López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There exists the misconception that the percentage of energy used by households declines with development. However, the reverse is true: the use of modern energy by households increases both ...
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There exists the misconception that the percentage of energy used by households declines with development. However, the reverse is true: the use of modern energy by households increases both absolutely and as a percentage of energy use with development. As a result, there are several reasons to focus on energy, namely, that the increased provision of energy services has a demonstrated high marginal value in the context of broader economic growth; that energy services remain physically scarce and costly in many parts of the developing world; that production and provision of energy services give rise to thorny issues of economic sector regulation; and that there are important and challenging energy-environment links throughout the chain of production and consumption. This chapter considers the first three of these four aspects of energy and development, and concludes with a summary of lessons learned from previous energy-related development activities and implications for future activities in this area.Less
There exists the misconception that the percentage of energy used by households declines with development. However, the reverse is true: the use of modern energy by households increases both absolutely and as a percentage of energy use with development. As a result, there are several reasons to focus on energy, namely, that the increased provision of energy services has a demonstrated high marginal value in the context of broader economic growth; that energy services remain physically scarce and costly in many parts of the developing world; that production and provision of energy services give rise to thorny issues of economic sector regulation; and that there are important and challenging energy-environment links throughout the chain of production and consumption. This chapter considers the first three of these four aspects of energy and development, and concludes with a summary of lessons learned from previous energy-related development activities and implications for future activities in this area.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This introductory chapter distinguishes between the functional and the personal distribution of income. Sections of the chapter include wants and scarcity, positive and normative aspects of income ...
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This introductory chapter distinguishes between the functional and the personal distribution of income. Sections of the chapter include wants and scarcity, positive and normative aspects of income distribution, adjustments to the circular flow of economic activity, and micro- and macroeconomic aspects of income distribution.Less
This introductory chapter distinguishes between the functional and the personal distribution of income. Sections of the chapter include wants and scarcity, positive and normative aspects of income distribution, adjustments to the circular flow of economic activity, and micro- and macroeconomic aspects of income distribution.
Guillermo D'Andrea
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter reviews the strategies of Latin American companies that have attained leading positions in the region, facing and beating major global companies in their product categories. The ...
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This chapter reviews the strategies of Latin American companies that have attained leading positions in the region, facing and beating major global companies in their product categories. The companies studied include Cemex, Corona Beer, Arcor, Jabon La Corona, Nazca Cosmetics, Bodegas Lopez, and others. The chapter examines the complex context drawn by scarcity in the region, and several ‘myths’ about the poor that blur managers' perspective when assessing the real market potential. Consumer research conducted in six major markets proves them wrong. The paradoxes that prevent managers from developing innovative strategies that have given the examined companies access to broad mass markets in the region are considered.Less
This chapter reviews the strategies of Latin American companies that have attained leading positions in the region, facing and beating major global companies in their product categories. The companies studied include Cemex, Corona Beer, Arcor, Jabon La Corona, Nazca Cosmetics, Bodegas Lopez, and others. The chapter examines the complex context drawn by scarcity in the region, and several ‘myths’ about the poor that blur managers' perspective when assessing the real market potential. Consumer research conducted in six major markets proves them wrong. The paradoxes that prevent managers from developing innovative strategies that have given the examined companies access to broad mass markets in the region are considered.
Randy E. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297291
- eISBN:
- 9780191598777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297297.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and ...
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The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of potential resource use, how is it possible for individuals to act on the basis of their own personal knowledge and for individuals and associations to act on the basis of their own local knowledge without producing irreconcilable and destructive conflict over resource use? In making their decisions, how are individuals and associations somehow to take into account the ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of others, to which by definition they do not, and often cannot, have access? The concept of ‘subjective scarcity’ of physical resources is also discussed.Less
The first order problem of knowledge is identified as follows: In light of the multitude of individuals and associations, each with their own ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of potential resource use, how is it possible for individuals to act on the basis of their own personal knowledge and for individuals and associations to act on the basis of their own local knowledge without producing irreconcilable and destructive conflict over resource use? In making their decisions, how are individuals and associations somehow to take into account the ever‐changing and potentially conflicting personal and local knowledge of others, to which by definition they do not, and often cannot, have access? The concept of ‘subjective scarcity’ of physical resources is also discussed.
Jochen Gläser, Stefan Lange, Grit Laudel, and Uwe Schimank
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the ways in which differences between scientific fields affect the impact of changing authority relations on research goals and approaches. Comparing proximate and remote ...
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This chapter examines the ways in which differences between scientific fields affect the impact of changing authority relations on research goals and approaches. Comparing proximate and remote epistemic properties on research in six disciplines in the sciences and humanities, it shows how variations in resource dependence, research portfolio diversity, and other factors have impinged upon scientists' responses to resource scarcity and state restructuring in academic governance in Australia, as well as how these factors in turn reflect more deep-seated features of research styles, such as the role of personal interpretation in problem formulation, decomposability of research problems, and mode of access to empirical evidence.Less
This chapter examines the ways in which differences between scientific fields affect the impact of changing authority relations on research goals and approaches. Comparing proximate and remote epistemic properties on research in six disciplines in the sciences and humanities, it shows how variations in resource dependence, research portfolio diversity, and other factors have impinged upon scientists' responses to resource scarcity and state restructuring in academic governance in Australia, as well as how these factors in turn reflect more deep-seated features of research styles, such as the role of personal interpretation in problem formulation, decomposability of research problems, and mode of access to empirical evidence.
Michael L. Weber
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195309454
- eISBN:
- 9780199871261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309454.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, ...
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This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.
Raymond Plant
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281756
- eISBN:
- 9780191713040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281756.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
This chapter focuses on the critique of rights when they extend beyond protecting negative liberty as set out in Chapter 5. First of all, if the idea of negative liberty is defective, then so too is ...
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This chapter focuses on the critique of rights when they extend beyond protecting negative liberty as set out in Chapter 5. First of all, if the idea of negative liberty is defective, then so too is a theory of rights, which limits role to the protection of such liberties. Building on the more comprehensive account of liberty set out in Chapter 10 it is argued that there is no justification for arguing that there is a categorical distinction to be drawn between negative rights to protect individuals from the coercion of others including the state and social and economic or positive rights. This claim does not depend solely upon the argument about freedom but is also based upon a critical analysis of other salient ideas which have been used to reject positive rights such as scarcity, the illusory nature of social justice, and the indefiniteness of corresponding obligations in respect of positive rights.Less
This chapter focuses on the critique of rights when they extend beyond protecting negative liberty as set out in Chapter 5. First of all, if the idea of negative liberty is defective, then so too is a theory of rights, which limits role to the protection of such liberties. Building on the more comprehensive account of liberty set out in Chapter 10 it is argued that there is no justification for arguing that there is a categorical distinction to be drawn between negative rights to protect individuals from the coercion of others including the state and social and economic or positive rights. This claim does not depend solely upon the argument about freedom but is also based upon a critical analysis of other salient ideas which have been used to reject positive rights such as scarcity, the illusory nature of social justice, and the indefiniteness of corresponding obligations in respect of positive rights.
Shlomi Dinar and Ariel Dinar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520283077
- eISBN:
- 9780520958906
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520283077.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book provides an interdisciplinary approach for considering international water management under conditions of increased scarcity and variability (both present and future as a result of climate ...
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This book provides an interdisciplinary approach for considering international water management under conditions of increased scarcity and variability (both present and future as a result of climate change). The book applies a theory that is rooted in the disciplines of international relations and economics to the analysis of scarcity, variability, and cooperation over transboundary freshwater. It demonstrates the usefulness of the theory using global datasets of transbounary water bodies (documented treaties, water availability, water variability, water-related events) and in-depth case-studies of specific basins. By doing so, this book provides a framework that allows scholars and policy makers to reflect on various future scenarios and assess the impact of policy interventions on the regional and global level, with implications for conflict and cooperation. Finally, the book also considers strategies and other forms of incentives that help assuage conflict and motivate cooperation despite scarcity and variability.Less
This book provides an interdisciplinary approach for considering international water management under conditions of increased scarcity and variability (both present and future as a result of climate change). The book applies a theory that is rooted in the disciplines of international relations and economics to the analysis of scarcity, variability, and cooperation over transboundary freshwater. It demonstrates the usefulness of the theory using global datasets of transbounary water bodies (documented treaties, water availability, water variability, water-related events) and in-depth case-studies of specific basins. By doing so, this book provides a framework that allows scholars and policy makers to reflect on various future scenarios and assess the impact of policy interventions on the regional and global level, with implications for conflict and cooperation. Finally, the book also considers strategies and other forms of incentives that help assuage conflict and motivate cooperation despite scarcity and variability.
Frederic H. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195148213
- eISBN:
- 9780199790449
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148213.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Numerous historical reports of elk numbers by early travelers, when scaled on a temporal basis, show that observations were infrequent, that elk were a much smaller fraction of all ungulate species ...
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Numerous historical reports of elk numbers by early travelers, when scaled on a temporal basis, show that observations were infrequent, that elk were a much smaller fraction of all ungulate species than today, and were migrating out of the northern-range area in winter. Archaeological investigations in the Yellowstone region show ungulates were a very minor component of the natives' diet, with elk constituting only 3-5% of that small component. A simple population model approximates elk numbers in the northern range in early park years in the order of 5,000-6,000. Plant-ecological studies in the northern intermountain region point to a vegetation poorly adapted to grazing by herbivores implying herbivore scarcity prior to park establishment, possibly held at these levels by large carnivores and aboriginal hunting.Less
Numerous historical reports of elk numbers by early travelers, when scaled on a temporal basis, show that observations were infrequent, that elk were a much smaller fraction of all ungulate species than today, and were migrating out of the northern-range area in winter. Archaeological investigations in the Yellowstone region show ungulates were a very minor component of the natives' diet, with elk constituting only 3-5% of that small component. A simple population model approximates elk numbers in the northern range in early park years in the order of 5,000-6,000. Plant-ecological studies in the northern intermountain region point to a vegetation poorly adapted to grazing by herbivores implying herbivore scarcity prior to park establishment, possibly held at these levels by large carnivores and aboriginal hunting.
Malin Falkenmark
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199240692
- eISBN:
- 9780191714269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240692.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter attempts to integrate population growth, environment, and development, taking as its starting point that fact that the water-cycle may be seen as the central clockwork of the biosphere. ...
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This chapter attempts to integrate population growth, environment, and development, taking as its starting point that fact that the water-cycle may be seen as the central clockwork of the biosphere. After discussing how the water cycle can be seen as the propagator of various disturbances, the chapter focuses on causes of water scarcity. Genuine water scarcity is hydro-climatically defined, whereas ‘man-induced’ scarcity is a manifestation of scarcity the causes of which can be traced back to human actions. The main argument of this chapter is that water scarcity is essentially a problem of population growth. The tremendous threat induced by uncontrolled population growth is that increased population will produce more waste, but the per capita amount of water in which this waste may be diluted decreases. Therefore, population growth must be minimized. The avoidable part of that growth should be mitigated by child-spacing methods, and the unavoidable part of that growth should be met by decisive preparations for food and water security and improved waste handling in industry.Less
This chapter attempts to integrate population growth, environment, and development, taking as its starting point that fact that the water-cycle may be seen as the central clockwork of the biosphere. After discussing how the water cycle can be seen as the propagator of various disturbances, the chapter focuses on causes of water scarcity. Genuine water scarcity is hydro-climatically defined, whereas ‘man-induced’ scarcity is a manifestation of scarcity the causes of which can be traced back to human actions. The main argument of this chapter is that water scarcity is essentially a problem of population growth. The tremendous threat induced by uncontrolled population growth is that increased population will produce more waste, but the per capita amount of water in which this waste may be diluted decreases. Therefore, population growth must be minimized. The avoidable part of that growth should be mitigated by child-spacing methods, and the unavoidable part of that growth should be met by decisive preparations for food and water security and improved waste handling in industry.
Simon J. Husson, Serge A. Wich, Andrew J. Marshall, Rona D. Dennis, Marc Ancrenaz, Rebecca Brassey, Melvin Gumal, Andrew J. Hearn, Erik Meijaard, Togu Simorangkir, and Ian Singleton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Knowledge of the density and distribution of the endangered orangutan is essential both for their conservation and to identify ecological factors that limit their population size. The authors of this ...
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Knowledge of the density and distribution of the endangered orangutan is essential both for their conservation and to identify ecological factors that limit their population size. The authors of this chapter collated orangutan density estimates from 110 locations throughout their range, standardized these for differences in survey design and categorized each location using broad descriptions of the habitats present and the degree of logging disturbance. They found that orangutan density is higher in Sumatra than Borneo, as expected, but found no difference in density between subspecies in Borneo, which suggests that Pongo pygmaeus morio has evolved adaptations to cope with food scarcity in eastern Borneo. The authors of this chapter found support for the hypothesis that orangutan densities are higher in sites with less extreme periods of food shortage, by demonstrating that sites with a mosaic of different habitat types support significantly higher densities than those with only a single habitat type present. Orangutan density declines significantly with altitude in Borneo but the authors of this chapter did not find this relationship for Sumatra, although this may be due to other underlying factors. Heavy logging disturbance has a severe negative effect on density but light logging carried out by well-managed selective logging operations appears to have no effect on orangutan density. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for orangutan conservation.Less
Knowledge of the density and distribution of the endangered orangutan is essential both for their conservation and to identify ecological factors that limit their population size. The authors of this chapter collated orangutan density estimates from 110 locations throughout their range, standardized these for differences in survey design and categorized each location using broad descriptions of the habitats present and the degree of logging disturbance. They found that orangutan density is higher in Sumatra than Borneo, as expected, but found no difference in density between subspecies in Borneo, which suggests that Pongo pygmaeus morio has evolved adaptations to cope with food scarcity in eastern Borneo. The authors of this chapter found support for the hypothesis that orangutan densities are higher in sites with less extreme periods of food shortage, by demonstrating that sites with a mosaic of different habitat types support significantly higher densities than those with only a single habitat type present. Orangutan density declines significantly with altitude in Borneo but the authors of this chapter did not find this relationship for Sumatra, although this may be due to other underlying factors. Heavy logging disturbance has a severe negative effect on density but light logging carried out by well-managed selective logging operations appears to have no effect on orangutan density. The chapter discusses the implications of these findings for orangutan conservation.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the second phase in the history of guestworker programs. The mobilization for World War II led once again to rising wages and thus to the rekindling of interest in temporary ...
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This chapter describes the second phase in the history of guestworker programs. The mobilization for World War II led once again to rising wages and thus to the rekindling of interest in temporary foreign workers. Outlasting the war by more than thirty years, this phase involved far more nations and migrants, and far greater state involvement in labor supply schemes. During the Great Depression, nation-states expelled foreign workers in the name of taking care of their own; during World War II, they invited them back, beginning a new and much larger trend toward admitting foreign workers on a temporary basis. The chapter focuses in particular on the story of Bahamian laborers during this period, as a tomato farmer and self-appointed diplomat named Luther L. Chandler began the efforts toward a new immigration policy that would give growers in the East access to Bahamian workers.Less
This chapter describes the second phase in the history of guestworker programs. The mobilization for World War II led once again to rising wages and thus to the rekindling of interest in temporary foreign workers. Outlasting the war by more than thirty years, this phase involved far more nations and migrants, and far greater state involvement in labor supply schemes. During the Great Depression, nation-states expelled foreign workers in the name of taking care of their own; during World War II, they invited them back, beginning a new and much larger trend toward admitting foreign workers on a temporary basis. The chapter focuses in particular on the story of Bahamian laborers during this period, as a tomato farmer and self-appointed diplomat named Luther L. Chandler began the efforts toward a new immigration policy that would give growers in the East access to Bahamian workers.
Ricardo Hausmann, Dani Rodrik, and Andrés Velasco
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534081
- eISBN:
- 9780191714658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Most well-trained economists would agree that the standard policy reforms included in the ‘Washington Consensus’ have the potential to be growth-promoting. What the experience of the last fifteen ...
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Most well-trained economists would agree that the standard policy reforms included in the ‘Washington Consensus’ have the potential to be growth-promoting. What the experience of the last fifteen years has shown, however, is that the impact of these reforms is heavily dependent on circumstances. This chapter argues that this calls for an approach to reform that is much more contingent on the economic environment. It is possible to develop a unified framework for analyzing and formulating ‘growth strategies’ which is both operational and based on solid economic reasoning. The key step is to develop a better understanding of how the nature of the binding constraints on economic activity differs from setting to setting. This understanding can then be used to derive policy priorities accordingly, in a way that would use the scarce political capital of reformers efficiently. The methodology that it proposed here can be conceptualized as a decision tree. The first questions concern what keeps the level of domestic investment and entrepreneurship low. At each node of the decision tree, the kind of evidence that would help answer the question one way or another is discussed. The chapter draws on the experience of three specific countries: El Salvador, Brazil, and Dominican Republic. Aside from providing a useful manual for policy makers, this approach has the advantage that it is broad enough to embed all existing development strategies as special cases. It can therefore unify the literature and help settle prevailing controversies.Less
Most well-trained economists would agree that the standard policy reforms included in the ‘Washington Consensus’ have the potential to be growth-promoting. What the experience of the last fifteen years has shown, however, is that the impact of these reforms is heavily dependent on circumstances. This chapter argues that this calls for an approach to reform that is much more contingent on the economic environment. It is possible to develop a unified framework for analyzing and formulating ‘growth strategies’ which is both operational and based on solid economic reasoning. The key step is to develop a better understanding of how the nature of the binding constraints on economic activity differs from setting to setting. This understanding can then be used to derive policy priorities accordingly, in a way that would use the scarce political capital of reformers efficiently. The methodology that it proposed here can be conceptualized as a decision tree. The first questions concern what keeps the level of domestic investment and entrepreneurship low. At each node of the decision tree, the kind of evidence that would help answer the question one way or another is discussed. The chapter draws on the experience of three specific countries: El Salvador, Brazil, and Dominican Republic. Aside from providing a useful manual for policy makers, this approach has the advantage that it is broad enough to embed all existing development strategies as special cases. It can therefore unify the literature and help settle prevailing controversies.
Gloria Vivenza
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296669
- eISBN:
- 9780191597008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296665.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter ...
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Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter survey the existing literature on the subject, and then illustrate analogies and differences between Adam Smith and the two ancient authors both from an analytical and a historical point of view.Less
Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter survey the existing literature on the subject, and then illustrate analogies and differences between Adam Smith and the two ancient authors both from an analytical and a historical point of view.
Ilias Bantekas
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199578986
- eISBN:
- 9780191595202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578986.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines all the elements that bring about environmental insecurity, such as deforestation and land degradation, the role of population densities, and pollution of the natural ...
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This chapter examines all the elements that bring about environmental insecurity, such as deforestation and land degradation, the role of population densities, and pollution of the natural environment that leads to food and resource scarcity. Although these factors are not endemic to Africa, they have been particularly exacerbated in that continent. The chapter addresses how the Security Council has dealt with the potential for conflict stemming from Africa's increasing resource scarcity and natural disasters, particularly as a result of desertification and deforestation. It examines the Darfur crisis as a case study of an environmental conflict, as well as the threats to security and resource scarcity stemming from Africa's illegal exploitation of mineral resources. Given the relevance of climate change to international affairs and the security concerns raised as a result, the chapter concludes with an assessment of how African nations have dealt with climate change and what use they have made of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in order to rid themselves of carbon-based industries, although Africa is by far the least carbon-polluting continent on the planet.Less
This chapter examines all the elements that bring about environmental insecurity, such as deforestation and land degradation, the role of population densities, and pollution of the natural environment that leads to food and resource scarcity. Although these factors are not endemic to Africa, they have been particularly exacerbated in that continent. The chapter addresses how the Security Council has dealt with the potential for conflict stemming from Africa's increasing resource scarcity and natural disasters, particularly as a result of desertification and deforestation. It examines the Darfur crisis as a case study of an environmental conflict, as well as the threats to security and resource scarcity stemming from Africa's illegal exploitation of mineral resources. Given the relevance of climate change to international affairs and the security concerns raised as a result, the chapter concludes with an assessment of how African nations have dealt with climate change and what use they have made of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in order to rid themselves of carbon-based industries, although Africa is by far the least carbon-polluting continent on the planet.
Edward B. Barbier
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300224436
- eISBN:
- 9780300240573
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300224436.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Water is essential to life, yet humankind's relationship with water is complex. For millennia, we have perceived it as abundant and easily accessible. But water shortages are fast becoming a ...
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Water is essential to life, yet humankind's relationship with water is complex. For millennia, we have perceived it as abundant and easily accessible. But water shortages are fast becoming a persistent reality for all nations, rich and poor. With demand outstripping supply, a global water crisis is imminent. This book argues that our water crisis is as much a failure of water management as it is a result of scarcity. Outdated governance structures and institutions, combined with continual underpricing, have perpetuated the overuse and undervaluation of water and disincentivized much-needed technological innovation. As a result “water grabbing” is on the rise, and cooperation to resolve these disputes is increasingly fraught. The book draws on evidence from countries across the globe to show the scale of the problem, and outlines the policy and management solutions needed to avert this crisis.Less
Water is essential to life, yet humankind's relationship with water is complex. For millennia, we have perceived it as abundant and easily accessible. But water shortages are fast becoming a persistent reality for all nations, rich and poor. With demand outstripping supply, a global water crisis is imminent. This book argues that our water crisis is as much a failure of water management as it is a result of scarcity. Outdated governance structures and institutions, combined with continual underpricing, have perpetuated the overuse and undervaluation of water and disincentivized much-needed technological innovation. As a result “water grabbing” is on the rise, and cooperation to resolve these disputes is increasingly fraught. The book draws on evidence from countries across the globe to show the scale of the problem, and outlines the policy and management solutions needed to avert this crisis.
Thirsk Joan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208136
- eISBN:
- 9780191677922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208136.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter discusses the second experience of alternative agriculture which returned after an interlude of some 100 to 150 years. The ...
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This chapter discusses the second experience of alternative agriculture which returned after an interlude of some 100 to 150 years. The situation of farmers was dire in 1656. Prices were falling and many faced bankruptcy. Because of these events, Parliament approved the Act of 1656 which gave farmers the freedom to export grain, cattle, horses, meat, and dairy produce.Less
This chapter discusses the second experience of alternative agriculture which returned after an interlude of some 100 to 150 years. The situation of farmers was dire in 1656. Prices were falling and many faced bankruptcy. Because of these events, Parliament approved the Act of 1656 which gave farmers the freedom to export grain, cattle, horses, meat, and dairy produce.
FRANCES STEWART
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297390
- eISBN:
- 9780191685323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297390.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explains the coverage of book, which is about the role war, hunger, and displacement as the main causes of humanitarian emergencies. This book examines the political and economic causes ...
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This chapter explains the coverage of book, which is about the role war, hunger, and displacement as the main causes of humanitarian emergencies. This book examines the political and economic causes of humanitarian emergencies, water scarcity as a source of crises, and the conflict over natural and environmental resources. It also discusses social costs and stabilization programmes related to humanitarian emergencies. It concludes that in every complex humanitarian emergency there is an interaction between factors, with group perceptions and identity, being enhanced by sharp group differentiation in political participation, economic assets and income and social access and well-being.Less
This chapter explains the coverage of book, which is about the role war, hunger, and displacement as the main causes of humanitarian emergencies. This book examines the political and economic causes of humanitarian emergencies, water scarcity as a source of crises, and the conflict over natural and environmental resources. It also discusses social costs and stabilization programmes related to humanitarian emergencies. It concludes that in every complex humanitarian emergency there is an interaction between factors, with group perceptions and identity, being enhanced by sharp group differentiation in political participation, economic assets and income and social access and well-being.
ASHOK SWAIN
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297390
- eISBN:
- 9780191685323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297390.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the importance of water for human survival and economic development and the role of water scarcity as a source of crises or humanitarian emergencies. It mentions studies about ...
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This chapter examines the importance of water for human survival and economic development and the role of water scarcity as a source of crises or humanitarian emergencies. It mentions studies about water scarcity or water barrier which reveal that it is becoming a major problem in developing countries because of population growth and efforts towards rapid industrialization. The findings also suggests that the increasing number of water conflicts have a strong potential for violent escalation and water projects causing massive population displacement which increases the possibility of death and suffering for large numbers of the population, which in turn can lead to complex humanitarian emergencies.Less
This chapter examines the importance of water for human survival and economic development and the role of water scarcity as a source of crises or humanitarian emergencies. It mentions studies about water scarcity or water barrier which reveal that it is becoming a major problem in developing countries because of population growth and efforts towards rapid industrialization. The findings also suggests that the increasing number of water conflicts have a strong potential for violent escalation and water projects causing massive population displacement which increases the possibility of death and suffering for large numbers of the population, which in turn can lead to complex humanitarian emergencies.
Ernesto Screpanti and Stefano Zamagni
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199279142
- eISBN:
- 9780191602887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199279144.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and ...
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Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.Less
Exposes the basic principles of neoclassical theoretical system and then provides an answer to the question: was the marginalist a real revolution? The specific contributions of Jevons, Menger, and Walras are considered in some detail. The reasons for success of the marginalist revolution are finally discussed.
