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This chapter provides an overview of how the photoperiod controls seasonal cycles in fishes. Most attention is given to reproduction, but migration is also included. The chapter mainly deals with experimental studies; investigations where biological events are correlated with environmental factors (e.g., sampling series from the field) are given less attention.

This chapter examines factor supply and demand shifts occurring during this recession, using the framework developed in the previous chapter, to test the propositions that the incidence of supply and demand shifts are quite different than they were in the past, and in the direction assumed by Keynesian analysis. The chapter begins by examining the seasonal cycle, which features an obvious demand change—Christmas—and an obvious supply change: the availability of young people for work during the summer. It then looks at the market for commercial building, which saw an increase in factor supply as a result of the collapse of residential building. The chapter then reviews estimates of employment effects of the 2007–2009 federal minimum wage hikes. The chapter further suggest that labor supply and demand operate at the margin during recessions in much the same way that they do during non-recession years.

This chapter examines condensation and evaporation on Mars, with particular emphasis on how exchanges of water vapor and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and polar ice influence the planet's climate. Both Earth and Mars have seasonal cycles. At the poles of each planet, frost accumulates during the fall and winter and evaporates during the spring and summer; and right at the poles, the frost lasts throughout the year. In these respects the seasons on Mars are like the seasons on Earth, but there are differences. For example, on Mars, there are two kinds of frost—water and carbon dioxide, the latter of which is also the major constituent of the atmosphere. The chapter first provides an overview of seasonal cycles of water and carbon dioxide on Mars before discussing the effect of winds on weather. It also considers dust storms and weather fluctuations on Mars.

This lecture presents the text of the speech about English poet William Wordsworth and the druids delivered by the author at the 2008 Warton Lecture on English Poetry held at the British Academy. It provides an analysis of the beginning of Book III of The Excursion and explains the concepts of the Poet, the Wanderer, and the Solitary. The lecture suggests that Wordsworth's characters inhabit a common land until modernity takes it away from them, and that this dissolves the natural regenerative seasonal cycle in which humans now find it so difficult to live and work.

This chapter focuses on the climates of Uranus, Neptune, and exoplanets. Uranus spins on its side, which allows a comparison between sunlight and rotation for their effects on weather patterns. In contrast to Venus, Uranus is only weakly affcted by tides from the Sun because it is so far away. Models of planet accretion give a gradual clumping of small bodies into medium-sized bodies and then into large bodies, until finally only a few large bodies are left. The final collisions, which involved these large bodies, would have been quite violent and were capable of knocking Uranus on its side. After providing an overview of Uranus's rotation, insensitivity to seasonal cycles, and wind profile, the chapter considers Neptune's winds, effective radiating temperature, and Great Dark Spot. It also explains the radial velocity method and the transit method of detecting extrasolar planets.

In this chapter, Confucius and Master Zeng are talking about the family reverence of the common people. According to Confucius, “By making the most of the seasonal cycle (dao) and discriminating among the earth’s resources to best advantage, and by being circumspect in their conduct and frugal in what they use, they take proper care of their parents. Such, then, is the family reverence of the common people. Thus it is that for the Emperor down to the common people, the way of family reverence being inclusive and comprehensive, there should be no one concerned that they are inadequate to the task.”

Thomas Whythorne's “book of songs and sonnets” was completed in the mid-1570s although not published until 1961 Whythorne's “songs and sonnets” has been singled out as the first modern autobiography. Its ninety folio leaves of manuscript record more than two hundred of Whythorne's “songs” and frame them with an account of his life to explain “the cause why I wrote them” and “my secret meaning in divers of them.” This chapter begins with a discussion of the introductory pages of Whythorne's text and what they suggest about the role that Whythorne's friend played during the manuscript's original occasion, or occasions. It then considers the two conventional schema that Whythorne used to organize his text—the poetic miscellany and the seasonal cycle—arguing that the narrative finally evolves independently of both, at times even contradicting or eluding them entirely. The last section discusses several representative passages about Whythorne's struggle with his emotions, in which his own language eludes his controlling schematic presentation and, as in the case of John Bale, conveys perhaps more of his “secrets” than he intended.