John Parkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199291113
- eISBN:
- 9780191604133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929111X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter presents a brief conclusion which summarizes the main argument: that fully legitimate, deliberative, and democratic decision making can only be of the macro kind, not the micro. It poses ...
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This chapter presents a brief conclusion which summarizes the main argument: that fully legitimate, deliberative, and democratic decision making can only be of the macro kind, not the micro. It poses questions for future research and answers a hypothetical question from the Leicester case, giving a group of protestors six reasons to think that the outcome of the citizens’ jury was legitimate, and one reason — its restricted, local scope — to think that it was not.Less
This chapter presents a brief conclusion which summarizes the main argument: that fully legitimate, deliberative, and democratic decision making can only be of the macro kind, not the micro. It poses questions for future research and answers a hypothetical question from the Leicester case, giving a group of protestors six reasons to think that the outcome of the citizens’ jury was legitimate, and one reason — its restricted, local scope — to think that it was not.
Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter describes the interaction between homogenization and surface terms using three examples. It shows that in some regimes, there is a separation of scales, while in other regimes the two ...
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This chapter describes the interaction between homogenization and surface terms using three examples. It shows that in some regimes, there is a separation of scales, while in other regimes the two phenomena must be considered together. The first example deals with the interaction between oscillations and phase transitions in producing surface terms. The second exhibits a different scaling of the same problem giving a limit energy finite on piecewise-Sobolev functions through phase accumulation. The third example deals with the homogenization of free-discontinuity problems.Less
This chapter describes the interaction between homogenization and surface terms using three examples. It shows that in some regimes, there is a separation of scales, while in other regimes the two phenomena must be considered together. The first example deals with the interaction between oscillations and phase transitions in producing surface terms. The second exhibits a different scaling of the same problem giving a limit energy finite on piecewise-Sobolev functions through phase accumulation. The third example deals with the homogenization of free-discontinuity problems.
Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0015
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter presents a brief treatment of problems defined on thin structures. A scaling argument allows the expression of the problem as an asymptotic study of degenerate energies on a single set. ...
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This chapter presents a brief treatment of problems defined on thin structures. A scaling argument allows the expression of the problem as an asymptotic study of degenerate energies on a single set. It is shown that the limit energy is independent on the ‘thin dimension’, and thus it is a dimensionally-reduced energy. In the convex case, the limit energy density is obtained by an optimization of a problem involving the original energy. An example shows that the same formula does not hold if the energies are polyconvex, and an additional quasiconvexification process is needed as in the theory of LeDret and Raoult.Less
This chapter presents a brief treatment of problems defined on thin structures. A scaling argument allows the expression of the problem as an asymptotic study of degenerate energies on a single set. It is shown that the limit energy is independent on the ‘thin dimension’, and thus it is a dimensionally-reduced energy. In the convex case, the limit energy density is obtained by an optimization of a problem involving the original energy. An example shows that the same formula does not hold if the energies are polyconvex, and an additional quasiconvexification process is needed as in the theory of LeDret and Raoult.
Neil Abell, David W. Springer, and Akihito Kamata
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333367
- eISBN:
- 9780199864300
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333367.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This book provides an overview of scale and test development. From conceptualization through design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, critical concerns are identified and grounded in ...
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This book provides an overview of scale and test development. From conceptualization through design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, critical concerns are identified and grounded in the increasingly sophisticated psychometric literature. Measurement within the health, social, and behavioral sciences is addressed, and technical and practical guidance is provided. Acknowledging the increasingly sophisticated contributions in social work, psychology, education, nursing, and medicine, the book balances condensation of complex conceptual challenges with focused recommendations for conceiving, planning, and implementing psychometric study. Primary points are carefully referenced and consistently illustrated to illuminate complicated or abstract principles. Basics of construct conceptualization and establishing evidence of validity are complimented with introductions to concept mapping and cross-cultural translation. In-depth discussion of cutting edge topics like bias and invariance in item responses is provided. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies are illustrated and critiqued, and step-by-step guidance is offered for anticipating elements of a complete data collection instrument, determining sampling frame and size, and interpreting resulting coefficients. Much good work has been done by RAI developers to date. Too often, practitioners or researchers either underestimate the skills and effort required, or become overwhelmed by the complexities involved.Less
This book provides an overview of scale and test development. From conceptualization through design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, critical concerns are identified and grounded in the increasingly sophisticated psychometric literature. Measurement within the health, social, and behavioral sciences is addressed, and technical and practical guidance is provided. Acknowledging the increasingly sophisticated contributions in social work, psychology, education, nursing, and medicine, the book balances condensation of complex conceptual challenges with focused recommendations for conceiving, planning, and implementing psychometric study. Primary points are carefully referenced and consistently illustrated to illuminate complicated or abstract principles. Basics of construct conceptualization and establishing evidence of validity are complimented with introductions to concept mapping and cross-cultural translation. In-depth discussion of cutting edge topics like bias and invariance in item responses is provided. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies are illustrated and critiqued, and step-by-step guidance is offered for anticipating elements of a complete data collection instrument, determining sampling frame and size, and interpreting resulting coefficients. Much good work has been done by RAI developers to date. Too often, practitioners or researchers either underestimate the skills and effort required, or become overwhelmed by the complexities involved.
Susan Gal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0019
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of ...
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This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of indexicality to emerge, that is, characterizations of the kind of people who recognize and name such speech styles. The writing of this book is itself therefore a multiply performative and socially creative act. The chapter also highlights the importance of perspective ‐‐ such as insider vs. outsider ‐‐ in analyzing stereotypes and humor in the mass mediated messages discussed in the book.Less
This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of indexicality to emerge, that is, characterizations of the kind of people who recognize and name such speech styles. The writing of this book is itself therefore a multiply performative and socially creative act. The chapter also highlights the importance of perspective ‐‐ such as insider vs. outsider ‐‐ in analyzing stereotypes and humor in the mass mediated messages discussed in the book.
Pierre Allan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275359
- eISBN:
- 9780191603686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275351.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter distinguishes Just Peace from its closest ‘moral’ neighbours — a stable (but usually unjust) peace and positive peace. Drawing on both consequentialist and deontological considerations, ...
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This chapter distinguishes Just Peace from its closest ‘moral’ neighbours — a stable (but usually unjust) peace and positive peace. Drawing on both consequentialist and deontological considerations, Allan develops an international ethical scale to evaluate different acts from a moral standpoint, with different levels of conflict as the baseline of ethical behavior. The more extreme the discord, the worse it is considered on the scale; the more harmonious, the better. Arguing that absolute unhappiness (disappearance of humankind) and absolute happiness (agape-paradise) are not of this world, Allan presents eight intermediary moral situations, each being superseded by the next one in ethical terms: genocide, war, non-war, Just War, stable peace, Just Peace, positive peace, and Global Care. He develops an ethic of ‘global care’ based on feminist theories of care, religious and secular declarations on a global ethic, evolutionary theory arguments, and a critique of a liberal human rights approach.Less
This chapter distinguishes Just Peace from its closest ‘moral’ neighbours — a stable (but usually unjust) peace and positive peace. Drawing on both consequentialist and deontological considerations, Allan develops an international ethical scale to evaluate different acts from a moral standpoint, with different levels of conflict as the baseline of ethical behavior. The more extreme the discord, the worse it is considered on the scale; the more harmonious, the better. Arguing that absolute unhappiness (disappearance of humankind) and absolute happiness (agape-paradise) are not of this world, Allan presents eight intermediary moral situations, each being superseded by the next one in ethical terms: genocide, war, non-war, Just War, stable peace, Just Peace, positive peace, and Global Care. He develops an ethic of ‘global care’ based on feminist theories of care, religious and secular declarations on a global ethic, evolutionary theory arguments, and a critique of a liberal human rights approach.
Sergey Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of ...
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This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of networks to the subject without need for a serious background in mathematics or physics. The introductory chapters fill the existing gap between popular science books and comprehensive reference volumes on complex networks (including the Internet, World Wide Web, etc.). The book provides the shortest path to the world of networks and discusses the main directions of modern research in this active field as well as the history of network studies. The book describes the current state of the art in complex networks and includes recent results.Less
This book provides a concise modern introduction to the science of complex networks. The book is based on lectures for university students and non-specialists. The aim is to introduce the world of networks to the subject without need for a serious background in mathematics or physics. The introductory chapters fill the existing gap between popular science books and comprehensive reference volumes on complex networks (including the Internet, World Wide Web, etc.). The book provides the shortest path to the world of networks and discusses the main directions of modern research in this active field as well as the history of network studies. The book describes the current state of the art in complex networks and includes recent results.
John Parkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199291113
- eISBN:
- 9780191604133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929111X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter outlines the theory of deliberative democracy and deliberative institutions, highlighting the legitimacy problems — to do with the scale of the deliberations and the motivation to ...
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This chapter outlines the theory of deliberative democracy and deliberative institutions, highlighting the legitimacy problems — to do with the scale of the deliberations and the motivation to participate — as experienced by the organizers of a citizens’ jury in Leicester, England, in 2000. It explains the approach and methods, outlines the argument, and summarizes five cases of deliberation in the UK’s National Health Service.Less
This chapter outlines the theory of deliberative democracy and deliberative institutions, highlighting the legitimacy problems — to do with the scale of the deliberations and the motivation to participate — as experienced by the organizers of a citizens’ jury in Leicester, England, in 2000. It explains the approach and methods, outlines the argument, and summarizes five cases of deliberation in the UK’s National Health Service.
John Parkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199291113
- eISBN:
- 9780191604133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929111X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter discusses the concept of legitimacy, distinguishing between procedural and substantive legitimacy. Theoretical solutions to the scale and motivations problems are surveyed, drawing out ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of legitimacy, distinguishing between procedural and substantive legitimacy. Theoretical solutions to the scale and motivations problems are surveyed, drawing out three key ideas to explore further: representation, publicity, and rationality. It shows how some of the solutions to the motivations problem undermine solutions to the scale problem, and suggests that thinking in terms of a ‘deliberative system’ might help resolve the tensions before sketching the principles of what a legitimate deliberative democracy might look like.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of legitimacy, distinguishing between procedural and substantive legitimacy. Theoretical solutions to the scale and motivations problems are surveyed, drawing out three key ideas to explore further: representation, publicity, and rationality. It shows how some of the solutions to the motivations problem undermine solutions to the scale problem, and suggests that thinking in terms of a ‘deliberative system’ might help resolve the tensions before sketching the principles of what a legitimate deliberative democracy might look like.
Jon Hegglund
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796106
- eISBN:
- 9780199932771
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796106.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, World Literature
This book argues that many Anglophone modernist and postcolonial authors have often functioned as geographers manquéés, advancing theories of space, culture, and community within the formal ...
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This book argues that many Anglophone modernist and postcolonial authors have often functioned as geographers manquéés, advancing theories of space, culture, and community within the formal structures of literary narrative. Reading a diverse body of work by Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, James Joyce, Graham Greene, Jean Rhys, Jamaica Kincaid, and Amitav Ghosh alongside writings of geographers and other intellectuals, this book finds a persistent imagining of other orders of geographical and geopolitical space that question or deny the ontological primacy of the territorial nation-state. Many twentieth-century Anglophone writers, the book argues, do far more than dramatize the conflicts of characters and communities within a static frame of geographical and social space; rather, these writers treat geographical space as a primary element of novelistic form. This geographical self-consciousness, or metageography, manifests itself in the novel as a structural tension between two codes of realism: the novelistic, which projects a mimetic space of human characters and invididualize plots, and the cartographic, which understands space as a quantitative, formal abstraction. In negotiating this tension, modernist and postcolonial writers employ a spatial irony as a way to both draw upon the novel's powers of mimetic representation while also critiquing the geopolitical orders of space into which the novel's individual narratives must inevitably fit.Less
This book argues that many Anglophone modernist and postcolonial authors have often functioned as geographers manquéés, advancing theories of space, culture, and community within the formal structures of literary narrative. Reading a diverse body of work by Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, James Joyce, Graham Greene, Jean Rhys, Jamaica Kincaid, and Amitav Ghosh alongside writings of geographers and other intellectuals, this book finds a persistent imagining of other orders of geographical and geopolitical space that question or deny the ontological primacy of the territorial nation-state. Many twentieth-century Anglophone writers, the book argues, do far more than dramatize the conflicts of characters and communities within a static frame of geographical and social space; rather, these writers treat geographical space as a primary element of novelistic form. This geographical self-consciousness, or metageography, manifests itself in the novel as a structural tension between two codes of realism: the novelistic, which projects a mimetic space of human characters and invididualize plots, and the cartographic, which understands space as a quantitative, formal abstraction. In negotiating this tension, modernist and postcolonial writers employ a spatial irony as a way to both draw upon the novel's powers of mimetic representation while also critiquing the geopolitical orders of space into which the novel's individual narratives must inevitably fit.
Samuel Justin Sinclair and Daniel Antonius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388114
- eISBN:
- 9780199949816
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388114.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The psychology of terrorism, in its most basic form, is about fear. While academics continue to debate the meaning of terrorism, the end result for many people affected is fear and terror. However, ...
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The psychology of terrorism, in its most basic form, is about fear. While academics continue to debate the meaning of terrorism, the end result for many people affected is fear and terror. However, many studying the effects of terrorism have focused more exclusively on discrete psychopathological constructs, most of which are clinically based. Ironically, these paradigms fail to acknowledge the primacy of basic fear in the context of terrorism, as well as how fear affects people in both positive and negative ways—above and beyond whether one meets criteria for a clinical disorder. The purpose of this book is to unpack the complexity of terrorism fears, and to present a new paradigm for understanding the psychology of terrorism. As such, this book will present empirical and theoretical frameworks for understanding fear as a dynamic process that motivates and affects people on a myriad of levels, from the individual to society at large. The book will also highlight the paradox of how fear can negatively affect people and societies and can also be a central force underlying resilience and post-traumatic growth in the context of terrorism and political violence. Finally, this volume will discuss how society has changed as a function of terrorism, and specifically how our own systems for managing terrorism may in fact contribute to fear.Less
The psychology of terrorism, in its most basic form, is about fear. While academics continue to debate the meaning of terrorism, the end result for many people affected is fear and terror. However, many studying the effects of terrorism have focused more exclusively on discrete psychopathological constructs, most of which are clinically based. Ironically, these paradigms fail to acknowledge the primacy of basic fear in the context of terrorism, as well as how fear affects people in both positive and negative ways—above and beyond whether one meets criteria for a clinical disorder. The purpose of this book is to unpack the complexity of terrorism fears, and to present a new paradigm for understanding the psychology of terrorism. As such, this book will present empirical and theoretical frameworks for understanding fear as a dynamic process that motivates and affects people on a myriad of levels, from the individual to society at large. The book will also highlight the paradox of how fear can negatively affect people and societies and can also be a central force underlying resilience and post-traumatic growth in the context of terrorism and political violence. Finally, this volume will discuss how society has changed as a function of terrorism, and specifically how our own systems for managing terrorism may in fact contribute to fear.
Markus Venzin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199535200
- eISBN:
- 9780191701153
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Strategy
A new era of global banking and insurance is emerging, with leading banks eager to serve international markets. This book explores the issues that arise for banks in their strategic choices as they ...
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A new era of global banking and insurance is emerging, with leading banks eager to serve international markets. This book explores the issues that arise for banks in their strategic choices as they move into these new international markets. This book challenges conventional assumptions from the international management literature on topics such as the limits of globalization, the importance of cultural and institutional distance, the nature of economies of scale and scope, the existence of first mover advantages, the logic behind the global value chain configuration, the speed and timing of market entry, as well as organizational architecture. It focuses on fundamental strategic decisions such as when, where, and how to enter foreign markets and how to design the organizational architecture of the multinational financial services firm. Using simple theoretical frameworks illustrated by case examples, this book provides a guide to the challenges of the international market for financial services firms.Less
A new era of global banking and insurance is emerging, with leading banks eager to serve international markets. This book explores the issues that arise for banks in their strategic choices as they move into these new international markets. This book challenges conventional assumptions from the international management literature on topics such as the limits of globalization, the importance of cultural and institutional distance, the nature of economies of scale and scope, the existence of first mover advantages, the logic behind the global value chain configuration, the speed and timing of market entry, as well as organizational architecture. It focuses on fundamental strategic decisions such as when, where, and how to enter foreign markets and how to design the organizational architecture of the multinational financial services firm. Using simple theoretical frameworks illustrated by case examples, this book provides a guide to the challenges of the international market for financial services firms.
Hidetoshi Nishimori and Gerardo Ortiz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577224
- eISBN:
- 9780191722943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577224.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Phase transitions and critical phenomena have consistently been among the principal subjects of active studies in statistical physics. The simple act of transforming one state of matter or phase into ...
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Phase transitions and critical phenomena have consistently been among the principal subjects of active studies in statistical physics. The simple act of transforming one state of matter or phase into another, for instance by changing the temperature, has always captivated the curious mind. This book provides an introductory account on the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena, a subject now recognized to be indispensable for students and researchers from many fields of physics and related disciplines. The first five chapters are very basic and quintessential, and cover standard topics such as mean-field theories, the renormalization group and scaling, universality, and statistical field theory methods. The remaining chapters develop more advanced concepts, including conformal field theory, the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, the effects of randomness, percolation, exactly solvable models, series expansions, duality transformations, and numerical techniques. Moreover, a comprehensive series of appendices expand and clarify several issues not developed in the main text. The important role played by symmetry and topology in understanding the competition between phases and the resulting emergent collective behaviour, giving rise to rigidity and soft elementary excitations, is stressed throughout the book. Serious attempts have been directed toward a self-contained modular approach so that the reader does not have to refer to other sources for supplementary information. Accordingly, most of the concepts and calculations are described in detail, sometimes with additional/auxiliary descriptions given in appendices and exercises. The latter are presented as the topics develop with solutions found at the end of the book, thus giving the text a self-learning character.Less
Phase transitions and critical phenomena have consistently been among the principal subjects of active studies in statistical physics. The simple act of transforming one state of matter or phase into another, for instance by changing the temperature, has always captivated the curious mind. This book provides an introductory account on the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena, a subject now recognized to be indispensable for students and researchers from many fields of physics and related disciplines. The first five chapters are very basic and quintessential, and cover standard topics such as mean-field theories, the renormalization group and scaling, universality, and statistical field theory methods. The remaining chapters develop more advanced concepts, including conformal field theory, the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, the effects of randomness, percolation, exactly solvable models, series expansions, duality transformations, and numerical techniques. Moreover, a comprehensive series of appendices expand and clarify several issues not developed in the main text. The important role played by symmetry and topology in understanding the competition between phases and the resulting emergent collective behaviour, giving rise to rigidity and soft elementary excitations, is stressed throughout the book. Serious attempts have been directed toward a self-contained modular approach so that the reader does not have to refer to other sources for supplementary information. Accordingly, most of the concepts and calculations are described in detail, sometimes with additional/auxiliary descriptions given in appendices and exercises. The latter are presented as the topics develop with solutions found at the end of the book, thus giving the text a self-learning character.
Robert C. Allen
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198282969
- eISBN:
- 9780191684425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282969.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book traces the shift from medieval to modern institutions in English agriculture. It explores their importance for productivity growth, income distribution, and the contribution of agriculture ...
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This book traces the shift from medieval to modern institutions in English agriculture. It explores their importance for productivity growth, income distribution, and the contribution of agriculture to British economic development. The author study shows that, contrary to the assumption of many historians, small-scale farmers in the open-field system were responsible for a considerable proportion of the productivity growth achieved between the middle ages and the nineteenth century. The process of enclosure and the replacement of these yeomen by large-scale tenant farming relying on wage labour had relatively little impact on the agricultural contribution to economic development during the Industrial Revolution. Enclosures and large farms enriched landowners without benefiting consumers, workers, or farmers.Less
This book traces the shift from medieval to modern institutions in English agriculture. It explores their importance for productivity growth, income distribution, and the contribution of agriculture to British economic development. The author study shows that, contrary to the assumption of many historians, small-scale farmers in the open-field system were responsible for a considerable proportion of the productivity growth achieved between the middle ages and the nineteenth century. The process of enclosure and the replacement of these yeomen by large-scale tenant farming relying on wage labour had relatively little impact on the agricultural contribution to economic development during the Industrial Revolution. Enclosures and large farms enriched landowners without benefiting consumers, workers, or farmers.
You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 8 broadens the scope of this book and makes programmatic connections both between the urbanized local state and China's emerging territorial order, and between civic ...
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Chapter 8 broadens the scope of this book and makes programmatic connections both between the urbanized local state and China's emerging territorial order, and between civic territoriality and the prospects of grassroots mobilization in Chinese cities and the countryside. Both issues are at the center of the recent property crisis and rural reform in China. On the former, the author proposes that while state power is restructured through the double movement of power decentralization and reconcentration among competing local states, leading cities of metropolitan regions rise to dominate the new territorial order. On the latter, two theoretical connections can be made between civic territoriality and social activism. The first one responds to debates on the relative importance of community and class in urban social movements; the second examines rural collectivism and suggests that while much‐criticized collective land ownership persists in China, peasants' collective organization and identity have been paradoxically dismantled to a significant extent.Less
Chapter 8 broadens the scope of this book and makes programmatic connections both between the urbanized local state and China's emerging territorial order, and between civic territoriality and the prospects of grassroots mobilization in Chinese cities and the countryside. Both issues are at the center of the recent property crisis and rural reform in China. On the former, the author proposes that while state power is restructured through the double movement of power decentralization and reconcentration among competing local states, leading cities of metropolitan regions rise to dominate the new territorial order. On the latter, two theoretical connections can be made between civic territoriality and social activism. The first one responds to debates on the relative importance of community and class in urban social movements; the second examines rural collectivism and suggests that while much‐criticized collective land ownership persists in China, peasants' collective organization and identity have been paradoxically dismantled to a significant extent.
Roger Undy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199544943
- eISBN:
- 9780191719936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544943.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In ...
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Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In contrast, balanced‐partner amalgamations generally have a more marked effect on both the new unions' external relations with employers and its internal organization. However, the context may limit the amalgamated unions' abilities to exercise any increase gained in latent collective bargaining power. Internally, the balanced‐partner amalgamations vary considerably in their reforming effects: some have positive outcomes, while others generate unintended and politically destabilizing consequences.Less
Dominant‐partner amalgamations are briefly discussed before focusing on balanced‐partner amalgamations. The outcomes of dominant‐partner amalgamations are similar to those generated by transfers. In contrast, balanced‐partner amalgamations generally have a more marked effect on both the new unions' external relations with employers and its internal organization. However, the context may limit the amalgamated unions' abilities to exercise any increase gained in latent collective bargaining power. Internally, the balanced‐partner amalgamations vary considerably in their reforming effects: some have positive outcomes, while others generate unintended and politically destabilizing consequences.
Satoshi Matsumura
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this ...
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This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this industry, the domestic market for raw silk also contributed to the increase in total demand after the first decade of the 20th century. The reason why domestically-oriented manufacturers did not adopt the factory system of production, but instead used various forms of production such as independent operation, subcontracting to small-scale factories, and putting-out was discussed.Less
This chapter argues that there was a substantial diversity in the forms of production used in the silk-reeling industry in modern Japan. Although export growth led to the development of this industry, the domestic market for raw silk also contributed to the increase in total demand after the first decade of the 20th century. The reason why domestically-oriented manufacturers did not adopt the factory system of production, but instead used various forms of production such as independent operation, subcontracting to small-scale factories, and putting-out was discussed.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter introduces the long-run structural approach to modelling. It makes brief comparisons with the key alternative approaches, namely large-scale simultaneous equation models, unrestricted ...
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This chapter introduces the long-run structural approach to modelling. It makes brief comparisons with the key alternative approaches, namely large-scale simultaneous equation models, unrestricted and structural VARs, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, and New Keynesian models. The strengths of the long-run structural modelling approach are summarized and the organization of the book is described.Less
This chapter introduces the long-run structural approach to modelling. It makes brief comparisons with the key alternative approaches, namely large-scale simultaneous equation models, unrestricted and structural VARs, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, and New Keynesian models. The strengths of the long-run structural modelling approach are summarized and the organization of the book is described.
Richard Bardgett
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525035
- eISBN:
- 9780191728181
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525035.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of ...
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This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of below-ground biodiversity for ecosystem form and function. It describes the vast diversity of biota that live in the soil environment — the most complex habitat on Earth — and discusses the factors that act as determinants of this diversity across different spatial and temporal scales. This book also considers how biotic interactions in soil influence the important soil processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling. It demonstrates how interactions and feedbacks between diverse plant and soil communities act as important drivers of ecosystem form and function. The importance of these relationships for understanding how ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, is discussed in depth. Much is still to be learned about the soil biota and their roles in ecosystems, and the author highlights some of the many challenges that face ecologists in the exploration of soil. This book provides an introduction to the biology of soil, and also discusses the most recent developments in this progressive field of ecology. The importance of soil biotic interactions for community and ecosystem ecology is illustrated through the use of numerous examples and case studies.Less
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date synthesis of what is known about soil biodiversity and the factors that regulate its distribution, as well as the functional significance of below-ground biodiversity for ecosystem form and function. It describes the vast diversity of biota that live in the soil environment — the most complex habitat on Earth — and discusses the factors that act as determinants of this diversity across different spatial and temporal scales. This book also considers how biotic interactions in soil influence the important soil processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling. It demonstrates how interactions and feedbacks between diverse plant and soil communities act as important drivers of ecosystem form and function. The importance of these relationships for understanding how ecosystems respond to global change phenomena, including climate change, is discussed in depth. Much is still to be learned about the soil biota and their roles in ecosystems, and the author highlights some of the many challenges that face ecologists in the exploration of soil. This book provides an introduction to the biology of soil, and also discusses the most recent developments in this progressive field of ecology. The importance of soil biotic interactions for community and ecosystem ecology is illustrated through the use of numerous examples and case studies.
David Lewin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195317121
- eISBN:
- 9780199865451
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317121.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
In this work, the author applies the conceptual framework developed in Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations to the varied repertoire of the 20th century. Analyzing the diverse ...
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In this work, the author applies the conceptual framework developed in Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations to the varied repertoire of the 20th century. Analyzing the diverse compositions of four canonical composers—Simbolo from Dallapiccola's Quaderno musicale di Annalibera; Stockhausen's Klavierstuck III; Webern's Op. 10, No. 4; and Debussy's Feux d'articifice—the author brings forth structures which he calls “transformational networks” to reveal interesting and suggestive aspects of the music. In this complementary work, the author stimulates thought about the general methodology of musical analysis and issues of large-scale form as they relate to transformational analytic structuring.Less
In this work, the author applies the conceptual framework developed in Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations to the varied repertoire of the 20th century. Analyzing the diverse compositions of four canonical composers—Simbolo from Dallapiccola's Quaderno musicale di Annalibera; Stockhausen's Klavierstuck III; Webern's Op. 10, No. 4; and Debussy's Feux d'articifice—the author brings forth structures which he calls “transformational networks” to reveal interesting and suggestive aspects of the music. In this complementary work, the author stimulates thought about the general methodology of musical analysis and issues of large-scale form as they relate to transformational analytic structuring.
