R. Walter Heinrichs
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122190
- eISBN:
- 9780199865482
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122190.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained ...
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This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained and then employed to make the strength and consistency of these differences explicit. Beginning with the study of symptoms, then moving through the search for objective disease markers, findings on the cognitive functions, structure, physiology, chemistry, and development of the brain, this book is a journey into the enigma of madness and its science. Schizophrenia emerges as an illness that reveals itself most strongly in thought processes, not biology. Schizophrenia is an anomaly at the frontier of mind and brain, and this book points the way to its solution.Less
This book evaluates the progress of schizophrenia science by summarizing what is known about how patients with the illness differ from healthy people. The tools of meta-analysis are first explained and then employed to make the strength and consistency of these differences explicit. Beginning with the study of symptoms, then moving through the search for objective disease markers, findings on the cognitive functions, structure, physiology, chemistry, and development of the brain, this book is a journey into the enigma of madness and its science. Schizophrenia emerges as an illness that reveals itself most strongly in thought processes, not biology. Schizophrenia is an anomaly at the frontier of mind and brain, and this book points the way to its solution.
Tim Bayne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199215386
- eISBN:
- 9780191594786
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be ...
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One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be unified? And what implications might the unity of consciousness have for our conception of consciousness and the self? Drawing on philosophy, psychology and neuroscience, this book presents answers to these questions. The first part of the book develops a conception of the unity of consciousness according to which a subject has a unified conscious if and only if it has a single conscious state that subsumes each and every one of its conscious states. This conception of the unity of consciousness gives rise to the unity thesis—the claim that consciousness in human beings is necessarily unified. The second part of the volume examines the plausibility of the unity thesis. The book develops a model for evaluating the unity thesis and then goes on to apply this model to a wide range of syndromes—such as anosognosia, the hidden observer in hypnosis, and the split‐brain syndrome—in which the unity of consciousness is often said to breakdown. In each case the evidence in favour of disunity models is found wanting. The final third of the volume examines points of contact between the unity of consciousness on the one hand and theories of theories of consciousness, the sense of embodiment, and accounts of the self on the other.Less
One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be unified? And what implications might the unity of consciousness have for our conception of consciousness and the self? Drawing on philosophy, psychology and neuroscience, this book presents answers to these questions. The first part of the book develops a conception of the unity of consciousness according to which a subject has a unified conscious if and only if it has a single conscious state that subsumes each and every one of its conscious states. This conception of the unity of consciousness gives rise to the unity thesis—the claim that consciousness in human beings is necessarily unified. The second part of the volume examines the plausibility of the unity thesis. The book develops a model for evaluating the unity thesis and then goes on to apply this model to a wide range of syndromes—such as anosognosia, the hidden observer in hypnosis, and the split‐brain syndrome—in which the unity of consciousness is often said to breakdown. In each case the evidence in favour of disunity models is found wanting. The final third of the volume examines points of contact between the unity of consciousness on the one hand and theories of theories of consciousness, the sense of embodiment, and accounts of the self on the other.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the ...
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Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.Less
Our ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.
Roger Traub, MD and Miles Whittington, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions ...
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This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.Less
This book reviews a number of clinical neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain oscillations play an essential role. It discusses how the intrinsic properties of neurons, and the interactions between neurons – mediated by both chemical synapses and by gap junctions – can lead to oscillations in populations of cells. The discussion is based largely on data derived from in vitro systems (hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex) and from network modeling. Finally, the book considers how brain oscillations can provide insight into normal brain function as well as pathophysiology.
Bernard J Crespi
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Human social communication is impaired in the two primary disorders of the ‘social brain’, autism, and schizophrenia. This chapter describes a new hypothesis for the role of language in the evolution ...
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Human social communication is impaired in the two primary disorders of the ‘social brain’, autism, and schizophrenia. This chapter describes a new hypothesis for the role of language in the evolution and development of autism and schizophrenia: that the cores of these two conditions are disordered social communication, with dysregulated social-linguistic development mediated in part by extremes of bias in maternal vs paternal imprinted gene expression, resulting in extreme mentalistic vs extreme mechanistic cognition. It evaluates this hypothesis via tests of the molecular evolution of genes underlying schizophrenia and language, analyses of how the human social brain has evolved, and evaluation of the roles of genomic conflicts in human development, enculturation, and communication via study of the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of social-brain disorders. These convergent lines of evidence from evolutionary theory and neurogenomics support the hypothesis that psychosis represents the ‘illness that made us human’.Less
Human social communication is impaired in the two primary disorders of the ‘social brain’, autism, and schizophrenia. This chapter describes a new hypothesis for the role of language in the evolution and development of autism and schizophrenia: that the cores of these two conditions are disordered social communication, with dysregulated social-linguistic development mediated in part by extremes of bias in maternal vs paternal imprinted gene expression, resulting in extreme mentalistic vs extreme mechanistic cognition. It evaluates this hypothesis via tests of the molecular evolution of genes underlying schizophrenia and language, analyses of how the human social brain has evolved, and evaluation of the roles of genomic conflicts in human development, enculturation, and communication via study of the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of social-brain disorders. These convergent lines of evidence from evolutionary theory and neurogenomics support the hypothesis that psychosis represents the ‘illness that made us human’.
Menno Witter and Floris Wouterlood (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198509172
- eISBN:
- 9780191724626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Advances in imaging technologies have enabled researchers to build on the evidence obtained from lesion and behavioural studies to propose a range of functions for the parahippocampal region. It is ...
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Advances in imaging technologies have enabled researchers to build on the evidence obtained from lesion and behavioural studies to propose a range of functions for the parahippocampal region. It is now possible to image the region in healthy human subjects and to define the pathological changes occurring during the early phases of a range of neurologic and psychiatric conditions. The results have uncovered evidence suggesting that the region plays an important role in the higher cognitive processes of learning and memory, and in specific brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, as well as in the aging process itself. The book examines the architecture and activity of this section of the temporal lobe, describes the systems active in memory, perception and behaviour, and outlines the significance of its involvement in the progress of a range of disease states. It provides an overview of basic and clinical knowledge and a baseline for further expansion of the functional understanding of the region.Less
Advances in imaging technologies have enabled researchers to build on the evidence obtained from lesion and behavioural studies to propose a range of functions for the parahippocampal region. It is now possible to image the region in healthy human subjects and to define the pathological changes occurring during the early phases of a range of neurologic and psychiatric conditions. The results have uncovered evidence suggesting that the region plays an important role in the higher cognitive processes of learning and memory, and in specific brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, as well as in the aging process itself. The book examines the architecture and activity of this section of the temporal lobe, describes the systems active in memory, perception and behaviour, and outlines the significance of its involvement in the progress of a range of disease states. It provides an overview of basic and clinical knowledge and a baseline for further expansion of the functional understanding of the region.
Harriet P. Lefley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340495
- eISBN:
- 9780199863792
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340495.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This book gives an overview of family psychoeducation as an evidence-based psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Family psychoeducation has produced a robust ...
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This book gives an overview of family psychoeducation as an evidence-based psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Family psychoeducation has produced a robust body of research indicating significant, sustained reductions in patients' relapse and rehospitalization rates and improvements in families' wellbeing. Converging with historical changes in mental health systems, the empirical findings and new theoretical approaches that produced this treatment modality are described. Responsive to research data and expressed informational needs of families of persons with severe mental illness, psychoeducational models were developed by major research centers in the U.S., the U.K., and other European countries, and in China. The book presents theoretical premises and a research overview, together with descriptions of model programs and long-range outcomes. Psychoeducation for prodromal, first-episode, and child and adolescents interventions are discussed as well as for diverse diagnoses and special populations. Cross-cultural and international studies are presented, with a focus on uniformities and cultural variations. Briefer versions of family education, now widely utilized, are then discussed, including research findings of efficacy. Generic components are presented together with a discussion of variations. Training models and issues, and required competencies, are presented. Contemporary applications of family psychoeducation in American and European mental health systems are described, with research on barriers to implementation and suggested solutions. A critical assessment of unresolved issues is followed by a discussion of future trends in families' involvement in the treatment process. An Appendix provides information on family organizations and other selected resources for families in various countries throughout the world, as well as useful materials for service providers.Less
This book gives an overview of family psychoeducation as an evidence-based psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders. Family psychoeducation has produced a robust body of research indicating significant, sustained reductions in patients' relapse and rehospitalization rates and improvements in families' wellbeing. Converging with historical changes in mental health systems, the empirical findings and new theoretical approaches that produced this treatment modality are described. Responsive to research data and expressed informational needs of families of persons with severe mental illness, psychoeducational models were developed by major research centers in the U.S., the U.K., and other European countries, and in China. The book presents theoretical premises and a research overview, together with descriptions of model programs and long-range outcomes. Psychoeducation for prodromal, first-episode, and child and adolescents interventions are discussed as well as for diverse diagnoses and special populations. Cross-cultural and international studies are presented, with a focus on uniformities and cultural variations. Briefer versions of family education, now widely utilized, are then discussed, including research findings of efficacy. Generic components are presented together with a discussion of variations. Training models and issues, and required competencies, are presented. Contemporary applications of family psychoeducation in American and European mental health systems are described, with research on barriers to implementation and suggested solutions. A critical assessment of unresolved issues is followed by a discussion of future trends in families' involvement in the treatment process. An Appendix provides information on family organizations and other selected resources for families in various countries throughout the world, as well as useful materials for service providers.
Lars Bertram
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0020
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Efforts to identify the genes that modulate the risk for schizophrenia (SZ) have met with only limited success. This is at least in part due to problems that aggravate epidemiologic research in many ...
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Efforts to identify the genes that modulate the risk for schizophrenia (SZ) have met with only limited success. This is at least in part due to problems that aggravate epidemiologic research in many psychiatric diseases, for example, a considerable degree of phenotypic variability and diagnostic uncertainty, the lack of extended pedigrees with Mendelian inheritance, and the absence of definitive disease-specific neuropathological features or biomarkers. The identification of susceptibility genes is further complicated by gene—gene interactions that are difficult to predict and model, and a likely substantial but difficult to detect, environmental component. Notwithstanding these challenges, several chromosomal regions thought to harbor SZ genes have been identified via whole genome linkage analyses, a few overlapping across different samples. This chapter focuses on the “SzGene” database developed by the Schizophrenia Research Forum, which systematically collects, summarizes, and meta-analyzes all genetic association studies published in the field of SZ, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS).Less
Efforts to identify the genes that modulate the risk for schizophrenia (SZ) have met with only limited success. This is at least in part due to problems that aggravate epidemiologic research in many psychiatric diseases, for example, a considerable degree of phenotypic variability and diagnostic uncertainty, the lack of extended pedigrees with Mendelian inheritance, and the absence of definitive disease-specific neuropathological features or biomarkers. The identification of susceptibility genes is further complicated by gene—gene interactions that are difficult to predict and model, and a likely substantial but difficult to detect, environmental component. Notwithstanding these challenges, several chromosomal regions thought to harbor SZ genes have been identified via whole genome linkage analyses, a few overlapping across different samples. This chapter focuses on the “SzGene” database developed by the Schizophrenia Research Forum, which systematically collects, summarizes, and meta-analyzes all genetic association studies published in the field of SZ, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
Hao-Yang Tan and Daniel R. Weinberger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing ...
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This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing related to dopamine (DA). Genetic variation influencing task-related prefrontal cortical function was consistent with fundamental predictions based on the biology of DA tuning in cortical microcircuits. These findings also extended the basic biological data to implicate molecules impacting variation in active human brain function, potentially mirroring component disease-related brain processes in schizophrenia. The findings of interacting genetic elements consistent with the cross-talk within and across DA and glutamatergic systems, and their intracellular signaling pathways, arguably contribute further empirical validation to the strategy to identify molecules whose genetic variation could be of substantial combined influence on human brain function at the network or systems level.Less
This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing related to dopamine (DA). Genetic variation influencing task-related prefrontal cortical function was consistent with fundamental predictions based on the biology of DA tuning in cortical microcircuits. These findings also extended the basic biological data to implicate molecules impacting variation in active human brain function, potentially mirroring component disease-related brain processes in schizophrenia. The findings of interacting genetic elements consistent with the cross-talk within and across DA and glutamatergic systems, and their intracellular signaling pathways, arguably contribute further empirical validation to the strategy to identify molecules whose genetic variation could be of substantial combined influence on human brain function at the network or systems level.
Anissa Abi-Dargham, Mark Slifstein, Larry Kegeles, and Marc Laruelle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0036
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Schizophrenia presents with multiple clinical features, ranging from positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) to negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of speech and ...
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Schizophrenia presents with multiple clinical features, ranging from positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) to negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of speech and thought, flattening of affect, and lack of motivation) and disturbances in cognitive processes (attention, working memory, verbal fluency and learning, social cognition, and executive function). In the last decade, imaging methodology has confirmed that dopamine (DA) dysregulation plays a role within each of these clinical dimensions, and has yielded evidence that striatal DA is increased, and cortical DA transmission is altered. Furthermore, the studies indicated a direct relationship between striatal DA excess and the positive symptoms of the illness as well as the magnitude and speed of their response to antipsychotic treatment, while cognitive and negative symptoms were related to cortical DA dysfunction. New evidence from both animal studies and studies in prodromal patients suggests that both sets of symptoms may emerge in relation to the striatal dopaminergic excess, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. This chapter begins by describing the evidence derived from imaging studies using measures of cortical and subcortical dopaminergic parameters and then speculates on the cellular significance of the imaging findings. It then describes the information gained from animal models regarding regulation of DA function by other transmitters and the circuits that may be involved, possibly leading to the dopaminergic phenotype.Less
Schizophrenia presents with multiple clinical features, ranging from positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) to negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of speech and thought, flattening of affect, and lack of motivation) and disturbances in cognitive processes (attention, working memory, verbal fluency and learning, social cognition, and executive function). In the last decade, imaging methodology has confirmed that dopamine (DA) dysregulation plays a role within each of these clinical dimensions, and has yielded evidence that striatal DA is increased, and cortical DA transmission is altered. Furthermore, the studies indicated a direct relationship between striatal DA excess and the positive symptoms of the illness as well as the magnitude and speed of their response to antipsychotic treatment, while cognitive and negative symptoms were related to cortical DA dysfunction. New evidence from both animal studies and studies in prodromal patients suggests that both sets of symptoms may emerge in relation to the striatal dopaminergic excess, the mechanisms of which are not well understood. This chapter begins by describing the evidence derived from imaging studies using measures of cortical and subcortical dopaminergic parameters and then speculates on the cellular significance of the imaging findings. It then describes the information gained from animal models regarding regulation of DA function by other transmitters and the circuits that may be involved, possibly leading to the dopaminergic phenotype.
Bryan L. Roth and Sarah C. Rogan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0037
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the state of psychopharmacological therapy for schizophrenia, covering both Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approved typical and atypical drugs, and emerging molecular ...
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This chapter reviews the state of psychopharmacological therapy for schizophrenia, covering both Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approved typical and atypical drugs, and emerging molecular targets for new and developmental drugs. Despite decades of research, the state of schizophrenia therapy is much the same today as it was 20 years ago, when clozapine returned to the market. Clozapine remains the gold standard drug, and all therapeutically effective treatments act at the D2 dopamine receptor; a target first identified in the 1970s. Current approaches are largely modeled on the signal transduction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Such methods might yet have potential if we develop “selectively nonselective” drugs with binding affinity profiles similar to that of clozapine, or if we employ polypharmacy to treat the distinct symptom domains of schizophrenia. Employing functionally selective ligands and modulating noncanonical GPCR signaling (i.e. β-arrestin) also represent new opportunities for drug development within the signal transduction model of therapy.Less
This chapter reviews the state of psychopharmacological therapy for schizophrenia, covering both Food and Drug Administration (FDA), approved typical and atypical drugs, and emerging molecular targets for new and developmental drugs. Despite decades of research, the state of schizophrenia therapy is much the same today as it was 20 years ago, when clozapine returned to the market. Clozapine remains the gold standard drug, and all therapeutically effective treatments act at the D2 dopamine receptor; a target first identified in the 1970s. Current approaches are largely modeled on the signal transduction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Such methods might yet have potential if we develop “selectively nonselective” drugs with binding affinity profiles similar to that of clozapine, or if we employ polypharmacy to treat the distinct symptom domains of schizophrenia. Employing functionally selective ligands and modulating noncanonical GPCR signaling (i.e. β-arrestin) also represent new opportunities for drug development within the signal transduction model of therapy.
Nathalie Ginovart and Shitij Kapur
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0038
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling disease that typically begins during adolescence or early adult life and severely impacts psychosocial functioning. There is no known single cause of ...
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Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling disease that typically begins during adolescence or early adult life and severely impacts psychosocial functioning. There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that genetic factors and early neurodevelopmental abnormalities (including apoptosis, disruption of neuronal migration, or alteration of synaptogenesis) may confer a constitutional vulnerability to the disease. Subsequent environmental factors (including obstetric complications, exposure to viral infection in utero, or exposure to psychosocial stress during childhood) may then trigger the behavioral expression of this vulnerability, perhaps via subtle alterations of brain development. Within this framework, dysregulations of the dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmitter systems have been most intimately associated with the physiopathology of schizophrenia. This chapter focuses on this aspect of the illness, with special attention given to the DA receptors.Less
Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling disease that typically begins during adolescence or early adult life and severely impacts psychosocial functioning. There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that genetic factors and early neurodevelopmental abnormalities (including apoptosis, disruption of neuronal migration, or alteration of synaptogenesis) may confer a constitutional vulnerability to the disease. Subsequent environmental factors (including obstetric complications, exposure to viral infection in utero, or exposure to psychosocial stress during childhood) may then trigger the behavioral expression of this vulnerability, perhaps via subtle alterations of brain development. Within this framework, dysregulations of the dopamine (DA) and glutamate neurotransmitter systems have been most intimately associated with the physiopathology of schizophrenia. This chapter focuses on this aspect of the illness, with special attention given to the DA receptors.
Heike Tost, Shabnam Hakimi, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0039
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter provides an overview of the causes and effects of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia. In doing so, it summarizes historical perspectives and our current scientific knowledge about the ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the causes and effects of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia. In doing so, it summarizes historical perspectives and our current scientific knowledge about the susceptibility genes, neural system anomalies, and cognitive symptoms that link the disorder to disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the causes and effects of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia. In doing so, it summarizes historical perspectives and our current scientific knowledge about the susceptibility genes, neural system anomalies, and cognitive symptoms that link the disorder to disturbances in dopamine neurotransmission.
Allan F. Mirsky and Connie C. Duncan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195176704
- eISBN:
- 9780199864706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the history of research on attention, including studies generated during wartime, and accounts of the impairment seen in brain-injured soldiers, as described by Luria and ...
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This chapter reviews the history of research on attention, including studies generated during wartime, and accounts of the impairment seen in brain-injured soldiers, as described by Luria and Rosvold. The chapter goes on to review some of the seminal behavioral, neurophysiological, electrophysiological and anatomical studies done in the past 60 years related to impaired attention, with particular emphasis on absence epilepsy. Assessment of attention is one of the major components of modern neuropsychological practice; it is well known, that in addition to epilepsy and the eponymous ADHD, impaired attention is characteristic of schizophrenia, head injury, and other neuropsychiatric and medical disorders. A model of attention elements is reviewed, and there is discussion of environmental factors that contribute to the development of attention impairment.Less
This chapter reviews the history of research on attention, including studies generated during wartime, and accounts of the impairment seen in brain-injured soldiers, as described by Luria and Rosvold. The chapter goes on to review some of the seminal behavioral, neurophysiological, electrophysiological and anatomical studies done in the past 60 years related to impaired attention, with particular emphasis on absence epilepsy. Assessment of attention is one of the major components of modern neuropsychological practice; it is well known, that in addition to epilepsy and the eponymous ADHD, impaired attention is characteristic of schizophrenia, head injury, and other neuropsychiatric and medical disorders. A model of attention elements is reviewed, and there is discussion of environmental factors that contribute to the development of attention impairment.
Gary L. Francione
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, ...
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This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.Less
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.
Leanne M. Williams and Evian Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in ...
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In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.Less
In the emerging new paradigm of “Personalized Medicine,” the goal is to shift the treatment for brain-related illness from trial and error into a bull’s-eye. To date, much of the research in Personalized Medicine has focused on genetic “markers” employed as predictors of individual treatment response. The complexity of the brain requires a shift in focus from genetic marker(s) to an integrated approach, in which a wider scope of molecular plus brain-related functional, structural and cognitive information is used in a complementary manner. This chapter provides a brief summary of the current evidence for markers that predict brain-related treatment response in depression, schizophrenia and ADHD. The chapter focuses on the current status of Personalized Medicine, including the principles of an integrative approach to personalized medicine for the brain, and building a new taxonomy for incorporating the most clinically effective markers, is also outlined.
Jacob S. Ballon, Ragy R. Girgis, and Jeffrey A. Lieberman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of ...
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This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of schizophrenia, and in particular what is known about the pharmacogenomics of treatment response and side effects. The second half will focus on the neurobiology and physical abnormalities of schizophrenia, and discuss these in the context of endophenotypes and biomarkers of the illness. Finally, this chapter will conclude with a synthesis of the previously discussed genetic and neurobiological findings in schizophrenia and ideas on how this knowledge can be translated into the framework of personalized medicine.Less
This chapter discusses the potential for personalized medicine as it applies to schizophrenia, one of the most severe mental disorders. The first half of this chapter will address the genetics of schizophrenia, and in particular what is known about the pharmacogenomics of treatment response and side effects. The second half will focus on the neurobiology and physical abnormalities of schizophrenia, and discuss these in the context of endophenotypes and biomarkers of the illness. Finally, this chapter will conclude with a synthesis of the previously discussed genetic and neurobiological findings in schizophrenia and ideas on how this knowledge can be translated into the framework of personalized medicine.
Ellen M. Migo, Steve C.R. Williams, William R. Crum, Matthew J. Kempton, and Ulrich Ettinger
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. ...
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There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. Non-invasive neuroimaging is a key area for biomarker development because it connects behavioural outcomes with structural, functional, and molecular mechanisms. This chapter discusses neuroimaging biomarkers in relation to dementia, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (bipolar and major depressive disorders). The current candidate biomarkers for each disorder are reviewed, across the full range of imaging modalities, followed by an evaluation of their future prospects. The chapter concludes that there has been substantial progress towards personalized neuroimaging-based biomarkers but much remains to be done. Such biomarkers must be validated for specific disorders and may include neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging components.Less
There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. Non-invasive neuroimaging is a key area for biomarker development because it connects behavioural outcomes with structural, functional, and molecular mechanisms. This chapter discusses neuroimaging biomarkers in relation to dementia, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (bipolar and major depressive disorders). The current candidate biomarkers for each disorder are reviewed, across the full range of imaging modalities, followed by an evaluation of their future prospects. The chapter concludes that there has been substantial progress towards personalized neuroimaging-based biomarkers but much remains to be done. Such biomarkers must be validated for specific disorders and may include neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging components.
Harriet P. Lefley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340495
- eISBN:
- 9780199863792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340495.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This chapter provides historical background and discusses etiological theories, deinstitutionalization, and stressors for families coping with psychiatric disorders. Situational stressors involve ...
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This chapter provides historical background and discusses etiological theories, deinstitutionalization, and stressors for families coping with psychiatric disorders. Situational stressors involve objective family burden, i.e., investments of time and energy in caregiving, and subjective burden the correlative psychological distress. Societal stressors include stigma and negative social attitudes that result in inadequate services. Iatrogenic stressors, although happily diminishing, may still involve attributions of family causation, ignorance of family burden, and refusal to share needed information with caregivers or involve them in treatment planning. The research on family burden is followed by studies of expressed emotion (EE). EE research is discussed as the beginning of change in mental health systems, ultimately leading to the development of FPE. High EE was viewed not as an etiological agent, but as an environmental stressor based on lack of knowledge that could be changed by supportive education.Less
This chapter provides historical background and discusses etiological theories, deinstitutionalization, and stressors for families coping with psychiatric disorders. Situational stressors involve objective family burden, i.e., investments of time and energy in caregiving, and subjective burden the correlative psychological distress. Societal stressors include stigma and negative social attitudes that result in inadequate services. Iatrogenic stressors, although happily diminishing, may still involve attributions of family causation, ignorance of family burden, and refusal to share needed information with caregivers or involve them in treatment planning. The research on family burden is followed by studies of expressed emotion (EE). EE research is discussed as the beginning of change in mental health systems, ultimately leading to the development of FPE. High EE was viewed not as an etiological agent, but as an environmental stressor based on lack of knowledge that could be changed by supportive education.
Harriet P. Lefley
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340495
- eISBN:
- 9780199863792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340495.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Children and Families
This chapter provides a distillation of the theoretical premises underlying family psychoeducation (FPE) and the large research overviews that support its efficacy. FPE is based on the basic premise ...
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This chapter provides a distillation of the theoretical premises underlying family psychoeducation (FPE) and the large research overviews that support its efficacy. FPE is based on the basic premise that underlying biological deficits make certain individuals overreact to environmental stimuli that are experienced as stressful. With appropriate education, FPE not only reduces demands of high EE but under any conditions makes for more competent caregiving and improved relationships. The chapter then presents a large number of comprehensive overviews of randomized controlled studies of FPE, with descriptions of the methodology of several major meta-analyses. Overall, these studies demonstrate significant reduction of relapse and rehospitalizations, reduction of days in hospital, and improvement of family knowledge and wellbeing in patients whose relatives received FPE in contrast to other or no family interventions.Less
This chapter provides a distillation of the theoretical premises underlying family psychoeducation (FPE) and the large research overviews that support its efficacy. FPE is based on the basic premise that underlying biological deficits make certain individuals overreact to environmental stimuli that are experienced as stressful. With appropriate education, FPE not only reduces demands of high EE but under any conditions makes for more competent caregiving and improved relationships. The chapter then presents a large number of comprehensive overviews of randomized controlled studies of FPE, with descriptions of the methodology of several major meta-analyses. Overall, these studies demonstrate significant reduction of relapse and rehospitalizations, reduction of days in hospital, and improvement of family knowledge and wellbeing in patients whose relatives received FPE in contrast to other or no family interventions.
