Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0021
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter twenty-one tells the story of the changing nature of the Biblical Repertory. Upon his return from Europe, Hodge decides to rename and change the name of this periodical, attempting to make it ...
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Chapter twenty-one tells the story of the changing nature of the Biblical Repertory. Upon his return from Europe, Hodge decides to rename and change the name of this periodical, attempting to make it appeal to a wider audience. Popularizing the journal failed, but the Repertory did become a major theological voice within American Presbyterian circles.Less
Chapter twenty-one tells the story of the changing nature of the Biblical Repertory. Upon his return from Europe, Hodge decides to rename and change the name of this periodical, attempting to make it appeal to a wider audience. Popularizing the journal failed, but the Repertory did become a major theological voice within American Presbyterian circles.
Edward Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy ...
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Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” as the West came to profess, or from the Father alone, as the East has traditionally maintained. For over a millennium Christendom’s greatest minds have addressed and debated the question (sometimes in rather polemical terms), all in the belief that the theological issues at stake were central to an orthodox understanding of the trinitarian God. The history of the filioque is also one of the most interesting stories in all of Christendom, filled with characters and events that would make even the best dramatists envious, and thus a story worth telling. The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy is the first complete English language history of the filioque written in over a century. Beginning with the biblical material and ending with recent agreements on the place and meaning of the filioque, this book traces the history of the doctrine and the controversy that has surrounded it. There are chapters on the Greek and Latin fathers, the ninth century debates, the late medieval era, the Councils of Lyons and Ferrara-Florence, and the post Florentine period, with a separate chapter dedicated to the twentieth and twenty-first century theologians and dialogues that have come closer than ever to solving this thorny, and of yet, unresolved, ecumenical problem.Less
Among the issues that have divided Eastern and Western Christians throughout the centuries, few have had as long and interesting a history as the question of the filioque—i.e., whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father “and the Son” as the West came to profess, or from the Father alone, as the East has traditionally maintained. For over a millennium Christendom’s greatest minds have addressed and debated the question (sometimes in rather polemical terms), all in the belief that the theological issues at stake were central to an orthodox understanding of the trinitarian God. The history of the filioque is also one of the most interesting stories in all of Christendom, filled with characters and events that would make even the best dramatists envious, and thus a story worth telling. The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy is the first complete English language history of the filioque written in over a century. Beginning with the biblical material and ending with recent agreements on the place and meaning of the filioque, this book traces the history of the doctrine and the controversy that has surrounded it. There are chapters on the Greek and Latin fathers, the ninth century debates, the late medieval era, the Councils of Lyons and Ferrara-Florence, and the post Florentine period, with a separate chapter dedicated to the twentieth and twenty-first century theologians and dialogues that have come closer than ever to solving this thorny, and of yet, unresolved, ecumenical problem.
Gregory A. Beeley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313970
- eISBN:
- 9780199871827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313970.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek ...
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The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.Less
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.
Volker L. Menze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534876
- eISBN:
- 9780191716041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534876.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. ...
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Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. He came to terms with Pope Hormisdas and then implemented a papal understanding of Chalcedon in the East which created a clear-cut chasm between eastern Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians whose ecclesiastical positions had been rather diverse so far. Every bishop was required to sign the libellus of Pope Hormisdas but the non-Chalcedonian bishops preferred exile to subordinating themselves and their followers to the papal perspective of the Christian past. Using the available prosopographical data, Chapter 1 concludes with a discussion of how the religious landscape in the patriarchate of Antioch changed in the 520s.Less
Chapter 1 analyses the accession of Justin I in 518 and questions the conventional view that Justin was a convinced Chalcedonian. It argues that the emperor became Chalcedonian for raisons d'état. He came to terms with Pope Hormisdas and then implemented a papal understanding of Chalcedon in the East which created a clear-cut chasm between eastern Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians whose ecclesiastical positions had been rather diverse so far. Every bishop was required to sign the libellus of Pope Hormisdas but the non-Chalcedonian bishops preferred exile to subordinating themselves and their followers to the papal perspective of the Christian past. Using the available prosopographical data, Chapter 1 concludes with a discussion of how the religious landscape in the patriarchate of Antioch changed in the 520s.
Erika T. Hermanowicz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236350.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter focuses on the use and manipulation of law by Catholic and Donatists clergy. It shows their fundamental disagreements as procedural, not doctrinal. On the Catholic side, the first ...
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This chapter focuses on the use and manipulation of law by Catholic and Donatists clergy. It shows their fundamental disagreements as procedural, not doctrinal. On the Catholic side, the first substantive discussion of heresy and schism in regards to the Donatist situation is by Optatus of Milevis. He argued that the Donatists were schismatics. Schism was a separation from the mother church, engendered by discordant sentiments, bitterness, rivalry, and feuds. The separation was rooted in divisions among men and had nothing to do with theological tenets approved and held by the Church.Less
This chapter focuses on the use and manipulation of law by Catholic and Donatists clergy. It shows their fundamental disagreements as procedural, not doctrinal. On the Catholic side, the first substantive discussion of heresy and schism in regards to the Donatist situation is by Optatus of Milevis. He argued that the Donatists were schismatics. Schism was a separation from the mother church, engendered by discordant sentiments, bitterness, rivalry, and feuds. The separation was rooted in divisions among men and had nothing to do with theological tenets approved and held by the Church.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Following the death of Maximus the Confessor in 662 there was a centuries-long silence about the filioque from Eastern sources although the West continued to embrace and teach the doctrine as an ...
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Following the death of Maximus the Confessor in 662 there was a centuries-long silence about the filioque from Eastern sources although the West continued to embrace and teach the doctrine as an integral part of the orthodox faith. However, with the beginning of the iconoclastic controversy in the eighth century, tension between Byzantium and the West increased (exacerbated by the political and cultural divisions created by the Charlemagne’s imperial coronation), and the filioque was quickly catapulted from the obscure theological backwaters to became a casus belli. This was especially true during the time of the so-called Photian Schism when the terms of the debate were framed as a simple choice—either the Spirit proceeded from the Father alone (as Photius and the East maintained) or he proceeded from the Father and the Son (according to the Carolingian teaching). It was this dynamic that came to characterize the filioque debates for the next several centuries.Less
Following the death of Maximus the Confessor in 662 there was a centuries-long silence about the filioque from Eastern sources although the West continued to embrace and teach the doctrine as an integral part of the orthodox faith. However, with the beginning of the iconoclastic controversy in the eighth century, tension between Byzantium and the West increased (exacerbated by the political and cultural divisions created by the Charlemagne’s imperial coronation), and the filioque was quickly catapulted from the obscure theological backwaters to became a casus belli. This was especially true during the time of the so-called Photian Schism when the terms of the debate were framed as a simple choice—either the Spirit proceeded from the Father alone (as Photius and the East maintained) or he proceeded from the Father and the Son (according to the Carolingian teaching). It was this dynamic that came to characterize the filioque debates for the next several centuries.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The ...
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Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The mutual excommunications of Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Cerularius in 1054, often called the beginning of the “Great Schism” between East and West, reignited the filioque debate, as its omission from/addition to the creed came to be seen as sign of the other’s heretical ways. While the Greek-speaking East continued to rely heavily on the claims put forward in the Mystagogia, Latin scholastic theologians like Anselm and Thomas Aquinas advanced an entirely new series of arguments in favor of the doctrine. Theological encounters between the two sides (with some notable exceptions) only exacerbated the tension, and following the Fourth Crusade there seemed little chance of healing the breach that had grown up between Christian East and West.Less
Although an uneasy peace was maintained in the years after Photius, during the tenth and eleventh centuries political, cultural, and religious factors rapidly drove East and West further part. The mutual excommunications of Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Cerularius in 1054, often called the beginning of the “Great Schism” between East and West, reignited the filioque debate, as its omission from/addition to the creed came to be seen as sign of the other’s heretical ways. While the Greek-speaking East continued to rely heavily on the claims put forward in the Mystagogia, Latin scholastic theologians like Anselm and Thomas Aquinas advanced an entirely new series of arguments in favor of the doctrine. Theological encounters between the two sides (with some notable exceptions) only exacerbated the tension, and following the Fourth Crusade there seemed little chance of healing the breach that had grown up between Christian East and West.
J. Patrick Hornbeck II
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199589043
- eISBN:
- 9780191594564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589043.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Building on the foundation laid down in the previous chapter, this chapter argues that a similar approach characterized Wyclif's and many Wycliffites' attitudes toward the pope: they criticized the ...
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Building on the foundation laid down in the previous chapter, this chapter argues that a similar approach characterized Wyclif's and many Wycliffites' attitudes toward the pope: they criticized the abuses of the medieval papacy but did not demand its abolition as an institution. Instead, they argued that the papacy, like the clergy as a whole, should be brought back, forcibly if needs be, to an ideal standard of behaviour.Less
Building on the foundation laid down in the previous chapter, this chapter argues that a similar approach characterized Wyclif's and many Wycliffites' attitudes toward the pope: they criticized the abuses of the medieval papacy but did not demand its abolition as an institution. Instead, they argued that the papacy, like the clergy as a whole, should be brought back, forcibly if needs be, to an ideal standard of behaviour.
John Wigger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387803
- eISBN:
- 9780199866410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387803.003.0019
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Asbury had become so well known that letters from Europe could be addressed simply to “Francis Asbury.” A sustained revival swept across American Methodism beginning in 1800, radiating outward from ...
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Asbury had become so well known that letters from Europe could be addressed simply to “Francis Asbury.” A sustained revival swept across American Methodism beginning in 1800, radiating outward from two epicenters: the Cumberland region and the Delmarva Peninsula. The revival led to a schism in Philadelphia in 1801, pitting a minority of relatively wealthy Methodists on one side and a poorer majority on the other. The wealthier faction eventually left the church to form the short-lived United Societies. Stuck in Philadelphia with an injured foot, Asbury generally sided with the poorer faction, but regretted any involvement in the affair. Still in poor health, Asbury left Philadelphia in July 1801 and made his way south. He was disappointed that the revival had not extended into South Carolina.Less
Asbury had become so well known that letters from Europe could be addressed simply to “Francis Asbury.” A sustained revival swept across American Methodism beginning in 1800, radiating outward from two epicenters: the Cumberland region and the Delmarva Peninsula. The revival led to a schism in Philadelphia in 1801, pitting a minority of relatively wealthy Methodists on one side and a poorer majority on the other. The wealthier faction eventually left the church to form the short-lived United Societies. Stuck in Philadelphia with an injured foot, Asbury generally sided with the poorer faction, but regretted any involvement in the affair. Still in poor health, Asbury left Philadelphia in July 1801 and made his way south. He was disappointed that the revival had not extended into South Carolina.
Francis Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541249
- eISBN:
- 9780191708787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541249.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Medieval History
This chapter examines the role of the Council of Constance in addressing not only the threat posed at both ends of Europe by the Wycliffite and Hussite heresies, but also the pent-up demand for ...
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This chapter examines the role of the Council of Constance in addressing not only the threat posed at both ends of Europe by the Wycliffite and Hussite heresies, but also the pent-up demand for reform in the Roman Catholic Church that had been mounting in urgency for at least a century and a half. Constance made a more effective response to the demand for church-wide reform than historians in the past were usually willing to concede. In order to comprehend the formidable nature of the challenges the council was to confront, this chapter looks at the fundamental and long-term disabilities under which the medieval Church had persistently laboured, as well as the immediate, near-term circumstances precipitating the crisis that finally overtook it in the late 14th century.Less
This chapter examines the role of the Council of Constance in addressing not only the threat posed at both ends of Europe by the Wycliffite and Hussite heresies, but also the pent-up demand for reform in the Roman Catholic Church that had been mounting in urgency for at least a century and a half. Constance made a more effective response to the demand for church-wide reform than historians in the past were usually willing to concede. In order to comprehend the formidable nature of the challenges the council was to confront, this chapter looks at the fundamental and long-term disabilities under which the medieval Church had persistently laboured, as well as the immediate, near-term circumstances precipitating the crisis that finally overtook it in the late 14th century.
Francis Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541249
- eISBN:
- 9780191708787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541249.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Medieval History
This chapter examines the roots of conciliarism in the Roman Catholic Church during the 15th century. It focuses on the pattern of conciliarist thinking that rose to prominence during the years ...
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This chapter examines the roots of conciliarism in the Roman Catholic Church during the 15th century. It focuses on the pattern of conciliarist thinking that rose to prominence during the years stretching from the onset of schism in 1378 to the dissolution of the Council of Basel in 1449. One strand in the conciliarist thinking of the classical era sought to give institutional expression to the Church's corporate nature by envisaging its constitution in quasi-oligarchic terms, its government ordinarily in the hands of the curia, and the pope being in some measure limited in the exercise of his power by that of the cardinalate, with whose ‘advice, consent, direction, and remembrance’ he had to rule. This point of view inspired the dissident cardinals in 1378 when they rejected the demand for a general council and took it upon themselves to pass judgement on the validity of Urban VI's election, thereby precipitating the Great Schism.Less
This chapter examines the roots of conciliarism in the Roman Catholic Church during the 15th century. It focuses on the pattern of conciliarist thinking that rose to prominence during the years stretching from the onset of schism in 1378 to the dissolution of the Council of Basel in 1449. One strand in the conciliarist thinking of the classical era sought to give institutional expression to the Church's corporate nature by envisaging its constitution in quasi-oligarchic terms, its government ordinarily in the hands of the curia, and the pope being in some measure limited in the exercise of his power by that of the cardinalate, with whose ‘advice, consent, direction, and remembrance’ he had to rule. This point of view inspired the dissident cardinals in 1378 when they rejected the demand for a general council and took it upon themselves to pass judgement on the validity of Urban VI's election, thereby precipitating the Great Schism.
Francis Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541249
- eISBN:
- 9780191708787
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541249.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas, European Medieval History
For a Church with a global presence and the drawbacks attendant upon so marked a degree of centralized monarchical control combined with so small a measure of jurisdictional accountability, it is ...
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For a Church with a global presence and the drawbacks attendant upon so marked a degree of centralized monarchical control combined with so small a measure of jurisdictional accountability, it is puzzling that the memory of the age-old constitutionalist strand in the Catholic ecclesiological experience appears to have been repressed. One would have thought that ecclesiologists and reformist churchmen might more frequently have found something of value in a constitutionalist tradition that had contrived somehow to endure for more than half a millennium. Also, that ecclesiologists might by now have become a little more conscious of the confusion and disarray prevalent in Catholic circles in face of the interpretative challenges posed by the Great Schism, the 15th-century councils, and their historic enactments. However, that has not proved to be the case, and one can only speculate, by way of conclusion, upon the consequences that may well follow from that particular failure to attend to the past.Less
For a Church with a global presence and the drawbacks attendant upon so marked a degree of centralized monarchical control combined with so small a measure of jurisdictional accountability, it is puzzling that the memory of the age-old constitutionalist strand in the Catholic ecclesiological experience appears to have been repressed. One would have thought that ecclesiologists and reformist churchmen might more frequently have found something of value in a constitutionalist tradition that had contrived somehow to endure for more than half a millennium. Also, that ecclesiologists might by now have become a little more conscious of the confusion and disarray prevalent in Catholic circles in face of the interpretative challenges posed by the Great Schism, the 15th-century councils, and their historic enactments. However, that has not proved to be the case, and one can only speculate, by way of conclusion, upon the consequences that may well follow from that particular failure to attend to the past.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0030
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter thirty addresses Hodge in his role as his denomination’s historian. In 1839, he decides to write a definitive history of American Presbyterianism. He completes two volumes, which show that he ...
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Chapter thirty addresses Hodge in his role as his denomination’s historian. In 1839, he decides to write a definitive history of American Presbyterianism. He completes two volumes, which show that he largely uses history to explain the present. He makes many connections between the New Side colonial Presbyterians and the New School Presbyterians of his own day. Archibald Alexander disagreed with his treatment of the Old Side, saying he was too rough on its activities and its ultimate benefits to American Christianity. Hodge refused to bring his history up to the present day, saying that would be better left for someone else.Less
Chapter thirty addresses Hodge in his role as his denomination’s historian. In 1839, he decides to write a definitive history of American Presbyterianism. He completes two volumes, which show that he largely uses history to explain the present. He makes many connections between the New Side colonial Presbyterians and the New School Presbyterians of his own day. Archibald Alexander disagreed with his treatment of the Old Side, saying he was too rough on its activities and its ultimate benefits to American Christianity. Hodge refused to bring his history up to the present day, saying that would be better left for someone else.
William J. Abraham
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250035
- eISBN:
- 9780191600388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250030.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The long, drawn‐out‐division between Eastern and Western Christianity, the Great Schism, arose, in part, because of the addition of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. In and around this, the ...
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The long, drawn‐out‐division between Eastern and Western Christianity, the Great Schism, arose, in part, because of the addition of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. In and around this, the Western Church introduced radical changes in the status of the bishop of Rome and in the list of Fathers. Both these developments represent a move to bring epistemology into the very heart of the Church. Thus the division between East and West was more than a political operation; it involved subtle changes in the way the canonical heritage of the Church was identified and construed. In particular, the informal adoption of papal infallibility marked a radical shift in perspective within the life of the Church as a whole.Less
The long, drawn‐out‐division between Eastern and Western Christianity, the Great Schism, arose, in part, because of the addition of the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. In and around this, the Western Church introduced radical changes in the status of the bishop of Rome and in the list of Fathers. Both these developments represent a move to bring epistemology into the very heart of the Church. Thus the division between East and West was more than a political operation; it involved subtle changes in the way the canonical heritage of the Church was identified and construed. In particular, the informal adoption of papal infallibility marked a radical shift in perspective within the life of the Church as a whole.
Philip N. Mulder
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131635
- eISBN:
- 9780199834525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195131630.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Leaders of the evangelical denominations in the early nineteenth century wrote works of history and biography, beginning aggressive campaigns of publication in the midst of their competition. They ...
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Leaders of the evangelical denominations in the early nineteenth century wrote works of history and biography, beginning aggressive campaigns of publication in the midst of their competition. They wrote not only to memorialize and celebrate, using journals and memoirs from the first generation, but also to delineate the boundaries separating Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists and to strategically define themselves for the second generation. Struggling to counteract the inroads of competitors and schisms challenging denominational orthodoxy, apologists responded by reinforcing distinctive denominational identities. Missionary Baptists such as historians William Fristoe, Lemuel Burkitt, and Jesse Read defended Baptist associations against attacks from Primitive and anti‐Missionary Baptists, while Methodist itinerant Jesse Lee wrote to refute accusations from James O’Kelly's Republican Methodists. In the struggle over denominational identity and limits, particularity and distinction were the heart of the evangelical awakenings in the South.Less
Leaders of the evangelical denominations in the early nineteenth century wrote works of history and biography, beginning aggressive campaigns of publication in the midst of their competition. They wrote not only to memorialize and celebrate, using journals and memoirs from the first generation, but also to delineate the boundaries separating Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists and to strategically define themselves for the second generation. Struggling to counteract the inroads of competitors and schisms challenging denominational orthodoxy, apologists responded by reinforcing distinctive denominational identities. Missionary Baptists such as historians William Fristoe, Lemuel Burkitt, and Jesse Read defended Baptist associations against attacks from Primitive and anti‐Missionary Baptists, while Methodist itinerant Jesse Lee wrote to refute accusations from James O’Kelly's Republican Methodists. In the struggle over denominational identity and limits, particularity and distinction were the heart of the evangelical awakenings in the South.
Colin Morris
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269250.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Their relations were led from tension to violent conflict by Gregory VII, whose name has (wrongly) been given to the whole transformation of the government of the church, called the Gregorian reform. ...
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Their relations were led from tension to violent conflict by Gregory VII, whose name has (wrongly) been given to the whole transformation of the government of the church, called the Gregorian reform. The issue began over the appointment of bishops and led to sentences of mutual deposition by pope and emperor. The whole period was one of fierce dispute over ideology between radicals and supporters of the old order.Less
Their relations were led from tension to violent conflict by Gregory VII, whose name has (wrongly) been given to the whole transformation of the government of the church, called the Gregorian reform. The issue began over the appointment of bishops and led to sentences of mutual deposition by pope and emperor. The whole period was one of fierce dispute over ideology between radicals and supporters of the old order.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter delineates all the forms of antagonism that, at the ideological level, irremediably pitted the Christians and Muslims against each other. The Christians had rejected Islam from its first ...
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This chapter delineates all the forms of antagonism that, at the ideological level, irremediably pitted the Christians and Muslims against each other. The Christians had rejected Islam from its first appearance and continued to do so throughout the Middle Ages. Initially, they even denied it the status of religion, seeing it only as a heresy or a form of paganism or idolatry. When they had to consider Islam a religion, they could only denounce it, given that Christianity alone was true. In addition to being false, Islam was also a mortal danger: as a universal religion, it claimed to be superior to Christianity and intended to take its place. It was thus imperative to stand up to Islam and combat it by every means. The very survival of Christianity was at stake, and therefore humanity's salvation.Less
This chapter delineates all the forms of antagonism that, at the ideological level, irremediably pitted the Christians and Muslims against each other. The Christians had rejected Islam from its first appearance and continued to do so throughout the Middle Ages. Initially, they even denied it the status of religion, seeing it only as a heresy or a form of paganism or idolatry. When they had to consider Islam a religion, they could only denounce it, given that Christianity alone was true. In addition to being false, Islam was also a mortal danger: as a universal religion, it claimed to be superior to Christianity and intended to take its place. It was thus imperative to stand up to Islam and combat it by every means. The very survival of Christianity was at stake, and therefore humanity's salvation.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter highlights another consequence of the schism between the two Europes (unequally represented in contemporary European memory): the existence of an Islamic–Christian border running through ...
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This chapter highlights another consequence of the schism between the two Europes (unequally represented in contemporary European memory): the existence of an Islamic–Christian border running through the middle of the continent. That border was the site of permanent confrontations, both physical and symbolic, but also of mutual exchanges and influences. A striking expression of these influences can be found in the twin sociomilitary organizations that, under various designations and with characteristics proper to each, were a constant on both sides, along the entire length of the land and sea border. On that demarcation line dividing Europe, alternative societies arising from the social and religious tensions of the interior faced off. This space between, this world apart, tended to play by its own rules when negotiating the relationship between states and, when necessary, came to disrupt the modus vivendi these states set in place.Less
This chapter highlights another consequence of the schism between the two Europes (unequally represented in contemporary European memory): the existence of an Islamic–Christian border running through the middle of the continent. That border was the site of permanent confrontations, both physical and symbolic, but also of mutual exchanges and influences. A striking expression of these influences can be found in the twin sociomilitary organizations that, under various designations and with characteristics proper to each, were a constant on both sides, along the entire length of the land and sea border. On that demarcation line dividing Europe, alternative societies arising from the social and religious tensions of the interior faced off. This space between, this world apart, tended to play by its own rules when negotiating the relationship between states and, when necessary, came to disrupt the modus vivendi these states set in place.
William, S.J. Harmless
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195162233
- eISBN:
- 9780199835645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195162234.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter provides necessary background by examining the wider world from which the desert fathers and desert monasticism emerged. It concentrates on Roman Egypt, its geography, history, politics, ...
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This chapter provides necessary background by examining the wider world from which the desert fathers and desert monasticism emerged. It concentrates on Roman Egypt, its geography, history, politics, and religious milieu. This survey includes a look at ancient Alexandria as well as at life along the Nile Valley. It also examines three features of early Egyptian Christianity: the Alexandrian theological tradition (best embodied by Origen), the Melitian schism, and the early Alexandrian patriarchate.Less
This chapter provides necessary background by examining the wider world from which the desert fathers and desert monasticism emerged. It concentrates on Roman Egypt, its geography, history, politics, and religious milieu. This survey includes a look at ancient Alexandria as well as at life along the Nile Valley. It also examines three features of early Egyptian Christianity: the Alexandrian theological tradition (best embodied by Origen), the Melitian schism, and the early Alexandrian patriarchate.
Julian Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199226108
- eISBN:
- 9780191594243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226108.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
There are varying ways in which the law can give expression to the form of organized religions. This chapter traces the origins of the constitution of religious bodies in 19th-century trusts law, as ...
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There are varying ways in which the law can give expression to the form of organized religions. This chapter traces the origins of the constitution of religious bodies in 19th-century trusts law, as well as the shift to a contract-model later in the century. Modern statutory and corporate structures are outlined, including the use of the corporation sole. Against those who would suggest that religious disputes are non-justiciable, it is argued that the internal rules of an organized religion are enforceable to protect recognized legal interests. These are enumerated in terms of members' rights. Two particularly problematic areas are considered in depth: the resolution of property disputes after schism, and the relationship between religious tribunals and the civil courts. The former raises problems of judicial neutrality in the application of cy-près powers; the latter questions of natural justice and judicial review.Less
There are varying ways in which the law can give expression to the form of organized religions. This chapter traces the origins of the constitution of religious bodies in 19th-century trusts law, as well as the shift to a contract-model later in the century. Modern statutory and corporate structures are outlined, including the use of the corporation sole. Against those who would suggest that religious disputes are non-justiciable, it is argued that the internal rules of an organized religion are enforceable to protect recognized legal interests. These are enumerated in terms of members' rights. Two particularly problematic areas are considered in depth: the resolution of property disputes after schism, and the relationship between religious tribunals and the civil courts. The former raises problems of judicial neutrality in the application of cy-près powers; the latter questions of natural justice and judicial review.
