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How to Do Large-Scale ABMS

Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal

in Managing Business Complexity: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation

This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important ... More

This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important features of large-scale development environments are also presented. The large-scale modeling lifecycle is discussed including tools such as design patterns, with the “agent-based model” and the “scheduler scramble” design patterns used as examples.Less

Semantic and discourse interpretation of the Japanese left periphery *

Mamoru Saito

in The Sound Patterns of Syntax

This paper examines the effects of Japanese scrambling on interpretation. The main claim is that scrambling is “phonological” as it requires only phonetic features to be interpreted at the landing ... More

This paper examines the effects of Japanese scrambling on interpretation. The main claim is that scrambling is “phonological” as it requires only phonetic features to be interpreted at the landing site, but can nevertheless affect semantic and discourse interpretation because it can feed other movement operations and interact with general discourse principles.Less

ARGUMENTS OF VERBS

A. M. Devine and Laurence D. Stephens

in Latin Word Order: Structured Meaning and Information

This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from ... More

This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from the default order are handled by scrambling, which is a pragmatically conditioned rule. Postverbal constituents include prepositional phrases in Caesar and additionally tail and nonreferential phrases in the historians. The latter are explained in terms of informational individuation, which can be represented typetheoretically.Less

Introduction

Luis López

in A Derivational Syntax for Information Structure

This chapter presents the main theoretical proposals of the book, the syntactic constructions that are going to get the most attention and the theoretical framework for the analysis.

Moving objects

Luis López

in A Derivational Syntax for Information Structure

This chapter argues that there are three positions relevant for the interpretation of objects. Objects in Spec,v are interpreted as [+a]. Objects in Spec,V (or the higher spec position within the ... More

This chapter argues that there are three positions relevant for the interpretation of objects. Objects in Spec,v are interpreted as [+a]. Objects in Spec,V (or the higher spec position within the phase) can be interpreted as specific/referential or generic. Finally, objects in situ can only be interpreted as non-specific/non-referential. The optionality of specific readings contrasts with the obligatoriness of the [+a] feature and reinforces the hypothesis that only the edge of a phase is a locus for interpretation rules.Less

Dislocation debates

Luis López

in A Derivational Syntax for Information Structure

This chapter argues that clitic left dislocation and clitic right dislocation are the outcome of a movement rule while hanging topics are initially merged outside the clause proper. The trigger of ... More

This chapter argues that clitic left dislocation and clitic right dislocation are the outcome of a movement rule while hanging topics are initially merged outside the clause proper. The trigger of movement cannot be a feature in the probe but a feature in the moving item, as shown by sub-extraction. Recent analyses of clitic right dislocation are critiqued and the claim that it is located in the mid-field maintained. Finally, it is argued that Romance pronominal clitics are verbal affixes and evidence is presented against the BigDP hypothesis.Less

The Loss of IP-Scrambling in Portugese: Clause Structure, Word-Order Variation and Change

Ana Maria Martins

in Syntactic Effects of Morphological Change

This chapter deals with the loss of OV order in Portuguese. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 presents some basic facts about word order in Old Portuguese, identifies the types of ... More

This chapter deals with the loss of OV order in Portuguese. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 presents some basic facts about word order in Old Portuguese, identifies the types of structures where OV order arises, discards the ones where the object is topicalized or focused, and gives some preliminary information about the structures with object scrambling. Section 13.3 identifies the structural position of scrambled constituents. Section 13.4 discusses the motivation for the scrambling operation and concludes that it accomplishes an ‘extraction out of focus’ strategy. Section 13.5 addresses the question of why IP-scrambling was lost while Section 13.6 concludes the chapter.Less

Britain and the Scramble for Africa

John E. Flint

in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography

From the beginning the historiography of the British role in the Scramble for Africa was a controversy between apologists for expansion and their critics, and this has remained a profound influence ... More

From the beginning the historiography of the British role in the Scramble for Africa was a controversy between apologists for expansion and their critics, and this has remained a profound influence upon most who have written about the Scramble. Each generation reinterpreted events in the light of changing concerns — the economic depression at the end of the 19th century, the origins of the First World War, Nazism and racist theory, decolonization, and African nationalism. The First World War produced important changes in attitudes towards the Scramble for Africa, and in the historiography. By the late 1960s, a considerable wealth of regional case studies of the Scramble had been amassed, and co-operative volumes began to emerge.Less

Building Colonial States in Africa

Leigh A. Gardner

in Taxing Colonial Africa: The Political Economy of British Imperialism

This chapter places the financial management of the British Empire in historical perspective by examining how empires through history have weighted the desire to acquire new territory against the ... More

This chapter places the financial management of the British Empire in historical perspective by examining how empires through history have weighted the desire to acquire new territory against the costs of governing it. It reviews the methods used by the British government to manage the rising costs of colonial expansion from its very earliest years until the twentieth century, focusing on the specific challenges created by the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century. Chartered companies played an important role as agents of imperial expansion, but often failed when the costs of governing their new territories exceeded the profits of colonial trade. This was particularly true in Africa, where factor endowments of abundant land and scarce labour provided a very limited tax base with which to support colonial administrations. Efforts to minimize costs resulted in colonial administrations with limited manpower, and the use of indirect rule through African elites.Less

Introduction

Roland Hinterhölzl

in Scrambling, Remnant Movement, and Restructuring in West Germanic

This chapter begins by examining the connections between remnant movement, scrambling, and restructuring. It introduces a number of phenomena and concepts essential for the description of the ... More

This chapter begins by examining the connections between remnant movement, scrambling, and restructuring. It introduces a number of phenomena and concepts essential for the description of the syntactic structure of West Germanic as well as for the understanding of the discussion of restructuring infinitives. It discusses the essential properties of and the relevant restrictions on remnant movement. It also talks about the interaction between remnant movement and head movement. It argues that remnant categories created by head movement cannot undergo further movement and show how this restriction can be derived from Attract Closest as well. It demonstrates that the original account by Den Besten and Webelhuth is flawed. It argues that remnant VPs in German are created by licensing movement of VP-internal material into dedicated licensing positions in the lower middle field. It outlines the core ideas and concepts that were adopted and indicates the account of individual phenomena.Less

Scrambling

Roland Hinterhölzl

in Scrambling, Remnant Movement, and Restructuring in West Germanic

This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of both the empirical nature and the theoretical implications of scrambling. It argues that the phenomenon of scrambling can only be done justice to ... More

This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of both the empirical nature and the theoretical implications of scrambling. It argues that the phenomenon of scrambling can only be done justice to if it is recognized that scrambling is subject to both PF- and LF- interface conditions. It points out that one type of trigger for scrambling involves scope features of arguments. It proposes an extension of the minimalist framework that allows for the introduction of non-lexical features in the course of the derivation to account for this aspect of scrambling. It shows that scrambling in German and Dutch obeys a uniform minimality condition and argues that this condition must not be reduced to, but kept distinct from, the Minimalist Link Condition in order to uphold a non-optional trigger account in contexts that display minimality effects.Less

Summary and Conclusions

Roland Hinterhölzl

in Scrambling, Remnant Movement, and Restructuring in West Germanic

This book has explained three salient syntactic phenomena in West Germanic, namely scrambling, remnant movement, and restructuring, and their interdependence was investigated in detail. It was argued ... More

This book has explained three salient syntactic phenomena in West Germanic, namely scrambling, remnant movement, and restructuring, and their interdependence was investigated in detail. It was argued that licensing movement not only affects the constituents of the VP but also applies to the major constituents of the clause, that is, to AspP and TP, which are taken to move into specific licensing positions in the C-domain. Moreover, restructuring involves movement of the infinitival AspP and TP into dedicated licensing positions in the matrix clause. It was considered that all movement operations involved in the complex derivations that lead up to remnant topicalization can be given a coherent account within a phase-based minimalist framework that only uses leftward movement into unique Specifiers of dedicated functional positions that are motivated by feature-checking requirements of the main constituents of the clause.Less

VO or OV? That’s the Underlying Question: Commentary on Pintzuk

Jairo Nunes

in Syntactic Effects of Morphological Change

This chapter presents a commentary on Chapter 16, which argues for analyzing Old English in terms of the directionality parameter rather than in terms of Kayne's universal Spec-head-complement order ... More

This chapter presents a commentary on Chapter 16, which argues for analyzing Old English in terms of the directionality parameter rather than in terms of Kayne's universal Spec-head-complement order hypothesis. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 17.1 discusses the claim that case morphology plays no role in the change from OV to VO in the history of English. Section 17.2 examines whether some adjacency asymmetries between head-complement and complement-head orders can tease apart two competing approaches. Section 17.3 considers the correlation between certain word-order patterns and scrambling, and suggests a way to derive it under a Kaynean approach. Section 17.4 concludes the chapter.Less

African development, political economy and the road to Agenda 2063

George Kararach, Hany Besada, and Timothy Shaw

in Development In Africa: Refocusing the lens after the Millennium Development Goals

There are dangers of over-simplification when discussing the development challenges and opportunities facing a continent as vast as Africa at a given point in time! Africa is made up of 54 disparate ... More

There are dangers of over-simplification when discussing the development challenges and opportunities facing a continent as vast as Africa at a given point in time! Africa is made up of 54 disparate countries in five regions, and is not a single monolithic whole. The 2014 Ebola crisis in three countries in West Africa once again revealed the tendency of those outside the continent to classify it as a distinct entity. Despite the frequent allusion to a new “Scramble for Africa”, the continent is planning, managing and starting to finance its own destiny, as it attempts to reclaim the twenty-first century. After 2015 Africa anticipates a future that is not just fraught with challenges but also with opportunities. Africa’s vision for the future as it looks beyond the MDGs has been endorsed by Heads of States in the name of Agenda 2063, forming the core element for shaping development conversations for the next 50 years or so.Less

Colonial Heroes

Berny Sèbe

in Postcolonial Realms of Memory: Sites and Symbols in Modern France

Taken together, the reputations which emerged in Francophone popular culture around a series of distinguished explorers, missionaries, empire builders or colonial administrators can be described as a ... More

Taken together, the reputations which emerged in Francophone popular culture around a series of distinguished explorers, missionaries, empire builders or colonial administrators can be described as a site of collective memory, cementing in part the French ‘imagined community’ and sometimes spearheading cultural bridges within the French-speaking world in the postcolonial period. Turned into heroic figures endowed with national significance at the time of the ‘New Imperialism’ of the late nineteenth-century, through an elaborate process which involved the agency of a variety of hero-makers (and sometimes the heroes themselves) and the use of the newly-developed mass-media, the names of Lavigerie, Garnier, Brazza, Marchand, Lyautey, Foucauld and the like became sites of memory, both physically (through street or institution naming, statues, etc.) and culturally (through books, representations in the press and later in films, as well their place in the pantheon of school textbooks). Through colonial heroes, an unusual map of (post-)colonial France and the Francophone world emerges, which is much more complex than has been previously acknowledged, especially in the light of the interest of some post-independence African rulers in the colonial conquerors who gave birth to the modern states that they run.Less

Structure Building From Below: More on Survive and Covert Movement 1

Winfried Lechner

in Ways of Structure Building

In derivational models, syntactic dislocation can be motivated by one of two requirements. Either a node moves in order to obtain a closer relation with a matching set of features higher in the tree, ... More

In derivational models, syntactic dislocation can be motivated by one of two requirements. Either a node moves in order to obtain a closer relation with a matching set of features higher in the tree, or movement evacuates a category from a local environment with which it is incompatible. This chapter discusses the second conception: movement is not teleological but serves the purpose of resolving local conflicts. Specifically, it proposes that various aspects of dislocation are best understood as a consequence of The Survive Principle (TSP; Stroik 2009). Based on Lechner (2009), the chapter suggests that syntactic movement and type driven dislocation are induced by one factor that shows up in two guises: incompatibility of a node with its sister node and its feature specification and/or logical type. The chapter also shows that the TSP model admits a unified analysis of scope restrictions on double object construction and inverse linking.Less

On Transparent Adjuncts in Japanese *

Yoichi Miyamoto

in Ways of Structure Building

This chapter shows that adjuncts are sometimes transparent in Japanese. The case examined is comparative deletion in Japanese where the Japanese equivalent of the English than-clause, the ... More

This chapter shows that adjuncts are sometimes transparent in Japanese. The case examined is comparative deletion in Japanese where the Japanese equivalent of the English than-clause, the yori-clause, is adjoined to the floating quantifier (FQ) oozei/takusan “many.” The chapter shows that, the yori-clause can be scrambled out of the complex FQ formed by the yori-clause and oozei/takusan despite the adjunct status of this complex FQ. Adopting MacDonald’s (2006, 2008a, b, 2009) proposal on inner aspect, the chapter argues that only when this complex FQ establishes an Agree relation with Asp can the yori-clause move out of this complex FQ. The chapter concludes that to examine the presence/absence of adjunct condition effects, and to address the question of whether adjuncts are inherent barriers for movement, we need to examine the structural level where adjuncts are merged, and any establishment of Agree relationship with the elements in the matrix clause.Less

Imperial Embellishment

Nadia Nurhussein

in Black Land: Imperial Ethiopianism and African America

This chapter examines the case of Harry Foster Dean, whose “The Pedro Gorino: The Adventures of a Negro Sea-Captain in Africa and on the Seven Seas in His Attempts to Found an Ethiopian Empire” ... More

This chapter examines the case of Harry Foster Dean, whose “The Pedro Gorino: The Adventures of a Negro Sea-Captain in Africa and on the Seven Seas in His Attempts to Found an Ethiopian Empire” recounts the tale of his ambition to build a black empire in Africa. Dean's effort led one of the major British participants in the Scramble for Africa to call him “the most dangerous ‘negro’ in the world.” The chapter also addresses the unofficial diplomatic role of William Henry Ellis, a flashy African American millionaire and the first American to visit with Emperor Menelik in 1903. Ellis was not the only African American to visit Abyssinia prior to the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. In 1922, A'Lelia Walker, daughter of the famed Madame C. J. Walker and host of a Harlem Renaissance salon, visited Empress Zauditu. Ellis did his best to curry favour with Emperor Menelik but was rumored to be planning to oust the emperor in order to take his seat on the throne.Less