Paul Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579976
- eISBN:
- 9780191722615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579976.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics, History of Philosophy
This book explains the perceptual knowledge involved in aesthetic judgements. It does so by linking Kant's aesthetics to a critically upgraded account of his theory of knowledge. This upgraded theory ...
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This book explains the perceptual knowledge involved in aesthetic judgements. It does so by linking Kant's aesthetics to a critically upgraded account of his theory of knowledge. This upgraded theory emphasizes conceptual and imaginative structures, which Kant terms respectively, ‘categories’ and ‘schemata’. By describing examples of aesthetic judgement, it is shown that these judgements must involve categories and fundamental schemata (even though Kant himself, and most other commentators, have not fully appreciated the fact). It is argued, in turn, that this shows the aesthetic to be not just one kind of pleasurable experience amongst others, but one based on factors necessary to objective knowledge and personal identity, and one, indeed, which plays a role in how these capacities develop. The explanation of how individual aesthetic judgements claim universal validity, and the aesthetic basis of art, however, requires that the Kantian position is developed further. This is done by exploring his ideas concerning critical comparisons in the cultivation of taste, and art's relation to aesthetic ideas and genius. By linking earlier points to a more developed account of comparative critical factors, the Kantian approach offers a satisfying and comprehensive explanation of aesthetic experience and fine art. It is shown to also encompass some kinds of avant-garde work that were previously thought to limit its relevance.Less
This book explains the perceptual knowledge involved in aesthetic judgements. It does so by linking Kant's aesthetics to a critically upgraded account of his theory of knowledge. This upgraded theory emphasizes conceptual and imaginative structures, which Kant terms respectively, ‘categories’ and ‘schemata’. By describing examples of aesthetic judgement, it is shown that these judgements must involve categories and fundamental schemata (even though Kant himself, and most other commentators, have not fully appreciated the fact). It is argued, in turn, that this shows the aesthetic to be not just one kind of pleasurable experience amongst others, but one based on factors necessary to objective knowledge and personal identity, and one, indeed, which plays a role in how these capacities develop. The explanation of how individual aesthetic judgements claim universal validity, and the aesthetic basis of art, however, requires that the Kantian position is developed further. This is done by exploring his ideas concerning critical comparisons in the cultivation of taste, and art's relation to aesthetic ideas and genius. By linking earlier points to a more developed account of comparative critical factors, the Kantian approach offers a satisfying and comprehensive explanation of aesthetic experience and fine art. It is shown to also encompass some kinds of avant-garde work that were previously thought to limit its relevance.
Hartry Field
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230747
- eISBN:
- 9780191710933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230747.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter is a short introduction to the ways of dealing with the Liar paradox within classical logic. It distinguishes classical gap theories, classical glut theories, and weakly classical ...
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This chapter is a short introduction to the ways of dealing with the Liar paradox within classical logic. It distinguishes classical gap theories, classical glut theories, and weakly classical theories (a heading that includes both supervaluation theories and revision theories, in their ‘internal’ versions). It introduces some natural ‘Incoherence Principles’, jointly unsatisfiable in classical logic. The gap, glut, and weakly classical theories can be understood as different choices as to which incoherence principle to reject.Less
This chapter is a short introduction to the ways of dealing with the Liar paradox within classical logic. It distinguishes classical gap theories, classical glut theories, and weakly classical theories (a heading that includes both supervaluation theories and revision theories, in their ‘internal’ versions). It introduces some natural ‘Incoherence Principles’, jointly unsatisfiable in classical logic. The gap, glut, and weakly classical theories can be understood as different choices as to which incoherence principle to reject.
Elaine Howard Ecklund
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195305494
- eISBN:
- 9780199785155
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305494.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
In an age of what many call a declining civil society, it is crucial to ask how changes in the racial, ethnic, and religious composition of the United States will influence how we live together as ...
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In an age of what many call a declining civil society, it is crucial to ask how changes in the racial, ethnic, and religious composition of the United States will influence how we live together as American citizens. Religious communities are among the primary places Americans form civic identities. This book explores how Korean Americans, a growing segment of American evangelicals, use religion to negotiate civic responsibility. It compares Korean Americans in second-generation and multiethnic churches, the most common types of evangelical churches in which Korean Americans participate. The book is based on in-depth interviews with 100 Korean Americans across the country, nine months of ethnography, and a survey of both a second-generation Korean congregation and a multiethnic church with Korean American participants. It is shown that these church types provide Korean Americans with different cultural schema for ethnic identity and civic responsibility. From their congregations, Korean Americans gain different ways of negotiating the image of Asian Americans as “model minorities”. Although scholars stress the conflict inherent in Asian American and African American race relations, some of the Korean Americans in multi-ethnic churches used a religious justification to identify with African Americans as fellow minorities, and thus become more politically active. For scholars, the book reveals the conditions under which organizations constrained by the same institution, in this case American Evangelicalism, provide room for diverse identity constructs among the individuals in these organizations. For everyone else, it argues that the children of non-white immigrants will change the relationship between religion and American civic life.Less
In an age of what many call a declining civil society, it is crucial to ask how changes in the racial, ethnic, and religious composition of the United States will influence how we live together as American citizens. Religious communities are among the primary places Americans form civic identities. This book explores how Korean Americans, a growing segment of American evangelicals, use religion to negotiate civic responsibility. It compares Korean Americans in second-generation and multiethnic churches, the most common types of evangelical churches in which Korean Americans participate. The book is based on in-depth interviews with 100 Korean Americans across the country, nine months of ethnography, and a survey of both a second-generation Korean congregation and a multiethnic church with Korean American participants. It is shown that these church types provide Korean Americans with different cultural schema for ethnic identity and civic responsibility. From their congregations, Korean Americans gain different ways of negotiating the image of Asian Americans as “model minorities”. Although scholars stress the conflict inherent in Asian American and African American race relations, some of the Korean Americans in multi-ethnic churches used a religious justification to identify with African Americans as fellow minorities, and thus become more politically active. For scholars, the book reveals the conditions under which organizations constrained by the same institution, in this case American Evangelicalism, provide room for diverse identity constructs among the individuals in these organizations. For everyone else, it argues that the children of non-white immigrants will change the relationship between religion and American civic life.
Richard Breen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains ...
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Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains the main concepts and instruments (such as the class schema) that are used in the book.Less
Outlines the objectives and layout of the volume; discusses the main theories that have guided empirical research on intergenerational social mobility and the findings of this research; and explains the main concepts and instruments (such as the class schema) that are used in the book.
Elaine Howard Ecklund
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195305494
- eISBN:
- 9780199785155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305494.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter draws on insights from the sociology of culture, race, and religion to explain the various ways organizations and institutions structure the development of religious, racial, and civic ...
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This chapter draws on insights from the sociology of culture, race, and religion to explain the various ways organizations and institutions structure the development of religious, racial, and civic identities. It argues that individuals use the cultural schema from their particular congregations and those from wider American evangelicalism to construct identities with the potential to change the broader institutions they inhabit.Less
This chapter draws on insights from the sociology of culture, race, and religion to explain the various ways organizations and institutions structure the development of religious, racial, and civic identities. It argues that individuals use the cultural schema from their particular congregations and those from wider American evangelicalism to construct identities with the potential to change the broader institutions they inhabit.
Elaine Howard Ecklund
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195305494
- eISBN:
- 9780199785155
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305494.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the organizational differences in how Grace, Manna, and other second-generation and multiethnic churches view the relationship between ethnicity, religion, and civic ...
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This chapter examines the organizational differences in how Grace, Manna, and other second-generation and multiethnic churches view the relationship between ethnicity, religion, and civic responsibility. It argues that the different cultural schema in these church types provide two distinct models of civic responsibility, which form the basis for civic identities and practices discussed in later chapters.Less
This chapter examines the organizational differences in how Grace, Manna, and other second-generation and multiethnic churches view the relationship between ethnicity, religion, and civic responsibility. It argues that the different cultural schema in these church types provide two distinct models of civic responsibility, which form the basis for civic identities and practices discussed in later chapters.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Grammar consists in patterns for assembling symbolically complex expressions. Such expressions are characterized as assemblies of symbolic structures, also called constructions. In large measure, ...
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Grammar consists in patterns for assembling symbolically complex expressions. Such expressions are characterized as assemblies of symbolic structures, also called constructions. In large measure, symbolic assemblies are hierarchically arranged: at a given level of organization, component symbolic structures are integrated to form a composite symbolic structure, which can in turn function as component structure at a higher level, and so on. Component structures are integrated both semantically and phonologically, the phonological integration serving to symbolize the semantic integration. Although linguistic meanings are only partially compositional, compositional patterns are essential to the formation and understanding of novel expressions. These patterns are themselves symbolic assemblies, differing from expressions just by virtue of being schematic rather than specific; they are thus referred to as constructional schemas. Abstracted from occurring expressions, these schemas serve as templates for assembling and assessing new ones. A distinction is made between unipolar and bipolar organization, depending on whether the elements involved are delimited solely on semantic or phonological grounds or whether they are delimited by their participation in symbolic relationships. That is, unipolar organization is a matter of phonological or conceptual structure per se, considered independently of symbolic relationships, whereas bipolar organization pertains to the semantic and phonological structures which function in lexicon and grammar. Unipolar and bipolar organization do not have to match at either the semantic or the phonological pole.Less
Grammar consists in patterns for assembling symbolically complex expressions. Such expressions are characterized as assemblies of symbolic structures, also called constructions. In large measure, symbolic assemblies are hierarchically arranged: at a given level of organization, component symbolic structures are integrated to form a composite symbolic structure, which can in turn function as component structure at a higher level, and so on. Component structures are integrated both semantically and phonologically, the phonological integration serving to symbolize the semantic integration. Although linguistic meanings are only partially compositional, compositional patterns are essential to the formation and understanding of novel expressions. These patterns are themselves symbolic assemblies, differing from expressions just by virtue of being schematic rather than specific; they are thus referred to as constructional schemas. Abstracted from occurring expressions, these schemas serve as templates for assembling and assessing new ones. A distinction is made between unipolar and bipolar organization, depending on whether the elements involved are delimited solely on semantic or phonological grounds or whether they are delimited by their participation in symbolic relationships. That is, unipolar organization is a matter of phonological or conceptual structure per se, considered independently of symbolic relationships, whereas bipolar organization pertains to the semantic and phonological structures which function in lexicon and grammar. Unipolar and bipolar organization do not have to match at either the semantic or the phonological pole.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Language is both cognitive and sociocultural, consisting in conventionally sanctioned patterns of communicative activity. These patterns take the form of schemas abstracted from usage events by the ...
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Language is both cognitive and sociocultural, consisting in conventionally sanctioned patterns of communicative activity. These patterns take the form of schemas abstracted from usage events by the reinforcement of recurring commonalities. Conventional linguistic units are linked by relationships of composition and categorization (either elaboration or extension) and thus form intersecting networks of great complexity. Expressions are interpreted and assessed for well-formedness through categorization by linguistic units. Through a process of interactive activation, particular units are selected to categorize particular facets of an expression. The total set of categorizing relationships constitutes the expression's structural description, and whether the categorizations involve elaboration or extension determines its degree of conventionality. Despite the absence of explicit prohibitions, this model affords an account of distribution, restrictions, and judgments of ungrammaticality. One aspect of grammatical constructions is their characterization at different levels of specificity, including constructional subschemas incorporating specific lexical items. And since one aspect of lexical items is their occurrence in particular constructions, lexicon and grammar are overlapping rather than disjoint. The model accommodates degrees and kinds of regularity, which decomposes into generality, productivity, and compositionality. Regularities include higher-order generalizations, where sets of categorizations or lexical behaviors are themselves schematized to form productive patterns. Among the phenomena described in this manner are patterns of phonological extension (phonological rules), patterns of semantic extension (e.g. general metonymies), and patterns of morphological realization (like conjugation classes).Less
Language is both cognitive and sociocultural, consisting in conventionally sanctioned patterns of communicative activity. These patterns take the form of schemas abstracted from usage events by the reinforcement of recurring commonalities. Conventional linguistic units are linked by relationships of composition and categorization (either elaboration or extension) and thus form intersecting networks of great complexity. Expressions are interpreted and assessed for well-formedness through categorization by linguistic units. Through a process of interactive activation, particular units are selected to categorize particular facets of an expression. The total set of categorizing relationships constitutes the expression's structural description, and whether the categorizations involve elaboration or extension determines its degree of conventionality. Despite the absence of explicit prohibitions, this model affords an account of distribution, restrictions, and judgments of ungrammaticality. One aspect of grammatical constructions is their characterization at different levels of specificity, including constructional subschemas incorporating specific lexical items. And since one aspect of lexical items is their occurrence in particular constructions, lexicon and grammar are overlapping rather than disjoint. The model accommodates degrees and kinds of regularity, which decomposes into generality, productivity, and compositionality. Regularities include higher-order generalizations, where sets of categorizations or lexical behaviors are themselves schematized to form productive patterns. Among the phenomena described in this manner are patterns of phonological extension (phonological rules), patterns of semantic extension (e.g. general metonymies), and patterns of morphological realization (like conjugation classes).
Fred Lerdahl
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178296
- eISBN:
- 9780199870370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178296.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter elaborates a new approach to tonal and harmonic function. To do this, it establishes a frame of reference; so it first develops a tonic-finding method, based on the principle of the ...
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This chapter elaborates a new approach to tonal and harmonic function. To do this, it establishes a frame of reference; so it first develops a tonic-finding method, based on the principle of the shortest path. The method is illustrated by examples from Beethoven and Wagner. A theory of function as prolongational position is then proposed and illustrated by excerpts from Bach, Schumann, and Wagner. Issues of functionality are considered, including the notion of functional prolongations. With these analytic tools in hand, the discussion moves to the characterization of standard voice-leading and harmonic schemas in the galant and Classical styles. An analysis of a piece by Mendelssohn illustrates the concept of schematic tension.Less
This chapter elaborates a new approach to tonal and harmonic function. To do this, it establishes a frame of reference; so it first develops a tonic-finding method, based on the principle of the shortest path. The method is illustrated by examples from Beethoven and Wagner. A theory of function as prolongational position is then proposed and illustrated by excerpts from Bach, Schumann, and Wagner. Issues of functionality are considered, including the notion of functional prolongations. With these analytic tools in hand, the discussion moves to the characterization of standard voice-leading and harmonic schemas in the galant and Classical styles. An analysis of a piece by Mendelssohn illustrates the concept of schematic tension.
Roger W Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795383
- eISBN:
- 9780199919314
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795383.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a ...
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This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a brief review of perjury law, it shows how the meaning of lexicon, grammatical structures, and ambiguities are important in such cases, stressing that it would be prudent for prosecutors and defense attorneys alike to begin their review in such cases with the larger units of language, by identifying the speech event, the schemas of the participants, the agendas of the participants as revealed by the topics they introduce and the responses they make to the topics of others. Other smaller language units, such as potentially ambiguous expressions, grammatical referencing, and lexical choices, which are often considered “smoking gun” evidence, often can be better understood when seen in the larger context of the overall discourse. The book suggests that in perjury cases both the prosecution and defense can use many of the tools of linguistics that may be relatively unknown to the legal profession. It further urges that often lawyers would be prudent to call on linguists to help them whether for the prosecution or defense. Eight of the case examples describe the inadequate intelligence gathering and analysis by the prosecution and the use of linguistic tools to resolve these problems. The other three cases show how district attorneys and judges repaired failed intelligence analyses.Less
This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a brief review of perjury law, it shows how the meaning of lexicon, grammatical structures, and ambiguities are important in such cases, stressing that it would be prudent for prosecutors and defense attorneys alike to begin their review in such cases with the larger units of language, by identifying the speech event, the schemas of the participants, the agendas of the participants as revealed by the topics they introduce and the responses they make to the topics of others. Other smaller language units, such as potentially ambiguous expressions, grammatical referencing, and lexical choices, which are often considered “smoking gun” evidence, often can be better understood when seen in the larger context of the overall discourse. The book suggests that in perjury cases both the prosecution and defense can use many of the tools of linguistics that may be relatively unknown to the legal profession. It further urges that often lawyers would be prudent to call on linguists to help them whether for the prosecution or defense. Eight of the case examples describe the inadequate intelligence gathering and analysis by the prosecution and the use of linguistic tools to resolve these problems. The other three cases show how district attorneys and judges repaired failed intelligence analyses.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes the self as a memory system, made up of memories of attributes, interpersonal interactions, emotional responses, goals, values, motives, and action competencies. Memory ...
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This chapter describes the self as a memory system, made up of memories of attributes, interpersonal interactions, emotional responses, goals, values, motives, and action competencies. Memory patterns of the self (self-schemas) may be multiple, variable, and relatively independent from each other, allowing people to access different response sets in different situations. Moreover, access to memories of possible future selves can play an important role in guiding change. The chapter explains the emotion-infused nature of self-schemas and gives a conceptual account of how problematic schemas are maintained and can be changed. This explanation, based on Teasdale and Barnard's (1993) model of Interacting Cognitive Subsystems, is balanced with real-life illustrations of how these processes play out in clinical situations. Finally, the chapter explores the idea that the two fundamental requirements of change are discrepancy (or differences in the nature of available information) and selection (attention to those differences).Less
This chapter describes the self as a memory system, made up of memories of attributes, interpersonal interactions, emotional responses, goals, values, motives, and action competencies. Memory patterns of the self (self-schemas) may be multiple, variable, and relatively independent from each other, allowing people to access different response sets in different situations. Moreover, access to memories of possible future selves can play an important role in guiding change. The chapter explains the emotion-infused nature of self-schemas and gives a conceptual account of how problematic schemas are maintained and can be changed. This explanation, based on Teasdale and Barnard's (1993) model of Interacting Cognitive Subsystems, is balanced with real-life illustrations of how these processes play out in clinical situations. Finally, the chapter explores the idea that the two fundamental requirements of change are discrepancy (or differences in the nature of available information) and selection (attention to those differences).
Gregory D.S. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280315
- eISBN:
- 9780191707186
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280315.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families
This book presents findings from a long-term study of a range of complex predicate types subsumed under the heading, Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVCs), drawing on a database of over 800 languages. ...
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This book presents findings from a long-term study of a range of complex predicate types subsumed under the heading, Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVCs), drawing on a database of over 800 languages. Chapter 1 discusses how the terms auxiliary verb and auxiliary verb construction are understood, and then provides an overview of the kinds of functional categories that AVCs serve to encode. A cursory typology is offered of the patterns of encoding inflectional/morphosyntactic/ functional semantic categories in AVCs, and notions of functional and formal headedness within AVCs are introduced. Five macro-patterns of inflection emerge, each with several sub-patterns. Chapters 2 to 5 are dedicated to the presentation of the varied sub-types of inflectional patterns seen in AVCs. These are called the AUX-headed, LEX-headed, doubled, and the split and split/doubled patterns. Each of these is extensively exemplified. In the final two chapters, various aspects of the diachronic origins of AVCs are discussed. Chapter 6 discusses where AVCs go once they have been grammaticalized, offering a range of complex verb forms that have derived from each of the inflectional macro-patterns of AVCs. Chapter 7 discusses diachronic origins of AVCs. This includes a discussion of both typical lexical source semantics for the grammaticalization paths of individual functional subtypes of AVC as well as the syntactic source construction types for each of the five macro-patterns and some of their more common sub-patterns. These source constructions draw into the discussion of how auxiliary verb constructions fit within the broadest possible typology of complex predicate phenomena. It offers an analysis of not only AVCs, but also such related complex predicate phenomena as serial verb constructions, verb complement structures, coordinate and clause chaining constructions, ‘light’ verbs, etc.Less
This book presents findings from a long-term study of a range of complex predicate types subsumed under the heading, Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVCs), drawing on a database of over 800 languages. Chapter 1 discusses how the terms auxiliary verb and auxiliary verb construction are understood, and then provides an overview of the kinds of functional categories that AVCs serve to encode. A cursory typology is offered of the patterns of encoding inflectional/morphosyntactic/ functional semantic categories in AVCs, and notions of functional and formal headedness within AVCs are introduced. Five macro-patterns of inflection emerge, each with several sub-patterns. Chapters 2 to 5 are dedicated to the presentation of the varied sub-types of inflectional patterns seen in AVCs. These are called the AUX-headed, LEX-headed, doubled, and the split and split/doubled patterns. Each of these is extensively exemplified. In the final two chapters, various aspects of the diachronic origins of AVCs are discussed. Chapter 6 discusses where AVCs go once they have been grammaticalized, offering a range of complex verb forms that have derived from each of the inflectional macro-patterns of AVCs. Chapter 7 discusses diachronic origins of AVCs. This includes a discussion of both typical lexical source semantics for the grammaticalization paths of individual functional subtypes of AVC as well as the syntactic source construction types for each of the five macro-patterns and some of their more common sub-patterns. These source constructions draw into the discussion of how auxiliary verb constructions fit within the broadest possible typology of complex predicate phenomena. It offers an analysis of not only AVCs, but also such related complex predicate phenomena as serial verb constructions, verb complement structures, coordinate and clause chaining constructions, ‘light’ verbs, etc.
Kay Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374056
- eISBN:
- 9780199776177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374056.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter draws on cognitive approaches within stylistics (and with incidental reference to related work in media research) to further consider the concept of character in relation to television ...
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This chapter draws on cognitive approaches within stylistics (and with incidental reference to related work in media research) to further consider the concept of character in relation to television drama in particular. The use of schema theory is particularly noted as one of the ways that existing social knowledge and understanding interacts with textual cues to create meaningful characterizations. British television productions in which social class identities have been important offer an important foundation for the development of this account, which is extended into an examination of characters that are represented as being themselves playful with their own identities.Less
This chapter draws on cognitive approaches within stylistics (and with incidental reference to related work in media research) to further consider the concept of character in relation to television drama in particular. The use of schema theory is particularly noted as one of the ways that existing social knowledge and understanding interacts with textual cues to create meaningful characterizations. British television productions in which social class identities have been important offer an important foundation for the development of this account, which is extended into an examination of characters that are represented as being themselves playful with their own identities.
Werner Hüllen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553235
- eISBN:
- 9780191720352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553235.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Lexicography
Obviously, the human mind stores words in series. A typology of such is set up: strict seriality, natural seriality, script seriality, schematic seriality, semantic fields, frames, prototypical ...
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Obviously, the human mind stores words in series. A typology of such is set up: strict seriality, natural seriality, script seriality, schematic seriality, semantic fields, frames, prototypical seriality, and seriality by feature distinction. Such series can be found in thesauri but not in alphabetical dictionaries.Less
Obviously, the human mind stores words in series. A typology of such is set up: strict seriality, natural seriality, script seriality, schematic seriality, semantic fields, frames, prototypical seriality, and seriality by feature distinction. Such series can be found in thesauri but not in alphabetical dictionaries.
Yonatan Malin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340051
- eISBN:
- 9780199863785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340051.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This is the first of two introductory chapters; it covers aspects of poetic meter and rhythm, introduces declamatory‐schema analysis, and compares Nägeli's notion of “polyrhythm” in the Lied (in an ...
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This is the first of two introductory chapters; it covers aspects of poetic meter and rhythm, introduces declamatory‐schema analysis, and compares Nägeli's notion of “polyrhythm” in the Lied (in an article from 1817) with recent approaches to song analysis (Cone and Hoeckner). Declamatory schemas specify the placement of poetic feet and lines in a given musical meter. A survey of declamatory schemas in Hensel's Opp. 1 and 7 collections, Schubert's Winterreise, and Schumann's Dichterliebe is provided. It has been assumed that there is a simple default for setting tetrameter lines; this chapter shows that tetrameter schemas vary both within and among songs. Declamatory‐schema analysis also extends pioneering work by Fehn and Hallmark on pentameter line settings. The focus here is on rhythm and meter in the poetry and vocal lines; chapter 2 adds piano accompaniments.Less
This is the first of two introductory chapters; it covers aspects of poetic meter and rhythm, introduces declamatory‐schema analysis, and compares Nägeli's notion of “polyrhythm” in the Lied (in an article from 1817) with recent approaches to song analysis (Cone and Hoeckner). Declamatory schemas specify the placement of poetic feet and lines in a given musical meter. A survey of declamatory schemas in Hensel's Opp. 1 and 7 collections, Schubert's Winterreise, and Schumann's Dichterliebe is provided. It has been assumed that there is a simple default for setting tetrameter lines; this chapter shows that tetrameter schemas vary both within and among songs. Declamatory‐schema analysis also extends pioneering work by Fehn and Hallmark on pentameter line settings. The focus here is on rhythm and meter in the poetry and vocal lines; chapter 2 adds piano accompaniments.
Yonatan Malin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340051
- eISBN:
- 9780199863785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340051.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
The interdependence of vocal and piano melodies has been frequently mentioned as a characteristic feature of Schumann's songs. This chapter considers rhythmic aspects of that interdependence, and ...
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The interdependence of vocal and piano melodies has been frequently mentioned as a characteristic feature of Schumann's songs. This chapter considers rhythmic aspects of that interdependence, and especially the doubling and reverberation of vocal melodies in the piano. This reverberation creates effects of interiority, resonant spaces within the lyric self. Doublings and reverberations are mapped in relation to declamatory schemas, poetic rhythm (including caesuras and enjambments), musical phrase rhythm, and poetic meaning. The analyses focus on selected songs from Dichterliebe, Op. 48 (poems by Heine), and the Eichendorff Liederkeis, Op. 39. The chapter concludes with the midcentury aesthetics that influenced Schumann's late songs and a consideration of “Einsamkeit,” Op. 90 No. 5 (poem by Lenau)—a hauntingly beautiful late song that dissolves poetry into prose.Less
The interdependence of vocal and piano melodies has been frequently mentioned as a characteristic feature of Schumann's songs. This chapter considers rhythmic aspects of that interdependence, and especially the doubling and reverberation of vocal melodies in the piano. This reverberation creates effects of interiority, resonant spaces within the lyric self. Doublings and reverberations are mapped in relation to declamatory schemas, poetic rhythm (including caesuras and enjambments), musical phrase rhythm, and poetic meaning. The analyses focus on selected songs from Dichterliebe, Op. 48 (poems by Heine), and the Eichendorff Liederkeis, Op. 39. The chapter concludes with the midcentury aesthetics that influenced Schumann's late songs and a consideration of “Einsamkeit,” Op. 90 No. 5 (poem by Lenau)—a hauntingly beautiful late song that dissolves poetry into prose.
Yonatan Malin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340051
- eISBN:
- 9780199863785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340051.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
The rhythmic flexibility and syncopation of Wolf's vocal lines convey feelings of speech rhythm. Declamation on its own, however, does not fully explain the expressive effects. There is also a logic ...
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The rhythmic flexibility and syncopation of Wolf's vocal lines convey feelings of speech rhythm. Declamation on its own, however, does not fully explain the expressive effects. There is also a logic of rhythmic flow, of tension and release, that contributes to the psychological realism. Historical accounts of Wolf's own poetic recitations are discussed along with the songs' reception history. “Ganymed” (poem by Goethe) introduces Wolf's vocal syncopations, and Wolf's setting is compared with the setting by Schubert. Declamatory‐schema analysis reveals the logic of pentameter settings from the Italian Songbook (translations by Heyse) in a new way. An extended analysis of “Im Frühling” (poem by Mörike) shows how apparently free passages may nonetheless be organized around regular metric spans, and conversely how these spans may be articulated with a great deal of rhythmic variety and freedom.Less
The rhythmic flexibility and syncopation of Wolf's vocal lines convey feelings of speech rhythm. Declamation on its own, however, does not fully explain the expressive effects. There is also a logic of rhythmic flow, of tension and release, that contributes to the psychological realism. Historical accounts of Wolf's own poetic recitations are discussed along with the songs' reception history. “Ganymed” (poem by Goethe) introduces Wolf's vocal syncopations, and Wolf's setting is compared with the setting by Schubert. Declamatory‐schema analysis reveals the logic of pentameter settings from the Italian Songbook (translations by Heyse) in a new way. An extended analysis of “Im Frühling” (poem by Mörike) shows how apparently free passages may nonetheless be organized around regular metric spans, and conversely how these spans may be articulated with a great deal of rhythmic variety and freedom.
Graham Priest, Mark Siderits, and Tom Tillemans
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751426
- eISBN:
- 9780199827190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751426.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
The Buddhist doctrine of satyadvaya can be understood both as the claim that there are two realities (ontological) and as the claim that there are two truths (semantic). This chapter concerns the ...
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The Buddhist doctrine of satyadvaya can be understood both as the claim that there are two realities (ontological) and as the claim that there are two truths (semantic). This chapter concerns the question of what notions of truth are at issue in the second sense, according to which statements or cognitions may be true in either of two ways, conventionally or ultimately. It starts by reviewing various Western theories of truth and then discusses which of these are appropriate, in particular, Abhidharma and Madhyamaka. Of central concern is the T-schema and how it functions in the two truths.Less
The Buddhist doctrine of satyadvaya can be understood both as the claim that there are two realities (ontological) and as the claim that there are two truths (semantic). This chapter concerns the question of what notions of truth are at issue in the second sense, according to which statements or cognitions may be true in either of two ways, conventionally or ultimately. It starts by reviewing various Western theories of truth and then discusses which of these are appropriate, in particular, Abhidharma and Madhyamaka. Of central concern is the T-schema and how it functions in the two truths.
George W. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263143
- eISBN:
- 9780191734939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263143.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter discusses the role of social factors in ill health, with a particular focus on depression. Major life events increase the risk of most depressive disorders. In a longitudinal study ...
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This chapter discusses the role of social factors in ill health, with a particular focus on depression. Major life events increase the risk of most depressive disorders. In a longitudinal study carried out in the early 1980s of 400 mothers in Islington, 1 in 10 developed a depressive disorder within a year, and most of those had a severely threatening life event not long before. This chapter also summarises the three forms of meaning relevant for the aetiology of depression. First, the role-based meanings of severe events relate to traditional anthropological and sociological concerns. Second, the evolutionary-derived meanings show that the experience of humiliation following a severe event is critical in the development of depression. Finally, the memory-linked emotional schemas influence a person's vulnerability to events.Less
This chapter discusses the role of social factors in ill health, with a particular focus on depression. Major life events increase the risk of most depressive disorders. In a longitudinal study carried out in the early 1980s of 400 mothers in Islington, 1 in 10 developed a depressive disorder within a year, and most of those had a severely threatening life event not long before. This chapter also summarises the three forms of meaning relevant for the aetiology of depression. First, the role-based meanings of severe events relate to traditional anthropological and sociological concerns. Second, the evolutionary-derived meanings show that the experience of humiliation following a severe event is critical in the development of depression. Finally, the memory-linked emotional schemas influence a person's vulnerability to events.
Lawrence M. Zbikowski
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195140231
- eISBN:
- 9780199871278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140231.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter examines the process of cross-domain mapping, beginning with the work of cognitive linguists who, in the 1980s, proposed that metaphor was a basic structure of understanding. This ...
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This chapter examines the process of cross-domain mapping, beginning with the work of cognitive linguists who, in the 1980s, proposed that metaphor was a basic structure of understanding. This proposal gained added weight when it was shown that metaphorical projection (which is one way to accomplish cross-domain mappings) was a general process not restricted to linguistic expressions but grounded in embodied experience. One example of cross-domain mapping that involves music in a rather immediate way is the technique of text painting, a compositional device that aims to represent in music specific images summoned by the text of a vocal work. Text painting provides a point of departure for the exploration of how cross-domain mapping is manifested in our understanding of music, as it leads to an extension of cross-domain mapping called conceptual blending. In a conceptual blend, elements from two correlated domains are projected into a third, giving rise to a rich set of possibilities for the imagination. It is shown that text painting can lead to such blends, as can program music.Less
This chapter examines the process of cross-domain mapping, beginning with the work of cognitive linguists who, in the 1980s, proposed that metaphor was a basic structure of understanding. This proposal gained added weight when it was shown that metaphorical projection (which is one way to accomplish cross-domain mappings) was a general process not restricted to linguistic expressions but grounded in embodied experience. One example of cross-domain mapping that involves music in a rather immediate way is the technique of text painting, a compositional device that aims to represent in music specific images summoned by the text of a vocal work. Text painting provides a point of departure for the exploration of how cross-domain mapping is manifested in our understanding of music, as it leads to an extension of cross-domain mapping called conceptual blending. In a conceptual blend, elements from two correlated domains are projected into a third, giving rise to a rich set of possibilities for the imagination. It is shown that text painting can lead to such blends, as can program music.
