. The chapter concludes with an examination of the relationship between the variables considered and participation/abstention.
Jean Blondel, Richard Sinnott, and Palle Svensson
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293088
- eISBN:
- 9780191598814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293089.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Having briefly considered the evidence of correlations between demographic characteristics and participation/abstention, Ch. 8 categorizes the large number of potential influences on ...
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Having briefly considered the evidence of correlations between demographic characteristics and participation/abstention, Ch. 8 categorizes the large number of potential influences on participation/abstention under six headings: institutional and political context, personal characteristics, political attitude, second‐order‐election‐model effects, attitudes to the European Union and the European Parliament, and campaign exposure. On the basis of a number of logistic regressions with the key types of abstention as dependent variables, the analysis leads to five main conclusions. Firstly, some but not all of the contextual variables, usually thought to affect abstention, have a substantial impact. Secondly, the evidence shows that the personal characteristic with the most consistent effect on abstention is age; social class effects appear to be quite limited and the effects of education appears to be, at best, modest. Thirdly, contrary to the findings of previous research, attitudes to the European Union have significant effects on abstention. Fourthly, the second‐order explanation of abstention in European Parliament elections receives little or no support from the evidence; in particular, perceptions indicating a presumed process of second‐order reasoning do not predict voluntary Euro‐specific abstention. Finally, active exposure to the campaign significantly reduces voluntary Euro‐specific abstention.Less
Having briefly considered the evidence of correlations between demographic characteristics and participation/abstention, Ch. 8 categorizes the large number of potential influences on participation/abstention under six headings: institutional and political context, personal characteristics, political attitude, second‐order‐election‐model effects, attitudes to the European Union and the European Parliament, and campaign exposure. On the basis of a number of logistic regressions with the key types of abstention as dependent variables, the analysis leads to five main conclusions. Firstly, some but not all of the contextual variables, usually thought to affect abstention, have a substantial impact. Secondly, the evidence shows that the personal characteristic with the most consistent effect on abstention is age; social class effects appear to be quite limited and the effects of education appears to be, at best, modest. Thirdly, contrary to the findings of previous research, attitudes to the European Union have significant effects on abstention. Fourthly, the second‐order explanation of abstention in European Parliament elections receives little or no support from the evidence; in particular, perceptions indicating a presumed process of second‐order reasoning do not predict voluntary Euro‐specific abstention. Finally, active exposure to the campaign significantly reduces voluntary Euro‐specific abstention.
Jeffrey Stacey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584765
- eISBN:
- 9780191723506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584765.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Whereas Chapter 1 reviews general theories of European integration, Chapter 2 contains a review of theories of institutional change with a particular emphasis on a troika of institutionalist ...
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Whereas Chapter 1 reviews general theories of European integration, Chapter 2 contains a review of theories of institutional change with a particular emphasis on a troika of institutionalist theories: Rational Choice Institutionalism (RCI), Historical Institutionalism (HI), and Sociological Institutionalism (SI). RCI is this book's theory of choice, essentially amounting to an assumption that institutions are fairly easy to change and an explanation that actors compete to change them when status quo institutions prevent them from achieving their preferences. The book's RCI‐based argument claims that power‐changing informal accords get created in the EU when constraints on the EU's primary political actors change, the actors being the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, and the European Parliament. It predicts that the Parliament as the weakest actor succeeds in bargaining for advantageous informal accords with its stronger counterparts when one or more of a serious of specific conditions temporarily empower it.Less
Whereas Chapter 1 reviews general theories of European integration, Chapter 2 contains a review of theories of institutional change with a particular emphasis on a troika of institutionalist theories: Rational Choice Institutionalism (RCI), Historical Institutionalism (HI), and Sociological Institutionalism (SI). RCI is this book's theory of choice, essentially amounting to an assumption that institutions are fairly easy to change and an explanation that actors compete to change them when status quo institutions prevent them from achieving their preferences. The book's RCI‐based argument claims that power‐changing informal accords get created in the EU when constraints on the EU's primary political actors change, the actors being the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, and the European Parliament. It predicts that the Parliament as the weakest actor succeeds in bargaining for advantageous informal accords with its stronger counterparts when one or more of a serious of specific conditions temporarily empower it.
Sara Binzer Hobolt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549948
- eISBN:
- 9780191720451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549948.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This chapter presents a comparative analysis of voting behaviour in 19 EU referendums held in Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain between 1972 and 2008. It relies ...
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This chapter presents a comparative analysis of voting behaviour in 19 EU referendums held in Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain between 1972 and 2008. It relies on statistical analysis of survey data from these referendums to evaluate the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2. The results reveal the influence of attitudes towards European integration, partisan loyalties and feelings about the government on voters' decisions. They also highlight that voters differ in their voting behaviour depending on their level of interest in and knowledge of politics. Voters who are more politically aware are more likely to rely on their attitudes towards European integration when deciding in EU referendums compared to voters who pay less attention to politics.Less
This chapter presents a comparative analysis of voting behaviour in 19 EU referendums held in Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain between 1972 and 2008. It relies on statistical analysis of survey data from these referendums to evaluate the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2. The results reveal the influence of attitudes towards European integration, partisan loyalties and feelings about the government on voters' decisions. They also highlight that voters differ in their voting behaviour depending on their level of interest in and knowledge of politics. Voters who are more politically aware are more likely to rely on their attitudes towards European integration when deciding in EU referendums compared to voters who pay less attention to politics.
Albert Bandura
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195189636
- eISBN:
- 9780199868605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189636.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter reconstrues “free will” in terms of the exercise of personal control through cognitive and self-regulative processes. In this conception, psychosocial functioning is the product of a ...
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This chapter reconstrues “free will” in terms of the exercise of personal control through cognitive and self-regulative processes. In this conception, psychosocial functioning is the product of a dynamic triadic interplay of intrapersonal, behavioral, and environmental determinants. Within this triadic determination, deliberative thought not only alters the relation between environmental influences and behavioral outcomes, but fosters courses of action that change the physical and social environments. Because personal influence is part of the determining conditions, individuals have a hand in shaping the course of events. Individuals are neither aware of nor directly control neuronal mechanisms. Rather, they exercise second-order control. By intentionally engaging in activities over which they exercise direct control, they indirectly shape the functional structure and enlist the subserving neuronal events in the service of diverse purposes.Less
This chapter reconstrues “free will” in terms of the exercise of personal control through cognitive and self-regulative processes. In this conception, psychosocial functioning is the product of a dynamic triadic interplay of intrapersonal, behavioral, and environmental determinants. Within this triadic determination, deliberative thought not only alters the relation between environmental influences and behavioral outcomes, but fosters courses of action that change the physical and social environments. Because personal influence is part of the determining conditions, individuals have a hand in shaping the course of events. Individuals are neither aware of nor directly control neuronal mechanisms. Rather, they exercise second-order control. By intentionally engaging in activities over which they exercise direct control, they indirectly shape the functional structure and enlist the subserving neuronal events in the service of diverse purposes.
Rolf Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566076
- eISBN:
- 9780191713910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566076.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter provides an introduction to tree decomposition and treewidth, important concepts from modern graph theory. Treewidth is one of the best studied and most significant structural ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to tree decomposition and treewidth, important concepts from modern graph theory. Treewidth is one of the best studied and most significant structural parameters. The construction of tree decompositions is briefly discussed, followed by special considerations applying to planar graphs. The main focus of the chapter is on dynamic programming on tree decompositions, here demonstrated for the problems Vertex Cover and Dominating Set. The chapter closes by sketching the relationship to monadic second-order logic and some related graph width parameters.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to tree decomposition and treewidth, important concepts from modern graph theory. Treewidth is one of the best studied and most significant structural parameters. The construction of tree decompositions is briefly discussed, followed by special considerations applying to planar graphs. The main focus of the chapter is on dynamic programming on tree decompositions, here demonstrated for the problems Vertex Cover and Dominating Set. The chapter closes by sketching the relationship to monadic second-order logic and some related graph width parameters.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book describes the conceptual similarities and differences between auditory and visual perception. The incoming energy is a single world containing objects, events, and various sources of light ...
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This book describes the conceptual similarities and differences between auditory and visual perception. The incoming energy is a single world containing objects, events, and various sources of light and acoustic energy. The energy is neutral; it does not specify the objects itself, so the sensory systems must abstract the information from the correlated sensory energy that does specify objects and differentiate that energy from the uncorrelated sensory noise energy. The first three chapters in this book are introductory. They describe properties of the auditory and visual worlds, how the hierarchical organization of the auditory and visual systems transform the local processing due to receptive fields into global percepts. In addition, these chapters discuss whether those receptive fields are designed to maximize information transmission and whether notions of sparse coding can explain the auditory and visual neural encoding. Each of the six remaining chapters considers one kind of perceiving: auditory and visual textures; detection of first- and second-order motion; gaining control, contrast, and internal and external noise; color perception; timbre perception; and auditory and visual object segmentation. Given that the perceptual goals and perceptual variables for hearing and seeing are equivalent, namely to build a coherent perceptual world, the rules and heuristics will be the same for both senses.Less
This book describes the conceptual similarities and differences between auditory and visual perception. The incoming energy is a single world containing objects, events, and various sources of light and acoustic energy. The energy is neutral; it does not specify the objects itself, so the sensory systems must abstract the information from the correlated sensory energy that does specify objects and differentiate that energy from the uncorrelated sensory noise energy. The first three chapters in this book are introductory. They describe properties of the auditory and visual worlds, how the hierarchical organization of the auditory and visual systems transform the local processing due to receptive fields into global percepts. In addition, these chapters discuss whether those receptive fields are designed to maximize information transmission and whether notions of sparse coding can explain the auditory and visual neural encoding. Each of the six remaining chapters considers one kind of perceiving: auditory and visual textures; detection of first- and second-order motion; gaining control, contrast, and internal and external noise; color perception; timbre perception; and auditory and visual object segmentation. Given that the perceptual goals and perceptual variables for hearing and seeing are equivalent, namely to build a coherent perceptual world, the rules and heuristics will be the same for both senses.
Paul M. Pietroski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199244300
- eISBN:
- 9780191714153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244300.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
In principle, Conjunctivists can treat determiners, like ‘every’, as predicates satisfied by ordered pairs of sets. But this recapitulates standard Functionist accounts, which fail to explain various ...
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In principle, Conjunctivists can treat determiners, like ‘every’, as predicates satisfied by ordered pairs of sets. But this recapitulates standard Functionist accounts, which fail to explain various constraints on determiner meanings. A better option is to allow for plural predicates, which can be satisfied by some things without being satisfied by any one of those things, and say that determiners are plural predicates satisfied by ordered pairs consisting of an entity and a truth value. Spelling out the details requires a discussion of second-order variables, but this is required in any case. The net result is a relatively simple Conjunctivist account that explains the conservativity of determiners, while retaining the descriptive adequacy of generalized quantifier theories. The proposal, which dovetails with the idea that determiner phrases often raise, extends smoothly to an account of plural noun phrases that also avoids some undesirable implications of Functionist approaches, which invoke quantification over collections. A moral is that predicates can have many values relative to any assignment of values to variables, and that associating each predicate with a single set-like value is a distortion.Less
In principle, Conjunctivists can treat determiners, like ‘every’, as predicates satisfied by ordered pairs of sets. But this recapitulates standard Functionist accounts, which fail to explain various constraints on determiner meanings. A better option is to allow for plural predicates, which can be satisfied by some things without being satisfied by any one of those things, and say that determiners are plural predicates satisfied by ordered pairs consisting of an entity and a truth value. Spelling out the details requires a discussion of second-order variables, but this is required in any case. The net result is a relatively simple Conjunctivist account that explains the conservativity of determiners, while retaining the descriptive adequacy of generalized quantifier theories. The proposal, which dovetails with the idea that determiner phrases often raise, extends smoothly to an account of plural noun phrases that also avoids some undesirable implications of Functionist approaches, which invoke quantification over collections. A moral is that predicates can have many values relative to any assignment of values to variables, and that associating each predicate with a single set-like value is a distortion.
Hartry Field
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230747
- eISBN:
- 9780191710933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230747.003.0023
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter is about whether we can make sense of a notion of hyper-determinacy that will transcend the hierarchy of iterations of the determinacy operators and restore paradox. To investigate this, ...
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This chapter is about whether we can make sense of a notion of hyper-determinacy that will transcend the hierarchy of iterations of the determinacy operators and restore paradox. To investigate this, we need to be more rigorous about how the transfinite iterations of the operator are defined. It turns out that one can in a sense define operators that ‘iterate beyond the allowable hierarchies’, but that they don't lead to new paradoxes because they don't behave like we would expect an iteration of a determinacy operator to behave. This is connected to König's paradox. It is argued that the use of higher order resources would not affect the conclusion.Less
This chapter is about whether we can make sense of a notion of hyper-determinacy that will transcend the hierarchy of iterations of the determinacy operators and restore paradox. To investigate this, we need to be more rigorous about how the transfinite iterations of the operator are defined. It turns out that one can in a sense define operators that ‘iterate beyond the allowable hierarchies’, but that they don't lead to new paradoxes because they don't behave like we would expect an iteration of a determinacy operator to behave. This is connected to König's paradox. It is argued that the use of higher order resources would not affect the conclusion.
Bruce Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823228508
- eISBN:
- 9780823240999
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823228508.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
From Dr. Moreau's Beast People to David Cronenberg's Brundlefly, Stanislaw Lem's robot constructors in the Cyberiad to Octavia Butler's human/alien constructs in the Xenogenesis trilogy, this book ...
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From Dr. Moreau's Beast People to David Cronenberg's Brundlefly, Stanislaw Lem's robot constructors in the Cyberiad to Octavia Butler's human/alien constructs in the Xenogenesis trilogy, this book examines modern and postmodern stories of corporeal transformation through interlocking frames of posthumanism, narratology, and second-order systems theory. New media generate new metamorphs. New stories have emerged from cybernetic displacements of life, sensation, or intelligence from human beings to machines. But beyond the vogue for the cyborg and the cybernetic mash-up of the organic and the mechanical, this book develops neocybernetic systems theories illuminating alternative narratives that elicit autopoietic and symbiotic visions of the posthuman. Systems theory also transforms our modes of narrative cognition. Regarding narrative in the light of the autopoietic systems it brings into play, neocybernetics brings narrative theory into constructive relation with the systemic operations of observation, communication, and paradox. The book draws on Bruno Latour, Donna Haraway, Niklas Luhmann, Cary Wolfe, Mieke Bal, Katherine Hayles, Friedrich Kittler, and Lynn Margulis to read narratives of bodily metamorphosis as allegories of the contingencies of systems. Tracing the posthuman intuitions of both pre- and post-cybernetic metamorphs, it demonstrates the viability of second-order systems theories for narrative theory, media theory, cultural science studies, and literary criticism.Less
From Dr. Moreau's Beast People to David Cronenberg's Brundlefly, Stanislaw Lem's robot constructors in the Cyberiad to Octavia Butler's human/alien constructs in the Xenogenesis trilogy, this book examines modern and postmodern stories of corporeal transformation through interlocking frames of posthumanism, narratology, and second-order systems theory. New media generate new metamorphs. New stories have emerged from cybernetic displacements of life, sensation, or intelligence from human beings to machines. But beyond the vogue for the cyborg and the cybernetic mash-up of the organic and the mechanical, this book develops neocybernetic systems theories illuminating alternative narratives that elicit autopoietic and symbiotic visions of the posthuman. Systems theory also transforms our modes of narrative cognition. Regarding narrative in the light of the autopoietic systems it brings into play, neocybernetics brings narrative theory into constructive relation with the systemic operations of observation, communication, and paradox. The book draws on Bruno Latour, Donna Haraway, Niklas Luhmann, Cary Wolfe, Mieke Bal, Katherine Hayles, Friedrich Kittler, and Lynn Margulis to read narratives of bodily metamorphosis as allegories of the contingencies of systems. Tracing the posthuman intuitions of both pre- and post-cybernetic metamorphs, it demonstrates the viability of second-order systems theories for narrative theory, media theory, cultural science studies, and literary criticism.
Ignacio Jané
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195148770
- eISBN:
- 9780199835560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148770.003.0026
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
Second-order languages, canonically understood, allow quantification over all sets of objects in the range of the first-order variables. In this chapter two arguments are given against the ...
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Second-order languages, canonically understood, allow quantification over all sets of objects in the range of the first-order variables. In this chapter two arguments are given against the suitability of using second-order consequence (defined in the Tarskian way) as the consequence relation of axiomatic theories. According to the first argument, second-order languages are inadequate for axiomatizing set theory because of the strong set-theoretic content coded by second-order consequence. The second more general argument is directed against the determinacy of second-order consequence, that is, against the assumption that this is a definite relation. Only taking a strong realist view of set theory can one maintain that it is.Less
Second-order languages, canonically understood, allow quantification over all sets of objects in the range of the first-order variables. In this chapter two arguments are given against the suitability of using second-order consequence (defined in the Tarskian way) as the consequence relation of axiomatic theories. According to the first argument, second-order languages are inadequate for axiomatizing set theory because of the strong set-theoretic content coded by second-order consequence. The second more general argument is directed against the determinacy of second-order consequence, that is, against the assumption that this is a definite relation. Only taking a strong realist view of set theory can one maintain that it is.
Stephen Handel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195169645
- eISBN:
- 9780199786732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169645.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Multiple stimulus dimensions and multiple perceptual processes affect the perception of motion and the dominant one is a function of the overall context. In apparent motion configurations, the first ...
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Multiple stimulus dimensions and multiple perceptual processes affect the perception of motion and the dominant one is a function of the overall context. In apparent motion configurations, the first step is to parse the “somethings” in each image, and the second is to find the correspondence between the “somethings” in each image. The perceptions reflect the physical properties of objects, yielding slow continuous motions of rigid objects that do cross paths. For the simplest one-dot configurations, the perception is multistable, alternating between plausible motions. Two kinds of visual motion have been found: first order (Fourier) motion is based on changes in illumination or color, while second order (non-Fourier) motion is based on changes in contrast. Many visual phenomena have auditory equivalents, including induction and space-time and frequency-time stream segregation trading relationships.Less
Multiple stimulus dimensions and multiple perceptual processes affect the perception of motion and the dominant one is a function of the overall context. In apparent motion configurations, the first step is to parse the “somethings” in each image, and the second is to find the correspondence between the “somethings” in each image. The perceptions reflect the physical properties of objects, yielding slow continuous motions of rigid objects that do cross paths. For the simplest one-dot configurations, the perception is multistable, alternating between plausible motions. Two kinds of visual motion have been found: first order (Fourier) motion is based on changes in illumination or color, while second order (non-Fourier) motion is based on changes in contrast. Many visual phenomena have auditory equivalents, including induction and space-time and frequency-time stream segregation trading relationships.
Dan Simon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195367584
- eISBN:
- 9780199776917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
The Chapter deals with methodological constraints and possibilities in employing experimental psychology towards an understanding of judging. While acknowledging the concern with the ...
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The Chapter deals with methodological constraints and possibilities in employing experimental psychology towards an understanding of judging. While acknowledging the concern with the external-validity of the research, the Chapter cautions against adopting measures that would compromise its construct-validity and thus muddy up the conclusions to be drawn from the findings. At the same time, scholars of judging ought to cast a wide net to employ whichever valid research that speaks to the diverse set of mental operations involved in judging. The field should not shy away from utilizing germane basic-psychological findings, as long as they withstand the rigorous demands of external-validity. It is proposed that the body of research on coherence based reasoning is one such example. In sum, the Chapter advocates a pedantic attention to the experimental design of the research coupled with open-mindedness to the range of useful and valid methodologies.Less
The Chapter deals with methodological constraints and possibilities in employing experimental psychology towards an understanding of judging. While acknowledging the concern with the external-validity of the research, the Chapter cautions against adopting measures that would compromise its construct-validity and thus muddy up the conclusions to be drawn from the findings. At the same time, scholars of judging ought to cast a wide net to employ whichever valid research that speaks to the diverse set of mental operations involved in judging. The field should not shy away from utilizing germane basic-psychological findings, as long as they withstand the rigorous demands of external-validity. It is proposed that the body of research on coherence based reasoning is one such example. In sum, the Chapter advocates a pedantic attention to the experimental design of the research coupled with open-mindedness to the range of useful and valid methodologies.
James Bergin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280292
- eISBN:
- 9780191602498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280290.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Focuses on preferences, attitude to risk and the ranking of risky returns. The state space model is discussed and related to risk aversion. First, second, and higher order stochastic dominance ...
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Focuses on preferences, attitude to risk and the ranking of risky returns. The state space model is discussed and related to risk aversion. First, second, and higher order stochastic dominance criteria are examined and related to the hazard function and the monotone likelihood ratio. Semi-deviation measures of risk are described.Less
Focuses on preferences, attitude to risk and the ranking of risky returns. The state space model is discussed and related to risk aversion. First, second, and higher order stochastic dominance criteria are examined and related to the hazard function and the monotone likelihood ratio. Semi-deviation measures of risk are described.
Geoffrey K. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719069901
- eISBN:
- 9781781701584
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719069901.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The study of German electoral politics has been neglected of late, despite being one of the most pervasive elements of the German political process. This book argues that concentration on electoral ...
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The study of German electoral politics has been neglected of late, despite being one of the most pervasive elements of the German political process. This book argues that concentration on electoral politics facilitates deeper understanding and appreciation of the German political system. It provides explanations and analysis of the federal electoral system, its evolution and the challenges that have been made to its format; discusses the role of electoral politics in relation to political parties and to the public; and the influence of second-order elections in the German political system. The book goes on to evaluate the effectiveness of the German electoral system in relation to its functions, and challenges the premise that electoral politics makes a difference in Germany. Ultimately, it aims to reconcile the apparently limited role that elections have in determining the composition of governments with the notion that there is a ‘permanent election campaign’ in existence in German politics.Less
The study of German electoral politics has been neglected of late, despite being one of the most pervasive elements of the German political process. This book argues that concentration on electoral politics facilitates deeper understanding and appreciation of the German political system. It provides explanations and analysis of the federal electoral system, its evolution and the challenges that have been made to its format; discusses the role of electoral politics in relation to political parties and to the public; and the influence of second-order elections in the German political system. The book goes on to evaluate the effectiveness of the German electoral system in relation to its functions, and challenges the premise that electoral politics makes a difference in Germany. Ultimately, it aims to reconcile the apparently limited role that elections have in determining the composition of governments with the notion that there is a ‘permanent election campaign’ in existence in German politics.
