Richard Whitley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205172
- eISBN:
- 9780191709555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205172.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in ...
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This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.Less
This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.
Tateo Arimoto
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297320
- eISBN:
- 9780191711237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297320.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Among the most prominent policy attempts to reshape Japan's innovation system has been moves to create an environment conducive to basic research and breakthrough innovations. This chapter reminds us ...
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Among the most prominent policy attempts to reshape Japan's innovation system has been moves to create an environment conducive to basic research and breakthrough innovations. This chapter reminds us that this is not simply a matter of strengthening university research and forging closer links between universities and industry, but requires universities to address a broad range of skill needs, particularly in professional fields like law and management, which individual companies can no longer address on their own. It is shown that social issues must also be addressed, including greater efforts to promote public understanding of and support for science and technology. This requires directing science and technology and innovation policies towards the needs of the many rather than the few. Ultimately, the necessary values and creativity have to reside in individuals.Less
Among the most prominent policy attempts to reshape Japan's innovation system has been moves to create an environment conducive to basic research and breakthrough innovations. This chapter reminds us that this is not simply a matter of strengthening university research and forging closer links between universities and industry, but requires universities to address a broad range of skill needs, particularly in professional fields like law and management, which individual companies can no longer address on their own. It is shown that social issues must also be addressed, including greater efforts to promote public understanding of and support for science and technology. This requires directing science and technology and innovation policies towards the needs of the many rather than the few. Ultimately, the necessary values and creativity have to reside in individuals.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War ...
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The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.Less
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.
Maureen McKelvey
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297246
- eISBN:
- 9780191685316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297246.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Knowledge Management
This book examines the initial commercial uses of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is one of the most modern, controversial and dynamic of the science-based technologies. It is not an object, ...
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This book examines the initial commercial uses of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is one of the most modern, controversial and dynamic of the science-based technologies. It is not an object, but a set of techniques or way of doing things. The development of these technologies from the 1970s onwards illustrates the changing relationships between universities and firms, and between basic science and research oriented towards commercial uses. The main focus of the book is on two firms — DS Genentech in the United States and Kabi in Sweden — and their activities and ‘knowledge-seeking’ behaviour in the development of human growth hormone and how those ran in parallel with university science. This book was awarded the Schumpeter Society book prize in 1996. This paperback edition includes a new introduction in which the author reflects upon the most recent developments in biotechnology. The book will interest those who wish to understand the complexities of innovation processes in the ‘knowledge society’, for example, management and organisation researchers, economists, policy advisors, and managers and strategists responsible for turning knowledge into product and profit.Less
This book examines the initial commercial uses of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is one of the most modern, controversial and dynamic of the science-based technologies. It is not an object, but a set of techniques or way of doing things. The development of these technologies from the 1970s onwards illustrates the changing relationships between universities and firms, and between basic science and research oriented towards commercial uses. The main focus of the book is on two firms — DS Genentech in the United States and Kabi in Sweden — and their activities and ‘knowledge-seeking’ behaviour in the development of human growth hormone and how those ran in parallel with university science. This book was awarded the Schumpeter Society book prize in 1996. This paperback edition includes a new introduction in which the author reflects upon the most recent developments in biotechnology. The book will interest those who wish to understand the complexities of innovation processes in the ‘knowledge society’, for example, management and organisation researchers, economists, policy advisors, and managers and strategists responsible for turning knowledge into product and profit.
Masaru Yarime
- Published in print:
- 1953
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479889389
- eISBN:
- 9781479830893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479889389.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Japan caught up with the West by initially importing scientific knowledge, adapting it to local circumstances, learning from trial and error, and then innovating better technologies. With the rise of ...
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Japan caught up with the West by initially importing scientific knowledge, adapting it to local circumstances, learning from trial and error, and then innovating better technologies. With the rise of knowledge-based economies and intensifying global competition, Japan is now struggling to maintain industrial competitiveness, particularly in strategic sectors such as electronics, which are drained of home-based manufacturing technologies because of the transfer overseas of production facilities and research and development activities. As the country’s aging population and declining birthrate could result in a loss of social and economic vitality, institutional reforms are of critical importance in overcoming impediments to innovation. While Japan can be at the forefront of global efforts to cope with pressing societal challenges such as sustainability, Japanese academia is prompted to assimilate more junior people, women, and foreign researchers and Japanese industry to explore business opportunities in emerging markets in the promising fields of energy, environment, and health. The new paradigm will demand effective integration of necessary knowledge, going beyond the conventional model of university-industry collaboration, and public engagement of a diverse array of stakeholders in the coevolution of technology and institutions will be the key.Less
Japan caught up with the West by initially importing scientific knowledge, adapting it to local circumstances, learning from trial and error, and then innovating better technologies. With the rise of knowledge-based economies and intensifying global competition, Japan is now struggling to maintain industrial competitiveness, particularly in strategic sectors such as electronics, which are drained of home-based manufacturing technologies because of the transfer overseas of production facilities and research and development activities. As the country’s aging population and declining birthrate could result in a loss of social and economic vitality, institutional reforms are of critical importance in overcoming impediments to innovation. While Japan can be at the forefront of global efforts to cope with pressing societal challenges such as sustainability, Japanese academia is prompted to assimilate more junior people, women, and foreign researchers and Japanese industry to explore business opportunities in emerging markets in the promising fields of energy, environment, and health. The new paradigm will demand effective integration of necessary knowledge, going beyond the conventional model of university-industry collaboration, and public engagement of a diverse array of stakeholders in the coevolution of technology and institutions will be the key.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International ...
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An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in biotechnology is then examined in detail, focusing attention on some of the major cooperative research programmes initiated by MITI in the field of biotechnology and the outcomes of these programmes; some of the biotechnology projects undertaken under the auspices of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) are then analysed and evaluated. Questions of policy‐making and influences on this are tackled next through an examination of the relationships between business, bureaucrats, and politicians in Japan, and the role of some of the other Japanese ministries involved in biotechnology is then discussed, including conflicts between ministries that have arisen in this area. The role of Japanese universities in biotechnology is analysed, including evidence from a study on the importance of research in Japanese universities for some of the leading Japanese biotechnology companies, as well as a case study of a leading biotechnology research laboratory at Tokyo University. The next question examined, on the basis of a study of patents in biotechnology‐related pharmaceuticals, is how advanced research in biotechnology in Japan is distributed between company laboratories and universities, and whether this pattern of distribution differs from that in the major Western countries. The chapter ends with a summary of some of the main features of the Japanese system in biotechnology.Less
An outline is first given of several influential views regarding the role of the Japanese government and universities in the area of biotechnology. The role of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in biotechnology is then examined in detail, focusing attention on some of the major cooperative research programmes initiated by MITI in the field of biotechnology and the outcomes of these programmes; some of the biotechnology projects undertaken under the auspices of the Science and Technology Agency (STA) are then analysed and evaluated. Questions of policy‐making and influences on this are tackled next through an examination of the relationships between business, bureaucrats, and politicians in Japan, and the role of some of the other Japanese ministries involved in biotechnology is then discussed, including conflicts between ministries that have arisen in this area. The role of Japanese universities in biotechnology is analysed, including evidence from a study on the importance of research in Japanese universities for some of the leading Japanese biotechnology companies, as well as a case study of a leading biotechnology research laboratory at Tokyo University. The next question examined, on the basis of a study of patents in biotechnology‐related pharmaceuticals, is how advanced research in biotechnology in Japan is distributed between company laboratories and universities, and whether this pattern of distribution differs from that in the major Western countries. The chapter ends with a summary of some of the main features of the Japanese system in biotechnology.
Wendy Faulkner, Jacqueline Senker, and LÉa Velho
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288336
- eISBN:
- 9780191684586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288336.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Knowledge Management
During the 1960s when post-war optimism regarding benefits brought about by expenditures on RD&D experienced a decline, research on the industry-PSR linkage that is policy-oriented emerged from ...
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During the 1960s when post-war optimism regarding benefits brought about by expenditures on RD&D experienced a decline, research on the industry-PSR linkage that is policy-oriented emerged from policy on science and science studies. As such, it can be observed that the exponential growth previously experienced in the budgets for public research could no longer be associated with equivalent economic growth. The interest of several scholars and policy makers thus shifted to the quantification of how ‘public science’ contributed to technological innovations. Also, it became a growing concern to have further understanding of the processes in which knowledge brings about wealth. This resulted in two branches of research wherein the first concerned the relations between science and technology while the other involved industrial innovation.Less
During the 1960s when post-war optimism regarding benefits brought about by expenditures on RD&D experienced a decline, research on the industry-PSR linkage that is policy-oriented emerged from policy on science and science studies. As such, it can be observed that the exponential growth previously experienced in the budgets for public research could no longer be associated with equivalent economic growth. The interest of several scholars and policy makers thus shifted to the quantification of how ‘public science’ contributed to technological innovations. Also, it became a growing concern to have further understanding of the processes in which knowledge brings about wealth. This resulted in two branches of research wherein the first concerned the relations between science and technology while the other involved industrial innovation.
Qiwen Lu
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295372
- eISBN:
- 9780191685101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295372.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Innovation
The Legend Computer Group Company was listed as the largest enterprise in the Chinese information technology industry. Officially, the company describes itself as a new type of state-owned enterprise ...
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The Legend Computer Group Company was listed as the largest enterprise in the Chinese information technology industry. Officially, the company describes itself as a new type of state-owned enterprise that has emerged from China's economic reform, particularly the reform of the science and technology (S&T) system. This chapter describes Legend's history and its market performance and expansion in the computer industry. Legend was, and still is, a very successful enterprise, categorized as a state-owned enterprise because it was set up by a state research institute. What set Legend apart from the traditional state-owned enterprises, is the kind of operational principles Legend learned and implemented from non-governmental S&T enterprises such as Stone. Legend became a model of what was later called ‘one academy, two systems’, crystallized by the leadership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in conjunction with the strategy of reforming the nation's science and technology system.Less
The Legend Computer Group Company was listed as the largest enterprise in the Chinese information technology industry. Officially, the company describes itself as a new type of state-owned enterprise that has emerged from China's economic reform, particularly the reform of the science and technology (S&T) system. This chapter describes Legend's history and its market performance and expansion in the computer industry. Legend was, and still is, a very successful enterprise, categorized as a state-owned enterprise because it was set up by a state research institute. What set Legend apart from the traditional state-owned enterprises, is the kind of operational principles Legend learned and implemented from non-governmental S&T enterprises such as Stone. Legend became a model of what was later called ‘one academy, two systems’, crystallized by the leadership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in conjunction with the strategy of reforming the nation's science and technology system.
Eric Schatzberg
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583839
- eISBN:
- 9780226584027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226584027.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
A sustained discourse about the relationship between science and technology only emerged after World War I. This discourse drew on the nineteenth-century concept of applied science. But applied ...
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A sustained discourse about the relationship between science and technology only emerged after World War I. This discourse drew on the nineteenth-century concept of applied science. But applied science was deeply ambiguous. It could refer to a field of practical knowledge, or it could imply the applications of academic science. Before World War II, some academics, mainly in the social sciences, defined technology as applied science. Sustained discussion of the science-technology relationship first emerged in the 1930s, not from natural scientists, social scientists, or engineers, but rather from historians of science. Historians of science drew from the Continental discourse of Technik to develop their own approach to the science-technology relationship. These scholars were responding in part to Soviet Marxists who presented a materialist approach to the history of science in a famous 1931 conference session, published as Science at the Cross Roads.Less
A sustained discourse about the relationship between science and technology only emerged after World War I. This discourse drew on the nineteenth-century concept of applied science. But applied science was deeply ambiguous. It could refer to a field of practical knowledge, or it could imply the applications of academic science. Before World War II, some academics, mainly in the social sciences, defined technology as applied science. Sustained discussion of the science-technology relationship first emerged in the 1930s, not from natural scientists, social scientists, or engineers, but rather from historians of science. Historians of science drew from the Continental discourse of Technik to develop their own approach to the science-technology relationship. These scholars were responding in part to Soviet Marxists who presented a materialist approach to the history of science in a famous 1931 conference session, published as Science at the Cross Roads.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed ...
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This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed Chairman, Follet made a commitment to create new partners and allies of AHRB. Its ultimate goal was to bring together all areas which systematically create and shape knowledge or a ‘Wissenschaft’. During 2000–2001, the Council for Science and Technology (CST) led by Cambridge historian Emma Rothschild considered what bearing the arts and humanities might have on the strategies of sciences. In July 2001, the CST presented a report to the Prime Minister and other government leaders. This report, Imagination and Understanding: A Report on the Arts and Humanities in relation to Science and Technology found out that arts and humanities are an outstanding part of UK research, contributing in several ways to the nation's prosperity and well-being. In February 2001, the CST formed the first Quinquennial Review and in December 2001, the Quinquennial Review recommended the creation of the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Strategy Group which required Research Councils to work in partnership with other Councils including stakeholders. With this new policy, the AHRB worked and forged partnerships with Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Foundation for Science and Technology (FST), European Science Foundation (ESF).Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed Chairman, Follet made a commitment to create new partners and allies of AHRB. Its ultimate goal was to bring together all areas which systematically create and shape knowledge or a ‘Wissenschaft’. During 2000–2001, the Council for Science and Technology (CST) led by Cambridge historian Emma Rothschild considered what bearing the arts and humanities might have on the strategies of sciences. In July 2001, the CST presented a report to the Prime Minister and other government leaders. This report, Imagination and Understanding: A Report on the Arts and Humanities in relation to Science and Technology found out that arts and humanities are an outstanding part of UK research, contributing in several ways to the nation's prosperity and well-being. In February 2001, the CST formed the first Quinquennial Review and in December 2001, the Quinquennial Review recommended the creation of the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Strategy Group which required Research Councils to work in partnership with other Councils including stakeholders. With this new policy, the AHRB worked and forged partnerships with Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Foundation for Science and Technology (FST), European Science Foundation (ESF).
Colin Latimer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the ...
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The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.Less
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.
Deepak Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195687149
- eISBN:
- 9780199081684
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687149.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between ...
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This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between techno-scientific imperatives and colonial requirements by looking at the close link between science and the Raj. The term ‘colonial science’ expresses the entire gamut of the relationship between science and colonization, and aptly sums up the state of science as well as its limitations, triumphs, and failures in a colony. In some ways, colonial science represented an advance over pre-colonial science. This book reviews the views of several scholars about pre-colonial science and technology, the imperatives determining colonial science, and explores science education in colonial India. It also considers early exploratory activities, scientific research works, problems in science administration, and how India responded to these issues. The term ‘science’ in this book refers more to the physical and biological sciences, also known collectively as ‘natural history’. In addition, it is used in relation to individuals, groups, institutions (both official and non-official), application, etc.Less
This book focuses on the development of colonial science in British India, together with its social and economic implications. It analyses the nature and working of the relationship between techno-scientific imperatives and colonial requirements by looking at the close link between science and the Raj. The term ‘colonial science’ expresses the entire gamut of the relationship between science and colonization, and aptly sums up the state of science as well as its limitations, triumphs, and failures in a colony. In some ways, colonial science represented an advance over pre-colonial science. This book reviews the views of several scholars about pre-colonial science and technology, the imperatives determining colonial science, and explores science education in colonial India. It also considers early exploratory activities, scientific research works, problems in science administration, and how India responded to these issues. The term ‘science’ in this book refers more to the physical and biological sciences, also known collectively as ‘natural history’. In addition, it is used in relation to individuals, groups, institutions (both official and non-official), application, etc.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried ...
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In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried out this task until 1965. Then the Science and Technology Act changed responsibility for the curiosity-driven research to five Research Councils which are funded through the Department of Education and Science. In 1993, a White Paper, Realizing Our Potential called for the reorganization of the Research Councils. This chapter discusses the struggles of the establishment and recognition of the need for Council for Research in the Humanities. In 1961, the British Academy suggested for the creation of Council for Research in the Humanities, however it was not granted in the legislation made in 1965. Instead, a separate Research Council for social science was established, which opened up the possibility of creating a separate Research Council for Humanities. In 1990s, discussions on the reorganization of UK research funding reopened the question of how the government funds and supports research in humanities. It also opened talks for the establishment of a freestanding Humanities Research Council. Sometime in 1992, after deliberate considerations of the possible contributions of a separate research council on humanities, a recommendation for the establishment of Humanities Research Council was made. However, on the same year, the government decided not to set up an agency that would support humanities, and, in 1993, the government made a firm decision not to include humanities in any form to the circle of Research Councils — a decision which irked humanities scholars and academy members.Less
In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried out this task until 1965. Then the Science and Technology Act changed responsibility for the curiosity-driven research to five Research Councils which are funded through the Department of Education and Science. In 1993, a White Paper, Realizing Our Potential called for the reorganization of the Research Councils. This chapter discusses the struggles of the establishment and recognition of the need for Council for Research in the Humanities. In 1961, the British Academy suggested for the creation of Council for Research in the Humanities, however it was not granted in the legislation made in 1965. Instead, a separate Research Council for social science was established, which opened up the possibility of creating a separate Research Council for Humanities. In 1990s, discussions on the reorganization of UK research funding reopened the question of how the government funds and supports research in humanities. It also opened talks for the establishment of a freestanding Humanities Research Council. Sometime in 1992, after deliberate considerations of the possible contributions of a separate research council on humanities, a recommendation for the establishment of Humanities Research Council was made. However, on the same year, the government decided not to set up an agency that would support humanities, and, in 1993, the government made a firm decision not to include humanities in any form to the circle of Research Councils — a decision which irked humanities scholars and academy members.
Qiwen Lu
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295372
- eISBN:
- 9780191685101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295372.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Innovation
This chapter examines the consistent pattern with regard to the trajectories of technology learning or capability acquisition among the four enterprises from the case studies and describes the ...
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This chapter examines the consistent pattern with regard to the trajectories of technology learning or capability acquisition among the four enterprises from the case studies and describes the evolution of a unique top-down mode of technology learning. The enterprises' ready access to the science and technology resources that had been accumulated in the state sector was indispensable in permitting them to start directly with product innovation. In all four cases, indigenous innovations in technology stemmed from the need to process Chinese-language information. However, it was the organizational innovation in the institutional structure of enterprise governance that enabled these enterprises to bring the technological capabilities to meet the market needs. There was a coupling between the institutional structure of enterprise governance and the trajectories of technology learning.Less
This chapter examines the consistent pattern with regard to the trajectories of technology learning or capability acquisition among the four enterprises from the case studies and describes the evolution of a unique top-down mode of technology learning. The enterprises' ready access to the science and technology resources that had been accumulated in the state sector was indispensable in permitting them to start directly with product innovation. In all four cases, indigenous innovations in technology stemmed from the need to process Chinese-language information. However, it was the organizational innovation in the institutional structure of enterprise governance that enabled these enterprises to bring the technological capabilities to meet the market needs. There was a coupling between the institutional structure of enterprise governance and the trajectories of technology learning.
Robin Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368581.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter highlights key moments in which science emerges and separates from other types of intellectual inquiry. In particular, it focuses on three periods of history that are critical to the ...
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This chapter highlights key moments in which science emerges and separates from other types of intellectual inquiry. In particular, it focuses on three periods of history that are critical to the development of the law/science relationship: ancient Greece, the Scientific Revolution in Europe, and 20th-century reevaluations of the meaning of science. In highly simplified form, what we think of as science today begins its history deeply entwined with philosophy and theology.Less
This chapter highlights key moments in which science emerges and separates from other types of intellectual inquiry. In particular, it focuses on three periods of history that are critical to the development of the law/science relationship: ancient Greece, the Scientific Revolution in Europe, and 20th-century reevaluations of the meaning of science. In highly simplified form, what we think of as science today begins its history deeply entwined with philosophy and theology.
E. Brian Davies
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199219186
- eISBN:
- 9780191711695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219186.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This final chapter presents a collection of topics which relate to the status of science in society, and to its conflicts with other systems of thought. Topics covered include order and chaos, ...
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This final chapter presents a collection of topics which relate to the status of science in society, and to its conflicts with other systems of thought. Topics covered include order and chaos, anthropic principles, empiricism versus realism, the sociology of science, and science the technology.Less
This final chapter presents a collection of topics which relate to the status of science in society, and to its conflicts with other systems of thought. Topics covered include order and chaos, anthropic principles, empiricism versus realism, the sociology of science, and science the technology.
Maureen D. McKelvey
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297246
- eISBN:
- 9780191685316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297246.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Knowledge Management
This chapter draws some conclusions about science and technology based on the theoretical and empirical discussions in previous chapters. Both scientific and technological activities involve ...
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This chapter draws some conclusions about science and technology based on the theoretical and empirical discussions in previous chapters. Both scientific and technological activities involve searching for new knowledge and techniques, but it has been proposed that scientific activities are generally about understanding the world whereas technological activities are generally about controlling nature for human purposes. The focus of this chapter is on agents, environments, and knowledge-seeking activities from the 1970s to 1980s and first addresses how and why agents engage in scientific and technological activities in response to the four environments by analysing the historical material about genetic engineering for human growth hormone and insulin. The contribution of this book lies in uniting empirical and theoretical domains of enquiry in order to address questions about science-based, also known as high-tech, innovation processes. The book presents original empirical material about genetic engineering and biotechnology and analysis of how technological innovation processes occur.Less
This chapter draws some conclusions about science and technology based on the theoretical and empirical discussions in previous chapters. Both scientific and technological activities involve searching for new knowledge and techniques, but it has been proposed that scientific activities are generally about understanding the world whereas technological activities are generally about controlling nature for human purposes. The focus of this chapter is on agents, environments, and knowledge-seeking activities from the 1970s to 1980s and first addresses how and why agents engage in scientific and technological activities in response to the four environments by analysing the historical material about genetic engineering for human growth hormone and insulin. The contribution of this book lies in uniting empirical and theoretical domains of enquiry in order to address questions about science-based, also known as high-tech, innovation processes. The book presents original empirical material about genetic engineering and biotechnology and analysis of how technological innovation processes occur.
Salah M. El-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster ...
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This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster of technology-based organizations situated on or near a university campus in order to benefit from the university’s knowledge base and ongoing research, and to develop commercial applications for this knowledge in association with the commercial tenants in the park. STPSDs consist of a number of industrial clusters/complexes (incubators), where each cluster/complex will devote itself to a specific national problem according to the standards of sustainable development/sustainable economy. The discussions cover the objectives, benefits, and challenges of STPs; policies for development of STPs; models for STPs; examples of STPs; and STPs for sustainable development.Less
This chapter deals with the main features of science and technology parks (STPs) in general, and science and technology parks for sustainable development (STPSDs) in particular. An STP is a cluster of technology-based organizations situated on or near a university campus in order to benefit from the university’s knowledge base and ongoing research, and to develop commercial applications for this knowledge in association with the commercial tenants in the park. STPSDs consist of a number of industrial clusters/complexes (incubators), where each cluster/complex will devote itself to a specific national problem according to the standards of sustainable development/sustainable economy. The discussions cover the objectives, benefits, and challenges of STPs; policies for development of STPs; models for STPs; examples of STPs; and STPs for sustainable development.
Roger Glenn Robins
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195165913
- eISBN:
- 9780199835454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195165918.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter explores the ways radical holiness captured, reflected, and embraced the tenor of its times. The qualities associated with modernity pervaded the movement’s culture and ideology. These ...
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This chapter explores the ways radical holiness captured, reflected, and embraced the tenor of its times. The qualities associated with modernity pervaded the movement’s culture and ideology. These qualities include the celebration of innovation and change; cultural optimism; the glorification of science, technology, and power; a dialectic relationship with urbanization; blurring of regional boundaries; and a social ethics that undermined traditional assumptions about race and gender. Radical holiness voiced each of these qualities in the idioms of plainfolk culture.Less
This chapter explores the ways radical holiness captured, reflected, and embraced the tenor of its times. The qualities associated with modernity pervaded the movement’s culture and ideology. These qualities include the celebration of innovation and change; cultural optimism; the glorification of science, technology, and power; a dialectic relationship with urbanization; blurring of regional boundaries; and a social ethics that undermined traditional assumptions about race and gender. Radical holiness voiced each of these qualities in the idioms of plainfolk culture.
Hideaki Koizumi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199600496
- eISBN:
- 9780191739187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600496.003.0100
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Behavioral Neuroscience
From the viewpoint of neuroscience, learning and education can be defined as the processes of making neuronal circuits in response to external stimuli, and of controlling or preparing appropriate ...
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From the viewpoint of neuroscience, learning and education can be defined as the processes of making neuronal circuits in response to external stimuli, and of controlling or preparing appropriate stimuli, respectively. Learning and education can thus be studied as a new field with brain science that includes disciplines related to the brain, e.g., neuropsychology, developmental cognitive neuroscience, behavioural sciences, and child neurology as well as neuroscience. This new discipline is named ‘brain-science and education’. National programmes run by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) in ‘brain-science and education’ began in December 2000 and nineteen projects were completed by March 2011. In this Japan initiative, not only were conventional non-invasive brain function imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalogram used, but also a new methodology — near infrared spectroscopic optical topography was employed — resulting in the elucidation of various learning processes in the brains of infants and children. This chapter shares information on the special situation in Japanese education and some of the ‘brain-science and education’ initiative's results that may be important in future neuroscience in education.Less
From the viewpoint of neuroscience, learning and education can be defined as the processes of making neuronal circuits in response to external stimuli, and of controlling or preparing appropriate stimuli, respectively. Learning and education can thus be studied as a new field with brain science that includes disciplines related to the brain, e.g., neuropsychology, developmental cognitive neuroscience, behavioural sciences, and child neurology as well as neuroscience. This new discipline is named ‘brain-science and education’. National programmes run by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) in ‘brain-science and education’ began in December 2000 and nineteen projects were completed by March 2011. In this Japan initiative, not only were conventional non-invasive brain function imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalogram used, but also a new methodology — near infrared spectroscopic optical topography was employed — resulting in the elucidation of various learning processes in the brains of infants and children. This chapter shares information on the special situation in Japanese education and some of the ‘brain-science and education’ initiative's results that may be important in future neuroscience in education.
