Richard L. Zettler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263907
- eISBN:
- 9780191734687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263907.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the evolution of seal imagery and sealing practices in southern Mesopotamia during the latter half of the third millennium BCE or the late Early Dynastic period and succeeding ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of seal imagery and sealing practices in southern Mesopotamia during the latter half of the third millennium BCE or the late Early Dynastic period and succeeding Dynasty of Agade and Third Dynasty of Ur. It describes changes in glyptic imagery as well as sealing practices and elucidates the timing of those changes. It concludes that seal imagery and sealing practices were not static, but evolved over the course of the late third millennium and that the introduction of new imagery and changing administrative practices were gradual and seemingly lagged decades behind dynastic change.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of seal imagery and sealing practices in southern Mesopotamia during the latter half of the third millennium BCE or the late Early Dynastic period and succeeding Dynasty of Agade and Third Dynasty of Ur. It describes changes in glyptic imagery as well as sealing practices and elucidates the timing of those changes. It concludes that seal imagery and sealing practices were not static, but evolved over the course of the late third millennium and that the introduction of new imagery and changing administrative practices were gradual and seemingly lagged decades behind dynastic change.
A.B. Dickinson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973893441
- eISBN:
- 9781786944603
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893441.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study offers a chronological history of seal fishing in the Falkland Islands and Dependencies from the eighteenth century to the early twenty-first. It concerns the fluctuating seal population ...
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This study offers a chronological history of seal fishing in the Falkland Islands and Dependencies from the eighteenth century to the early twenty-first. It concerns the fluctuating seal population due to sealing; the Atlantic and global demand for seal fur and oil; the competition between American, British, and Canadian sealers over the territory’s seal stocks; and the attempts by various ruling governments to prioritise domestic sealing, maintain sufficient seal stocks, and continue to make profit. It is comprised of nine chapters, the first and last chapters of which serve as introduction and conclusion. The study also includes eight appendices presenting tabled statistics, and a select bibliography. The appendices concern seal skin imports into London; vessel details at Puerto Soledad; the value and amount of seal products exported from the Falklands; Canadian sealing vessels entering Port Stanley; seal catch and oil yield in South Georgia; South Georgian seal catch summaries; South Georgian commercial catches by sealing division; and marine mammal products landed in the Newfoundland fisheries region.Less
This study offers a chronological history of seal fishing in the Falkland Islands and Dependencies from the eighteenth century to the early twenty-first. It concerns the fluctuating seal population due to sealing; the Atlantic and global demand for seal fur and oil; the competition between American, British, and Canadian sealers over the territory’s seal stocks; and the attempts by various ruling governments to prioritise domestic sealing, maintain sufficient seal stocks, and continue to make profit. It is comprised of nine chapters, the first and last chapters of which serve as introduction and conclusion. The study also includes eight appendices presenting tabled statistics, and a select bibliography. The appendices concern seal skin imports into London; vessel details at Puerto Soledad; the value and amount of seal products exported from the Falklands; Canadian sealing vessels entering Port Stanley; seal catch and oil yield in South Georgia; South Georgian seal catch summaries; South Georgian commercial catches by sealing division; and marine mammal products landed in the Newfoundland fisheries region.
Flavio M. Menezes and Paulo K. Monteiro
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199275984
- eISBN:
- 9780191602214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019927598X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders’ values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and ...
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This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders’ values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and seller’s expected revenue in four distinct types of auctions (first- and second-price sealed-bid, English, and Dutch auctions) are computed. It is shown that bidders bid less than their valuations in the unique symmetric of a first-price auction, and bid their valuations in the unique symmetric equilibrium of the second-price auction.Less
This chapter presents the Independent Private Values model, wherein bidders’ values for the object being auctioned off is a function of only their own types. The equilibrium bidding strategies and seller’s expected revenue in four distinct types of auctions (first- and second-price sealed-bid, English, and Dutch auctions) are computed. It is shown that bidders bid less than their valuations in the unique symmetric of a first-price auction, and bid their valuations in the unique symmetric equilibrium of the second-price auction.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, fishing, pastoral and agriculture development, introduction of non-native organisms by humans, mineral and oil extraction, pollution, tourism, military uses of the polar regions, and conservation.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of humans on polar regions. Topics covered include the first invasions by humans, the ecology of pre-industrial humans in the Arctic, sealing and whaling, hunting, fishing, pastoral and agriculture development, introduction of non-native organisms by humans, mineral and oil extraction, pollution, tourism, military uses of the polar regions, and conservation.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Sea birds and mammals are predators in the open seas and coastal regions of the polar regions, and are mainly of different species north and south. Birds and mammals are visible on top of the sea ice ...
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Sea birds and mammals are predators in the open seas and coastal regions of the polar regions, and are mainly of different species north and south. Birds and mammals are visible on top of the sea ice and they have evolved foraging techniques adapted to the physical nature of the ice and also make use of it as a comparatively safe breeding ground. This chapter discusses how bird and mammal life histories have adapted to the sea-ice environment in the Arctic and Antarctic. It covers sea birds, seals, whales, bears, and foxes.Less
Sea birds and mammals are predators in the open seas and coastal regions of the polar regions, and are mainly of different species north and south. Birds and mammals are visible on top of the sea ice and they have evolved foraging techniques adapted to the physical nature of the ice and also make use of it as a comparatively safe breeding ground. This chapter discusses how bird and mammal life histories have adapted to the sea-ice environment in the Arctic and Antarctic. It covers sea birds, seals, whales, bears, and foxes.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then ...
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This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.Less
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.
Erica Ehrenberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263907
- eISBN:
- 9780191734687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263907.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the impact of the relation between the Persian conquerors and the local Babylonians on the cultural continuity in Babylonia during the mid-first millennium BCE. It suggests that ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the relation between the Persian conquerors and the local Babylonians on the cultural continuity in Babylonia during the mid-first millennium BCE. It suggests that the evidence of Persian adoption of Babylonian traditions is manifest not only in administrative and social systems, but also in the visual arts and iconography. The analysis of corpora of seal impressions from Babylonian and Achaemenid archives reveal a complex and slowly evolving relationship between the two traditions, reflecting, but not temporally correlative with, political developments.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the relation between the Persian conquerors and the local Babylonians on the cultural continuity in Babylonia during the mid-first millennium BCE. It suggests that the evidence of Persian adoption of Babylonian traditions is manifest not only in administrative and social systems, but also in the visual arts and iconography. The analysis of corpora of seal impressions from Babylonian and Achaemenid archives reveal a complex and slowly evolving relationship between the two traditions, reflecting, but not temporally correlative with, political developments.
VASIF GAIBOV
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263846
- eISBN:
- 9780191734113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.003.0014
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter describes the bullae or collection of imprints of seals on clay found at the Gobekly-depe in the Merv Oasis. The majority of bullae from Gobekly were found in the north and west ...
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This chapter describes the bullae or collection of imprints of seals on clay found at the Gobekly-depe in the Merv Oasis. The majority of bullae from Gobekly were found in the north and west corridors and in the north-west room of the Parthian building, and a few bullae were also recorded in the south courtyard, adjacent to the west corridor, which came in various shapes and sizes. The chapter also describes a small group of bullae found on the floor of the courtyard that showed a scene with figures standing either side of a fire altar, representing a scene of the investiture of a king by a female deity.Less
This chapter describes the bullae or collection of imprints of seals on clay found at the Gobekly-depe in the Merv Oasis. The majority of bullae from Gobekly were found in the north and west corridors and in the north-west room of the Parthian building, and a few bullae were also recorded in the south courtyard, adjacent to the west corridor, which came in various shapes and sizes. The chapter also describes a small group of bullae found on the floor of the courtyard that showed a scene with figures standing either side of a fire altar, representing a scene of the investiture of a king by a female deity.
Pierre Chaplais
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204497
- eISBN:
- 9780191676314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204497.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
Piers Gaveston's undue prominence at the coronation aroused most universal fury among English nobility. On 24 May the archbishop issued a mandate threatening Gaveston with major excommunication ipso ...
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Piers Gaveston's undue prominence at the coronation aroused most universal fury among English nobility. On 24 May the archbishop issued a mandate threatening Gaveston with major excommunication ipso factor if he failed to leave the kingdom by 25 June or presumed to return at any time after that date. This chapter discusses the great seal versus the privy seal, the royal lieutenancy in Ireland, the embassy to Avignon, the papal bull of absolution, and Gaveston's conflict with the Westminster monk Brother Roger de Algenham.Less
Piers Gaveston's undue prominence at the coronation aroused most universal fury among English nobility. On 24 May the archbishop issued a mandate threatening Gaveston with major excommunication ipso factor if he failed to leave the kingdom by 25 June or presumed to return at any time after that date. This chapter discusses the great seal versus the privy seal, the royal lieutenancy in Ireland, the embassy to Avignon, the papal bull of absolution, and Gaveston's conflict with the Westminster monk Brother Roger de Algenham.
Peter White
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388510
- eISBN:
- 9780199866717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388510.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Apart from their explicit content, Roman letters signaled meaning through material elements of the text: the papyrus or tablet surface, the handwriting, and the writer's seal. Generic conventions—the ...
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Apart from their explicit content, Roman letters signaled meaning through material elements of the text: the papyrus or tablet surface, the handwriting, and the writer's seal. Generic conventions—the salutation, the opening, the sign‐off, and the dateline—could be manipulated in ways that showed the sender's relationship with the addressee. Finally, the dyadic frame that is the essence of letters tended to exaggerate the politeness of epistolary interaction, and to compartmentalize the relationship that the letter writer maintained with each separate correspondent.Less
Apart from their explicit content, Roman letters signaled meaning through material elements of the text: the papyrus or tablet surface, the handwriting, and the writer's seal. Generic conventions—the salutation, the opening, the sign‐off, and the dateline—could be manipulated in ways that showed the sender's relationship with the addressee. Finally, the dyadic frame that is the essence of letters tended to exaggerate the politeness of epistolary interaction, and to compartmentalize the relationship that the letter writer maintained with each separate correspondent.
Scott Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199286096
- eISBN:
- 9780191602832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286094.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, ...
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This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, but probably sustained the efficient harvest of this resource. The case study illustrates that treaties can change behavior, but only by strategically manipulating the incentives that countries face in exploiting environmental resources. The text of the treaty is included in an appendix.Less
This chapter tells the story of how the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) was nearly hunted to extinction, and how the North Pacific Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 not only reversed this situation, but probably sustained the efficient harvest of this resource. The case study illustrates that treaties can change behavior, but only by strategically manipulating the incentives that countries face in exploiting environmental resources. The text of the treaty is included in an appendix.
Canter Brown and Larry Eugene Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061146
- eISBN:
- 9780813051420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061146.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter traces the years Mary resided with her family at Thomasville, Georgia, following her return from Louisiana with her son. Observing her depression and temporary inability to rise above ...
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This chapter traces the years Mary resided with her family at Thomasville, Georgia, following her return from Louisiana with her son. Observing her depression and temporary inability to rise above the calamity of her marriage, the authors also look closely at the influences surrounding her as she cautiously began again to write essays and poetry. Particularly significant in Mary’s life at this time is the Penfield Georgia Temperance Crusader and its guiding spirits John Henry Seals and Mary Sanders Seals. She is also affected by a number of deaths, including that of first love Leon Bryan. The authors examine the personal goals Mary specifically develops through writing and editing, and they establish the beginnings of her key friendships with Virginia Smith French, Catherine Webb Barber (Towles), and Alexander H. Stephens, as well as her significant rivalry with poet Annie R. Blount.Less
This chapter traces the years Mary resided with her family at Thomasville, Georgia, following her return from Louisiana with her son. Observing her depression and temporary inability to rise above the calamity of her marriage, the authors also look closely at the influences surrounding her as she cautiously began again to write essays and poetry. Particularly significant in Mary’s life at this time is the Penfield Georgia Temperance Crusader and its guiding spirits John Henry Seals and Mary Sanders Seals. She is also affected by a number of deaths, including that of first love Leon Bryan. The authors examine the personal goals Mary specifically develops through writing and editing, and they establish the beginnings of her key friendships with Virginia Smith French, Catherine Webb Barber (Towles), and Alexander H. Stephens, as well as her significant rivalry with poet Annie R. Blount.
Canter Brown and Larry Eugene Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061146
- eISBN:
- 9780813051420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061146.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
In 1875 Mary Edwards Bryan returned to Atlanta to work at The Sunny South. Chapter 12 relates the circumstances of her life for the next five years, including the whiffs of scandal that greeted her ...
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In 1875 Mary Edwards Bryan returned to Atlanta to work at The Sunny South. Chapter 12 relates the circumstances of her life for the next five years, including the whiffs of scandal that greeted her in Georgia, her increasing disenchantment with publisher John H. Seals, and her deepening friendship with Mary Sanders Seals. The authors follow Mary’s establishment of her Azalea Farm homestead in the suburb of Clarkston, Georgia; the evolution of her family life and the marriage of her daughters; and her increasing commitment to causes such as the prevention of cruelty to animals and forest conservation. The chapter concludes with the 1880 publication of her novel Manch by D. Appleton and Company and its popular reception by critics and readers across the nation.Less
In 1875 Mary Edwards Bryan returned to Atlanta to work at The Sunny South. Chapter 12 relates the circumstances of her life for the next five years, including the whiffs of scandal that greeted her in Georgia, her increasing disenchantment with publisher John H. Seals, and her deepening friendship with Mary Sanders Seals. The authors follow Mary’s establishment of her Azalea Farm homestead in the suburb of Clarkston, Georgia; the evolution of her family life and the marriage of her daughters; and her increasing commitment to causes such as the prevention of cruelty to animals and forest conservation. The chapter concludes with the 1880 publication of her novel Manch by D. Appleton and Company and its popular reception by critics and readers across the nation.
Robert Elsner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226246710
- eISBN:
- 9780226247045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226247045.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
This chapter discusses the diving capacities of marine mammals, focusing on certain species of seal: ringed seals, harbor seals, harp seals, gray seals, hooded seals, Antarctic Weddell seals, and ...
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This chapter discusses the diving capacities of marine mammals, focusing on certain species of seal: ringed seals, harbor seals, harp seals, gray seals, hooded seals, Antarctic Weddell seals, and elephant seals. Maximum diving times of seals have been recorded in ranges from about fifteen minutes (ringed seals) to more than two hours (northern elephant seals); depths range from seventy (ringed seals) to a thousand meters (hooded seals and elephant seals). The seal must depend upon its steadily declining respiratory resources throughout the dive. Cessation of breathing sets the course toward progressive asphyxia, advancing inexorably unless reversed by timely respiratory exchange. The overall effect limits the range, duration, and depth of underwater excursions, depending on the animal's breath-holding endurance.Less
This chapter discusses the diving capacities of marine mammals, focusing on certain species of seal: ringed seals, harbor seals, harp seals, gray seals, hooded seals, Antarctic Weddell seals, and elephant seals. Maximum diving times of seals have been recorded in ranges from about fifteen minutes (ringed seals) to more than two hours (northern elephant seals); depths range from seventy (ringed seals) to a thousand meters (hooded seals and elephant seals). The seal must depend upon its steadily declining respiratory resources throughout the dive. Cessation of breathing sets the course toward progressive asphyxia, advancing inexorably unless reversed by timely respiratory exchange. The overall effect limits the range, duration, and depth of underwater excursions, depending on the animal's breath-holding endurance.
Karin Vélez
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174006
- eISBN:
- 9780691184494
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174006.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter reexamines Loreto's historical “brand” by looking at some of the first authors of Loreto's origin story. It opens with the architects of Loreto's shrine seal, Cardinal Antonio Maria ...
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This chapter reexamines Loreto's historical “brand” by looking at some of the first authors of Loreto's origin story. It opens with the architects of Loreto's shrine seal, Cardinal Antonio Maria Gallo and Cardinal Rutilio Benzoni. Moving down the ranks and back in time, there are two earlier sixteenth-century chroniclers who laid the groundwork for the high clergy's selective mythohistory: a shrine governor, Pietro di Giorgio Tolomei, and a local secretary, Girolamo Angelitta. Like Virgin and house, and seal and medal, these men are first introduced in pairs and then grouped in larger company because, sometimes unbeknownst to each other, they worked in tandem to reconstruct Loreto's past. Their overlaps and contradictions illuminate the often inadvertently collaborative project of building official shrine history.Less
This chapter reexamines Loreto's historical “brand” by looking at some of the first authors of Loreto's origin story. It opens with the architects of Loreto's shrine seal, Cardinal Antonio Maria Gallo and Cardinal Rutilio Benzoni. Moving down the ranks and back in time, there are two earlier sixteenth-century chroniclers who laid the groundwork for the high clergy's selective mythohistory: a shrine governor, Pietro di Giorgio Tolomei, and a local secretary, Girolamo Angelitta. Like Virgin and house, and seal and medal, these men are first introduced in pairs and then grouped in larger company because, sometimes unbeknownst to each other, they worked in tandem to reconstruct Loreto's past. Their overlaps and contradictions illuminate the often inadvertently collaborative project of building official shrine history.
James Daybell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259915
- eISBN:
- 9780191717437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259915.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched ...
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This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched letters; and the range of recipients with whom women corresponded. It also considers more fully the nature and contents of letters, posing several important questions: what did women write about? Do women's letters offer a different perspective on social issues from men's letters? Finally, this chapter examines the physical characteristics of letters, and materially reconstructs the letter-writing process. It investigates when, how, and where women wrote their letters as a way of elucidating more fully the nature and experience of early modern women's letter-writing, drawing connections between traditionally defined domestic and household spheres, and political and business worlds. It is argued that letters achieved meaning not merely as documents or texts, but through material forms: use of manuscript space, handwriting, folding, and seals.Less
This chapter delineates the scope of women's letters and letter-writing, and discusses the survival of letters; the social composition of letter-writers; the frequency with which women dispatched letters; and the range of recipients with whom women corresponded. It also considers more fully the nature and contents of letters, posing several important questions: what did women write about? Do women's letters offer a different perspective on social issues from men's letters? Finally, this chapter examines the physical characteristics of letters, and materially reconstructs the letter-writing process. It investigates when, how, and where women wrote their letters as a way of elucidating more fully the nature and experience of early modern women's letter-writing, drawing connections between traditionally defined domestic and household spheres, and political and business worlds. It is argued that letters achieved meaning not merely as documents or texts, but through material forms: use of manuscript space, handwriting, folding, and seals.
Paisley Livingston
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199570171
- eISBN:
- 9780191721540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570171.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, General
This chapter discusses a scene in Wild Strawberries where Bergman includes an allusion to Kaila's views about the status of moral judgements. The apparent thrust of this appeal to Kaila's authority ...
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This chapter discusses a scene in Wild Strawberries where Bergman includes an allusion to Kaila's views about the status of moral judgements. The apparent thrust of this appeal to Kaila's authority is that there is no right or wrong, only motives and preferences. The chapter argues, however, that this allusion is complicated by the fact that the character who makes the Kailesque pronouncement is clearly unreliable. The chapter further discusses Bergman's and Kaila's views on inauthenticity and self-understanding, particularly in relation to Persona. Bergman's positions on moral knowledge are explored, especially in terms of characterizations in The Seventh Seal and Bergman's unpublished treatment for a film on the Crucifixion. Bergman's critiques of irrationality are linked to his rejection of cinematic fantasy and his preference for a philosophically oriented, exploratory, modernist cinema. Bergman's grounds for rejecting artistic fantasy are contrasted to the Kantian critique published by Roger Scruton.Less
This chapter discusses a scene in Wild Strawberries where Bergman includes an allusion to Kaila's views about the status of moral judgements. The apparent thrust of this appeal to Kaila's authority is that there is no right or wrong, only motives and preferences. The chapter argues, however, that this allusion is complicated by the fact that the character who makes the Kailesque pronouncement is clearly unreliable. The chapter further discusses Bergman's and Kaila's views on inauthenticity and self-understanding, particularly in relation to Persona. Bergman's positions on moral knowledge are explored, especially in terms of characterizations in The Seventh Seal and Bergman's unpublished treatment for a film on the Crucifixion. Bergman's critiques of irrationality are linked to his rejection of cinematic fantasy and his preference for a philosophically oriented, exploratory, modernist cinema. Bergman's grounds for rejecting artistic fantasy are contrasted to the Kantian critique published by Roger Scruton.
Pierre Chaplais
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204497
- eISBN:
- 9780191676314
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204497.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This is a highly original reappraisal of the role of Piers Gaveston in English history and of his personal relationship with Edward II. It challenges the accepted view that Gaveston had a homosexual ...
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This is a highly original reappraisal of the role of Piers Gaveston in English history and of his personal relationship with Edward II. It challenges the accepted view that Gaveston had a homosexual affair with Edward, and reassesses the main events of Gaveston's career, including his exiles from England and the scandal over the alleged theft of royal jewels. This book draws its evidence from documentary and narrative sources including unpublished record evidence. The conclusions are fascinating and often surprising. The unusual features of the famous royal charter of 6 August 1307, which granted the earldom of Cornwall to Gaveston, are discussed at length for the first time. Special attention is also paid to the King's personal intervention in the drafting and sealing of documents relating to Gaveston, and to the history of the great seal of absence used while Edward was in France in 1308.Less
This is a highly original reappraisal of the role of Piers Gaveston in English history and of his personal relationship with Edward II. It challenges the accepted view that Gaveston had a homosexual affair with Edward, and reassesses the main events of Gaveston's career, including his exiles from England and the scandal over the alleged theft of royal jewels. This book draws its evidence from documentary and narrative sources including unpublished record evidence. The conclusions are fascinating and often surprising. The unusual features of the famous royal charter of 6 August 1307, which granted the earldom of Cornwall to Gaveston, are discussed at length for the first time. Special attention is also paid to the King's personal intervention in the drafting and sealing of documents relating to Gaveston, and to the history of the great seal of absence used while Edward was in France in 1308.
Florin Curta
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638093
- eISBN:
- 9780748670741
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638093.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The book is an attempt to synthesize the results of several studies in archaeology, numismatics, history, and sigillography that have recently advanced our knowledge of early medieval Greece. Instead ...
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The book is an attempt to synthesize the results of several studies in archaeology, numismatics, history, and sigillography that have recently advanced our knowledge of early medieval Greece. Instead of a polar opposition between the Byzantine Empire and “barbarians” (Slavs or Bulgars), the history of early medieval Greece must be understood within a larger Balkan context shaped fundamentally by complex economic and social phenomena. An older tradition has seen the changes taking place in Greece between ca. 500 and ca. 1050 as the result of exclusively political factors, mainly related to the revival of Byzantine military power under the Macedonian dynasty and the desire to convert the Slavs to Christianity. Nevertheless, recent studies in the economic history of early medieval Europe suggest a different view. Moreover, archaeologists interested in long-term changes have long recognized that the explosion of settlement assemblages is not unique to Greece and that similar developments are archaeologically documented for other areas of the Balkans that were not under Byzantine rule at that time. More economically minded accounts of the so-called Middle Byzantine period have revealed the complex relation between trade and agriculture in the economic take-off of the Macedonian period. The book offers for the first time a synthetic view of the economic and social processes at work in early medieval Greece, but pays attention also to political and religious phenomena.Less
The book is an attempt to synthesize the results of several studies in archaeology, numismatics, history, and sigillography that have recently advanced our knowledge of early medieval Greece. Instead of a polar opposition between the Byzantine Empire and “barbarians” (Slavs or Bulgars), the history of early medieval Greece must be understood within a larger Balkan context shaped fundamentally by complex economic and social phenomena. An older tradition has seen the changes taking place in Greece between ca. 500 and ca. 1050 as the result of exclusively political factors, mainly related to the revival of Byzantine military power under the Macedonian dynasty and the desire to convert the Slavs to Christianity. Nevertheless, recent studies in the economic history of early medieval Europe suggest a different view. Moreover, archaeologists interested in long-term changes have long recognized that the explosion of settlement assemblages is not unique to Greece and that similar developments are archaeologically documented for other areas of the Balkans that were not under Byzantine rule at that time. More economically minded accounts of the so-called Middle Byzantine period have revealed the complex relation between trade and agriculture in the economic take-off of the Macedonian period. The book offers for the first time a synthetic view of the economic and social processes at work in early medieval Greece, but pays attention also to political and religious phenomena.
Florin Curta and Siu-lun Wong
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638093
- eISBN:
- 9780748670741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638093.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The numismatic, sphragistic, and archaeological evidence shows that after 620, Greece entered a relatively long period of political instability and sharp demographic decline. New identities appear to ...
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The numismatic, sphragistic, and archaeological evidence shows that after 620, Greece entered a relatively long period of political instability and sharp demographic decline. New identities appear to have been forged out of disparate cultural elements in the uncertain times of the first half of the seventh century. This is reflected in such burial assemblages as those from Nea Anchialos and Corinth (the “wandering soldier” grave). The extraordinary number of coins struck for Emperor Constans II and found in Athens and Corinth may indicate the presence of the imperial court during the winter of 662/3, when the emperor moved to Italy. However, surges in the number of coins are also attested for subsequent reigns and may signal the presence of local markets for fresh food and other commodities necessary to the imperial fleet and the soldiers of the theme of Hellas. In the same direction point the many seals, primarily of military officers and kommerkiarioi of Hellas. A different explanation is required for a number of seals of archons of the Slavs, most likely regional rulers on the northern border of the theme.Less
The numismatic, sphragistic, and archaeological evidence shows that after 620, Greece entered a relatively long period of political instability and sharp demographic decline. New identities appear to have been forged out of disparate cultural elements in the uncertain times of the first half of the seventh century. This is reflected in such burial assemblages as those from Nea Anchialos and Corinth (the “wandering soldier” grave). The extraordinary number of coins struck for Emperor Constans II and found in Athens and Corinth may indicate the presence of the imperial court during the winter of 662/3, when the emperor moved to Italy. However, surges in the number of coins are also attested for subsequent reigns and may signal the presence of local markets for fresh food and other commodities necessary to the imperial fleet and the soldiers of the theme of Hellas. In the same direction point the many seals, primarily of military officers and kommerkiarioi of Hellas. A different explanation is required for a number of seals of archons of the Slavs, most likely regional rulers on the northern border of the theme.
