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The Internationalization of Trusteeship

William Bain

in Between Anarchy and Society: Trusteeship and the Obligations of Power

Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free ... More

Examines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.Less

Costly and Bounded Rationality in Individual and Team Decision-making

Roy Radner

in Understanding Industrial and Corporate Change

The ‘Savage’ paradigm of rational decision-making under uncertainty has become the dominant model of human behaviour in mainstream economics and game theory. However, under the rubric of ‘bounded ... More

The ‘Savage’ paradigm of rational decision-making under uncertainty has become the dominant model of human behaviour in mainstream economics and game theory. However, under the rubric of ‘bounded rationality’, this model has been criticized as inadequate from both normative and descriptive viewpoints. This chapter sketches the historical roots and some current developments of this movement, distinguishing between attempts to extend the ‘Savage’ paradigm (costly rationality) and the need for more radical departures (truly bounded rationality).Less

 Introduction

Timothy Fitzgerald

in Discourse on Civility and Barbarity

This wide‐ranging chapter introduces key aspects of the argument to be discussed in greater detail in subsequent chapters. The chapter sets out the proposition that the formation of a category ... More

This wide‐ranging chapter introduces key aspects of the argument to be discussed in greater detail in subsequent chapters. The chapter sets out the proposition that the formation of a category “religion” which appears as a distinct and autonomous reality of human experience and practice is a myth serviced by the corresponding formation of special departments for the study of religion. But this process is mirrored in the formation of “nonreligious” categories such as “politics” and “the secular state” which in turn appear as distinct and autonomous domains served by special departments of political science. These rhetorical constructions appear as though they are natural aspects of the world, and their ideological function in the mystification of capitalism and consumerism is disguised by the academic pretensions of secular objectivity. The chapter also makes a distinction between critical thinking that challenges these rhetorical constructions and “critical” thinking that merely recycles them as an undeniable part of the order of things.Less

 Keeping Up to Date

Ken Binmore

in Playing for Real: Game Theory

This chapter is about Bayesian decision theory. It explains why game theorists model players' beliefs using subjective probability distributions, and how these beliefs are updated using Bayes' rule ... More

This chapter is about Bayesian decision theory. It explains why game theorists model players' beliefs using subjective probability distributions, and how these beliefs are updated using Bayes' rule as further information is received during the play of a game. A skeptical assessment of Bayesian decision theory as a solution to the general problem of scientific induction is then offered, suggesting that we stick to Leonard Savage's view that his theory properly applies only in the context of a small world. The chapter ends with a brief review of the common prior assumption and the idea of subjective equilibria.Less

Historians and Philosophes

Tim Fulford

in Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture 1756-1830

This chapter considers the accounts of Indians made by white historians and theorists, such as Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Adam Ferguson in the 18th century.

THE NATIVE AMERICAN IN POPULAR MUSIC

Derek B. Scott

in FROM THE EROTIC TO THE DEMONIC: On Critical Musicology

This chapter focuses on representations of the American Indian in popular styles of Western music from the 18th century to the present. The intention is to show how cultural difference is ... More

This chapter focuses on representations of the American Indian in popular styles of Western music from the 18th century to the present. The intention is to show how cultural difference is represented, when little is known or understood about the culture of those being represented, and to consider how shifting perceptions of the Native American can be related to changes in attitude to the “civilized” and the natural world. The emphasis on the popular sharpens the argument, because this kind of representation needs to be widely understood and easily assimilated in order for it to be popular. The ideology embedded in way the American Indian is represented tells us, predictably, about the attitudes of the person who stands outside Native American culture.Less

Nineteenth-century British Biographies of Petrarch

Martin Mclaughlin

in Petrarch in Britain: Interpreters, Imitators, and Translators over 700 years

This chapter documents the extraordinary enthusiasm for biographies of Petrarch in Great Britain in the three-quarters of a century between 1775 and 1850. It explains that during the late eighteenth ... More

This chapter documents the extraordinary enthusiasm for biographies of Petrarch in Great Britain in the three-quarters of a century between 1775 and 1850. It explains that during the late eighteenth century Petrarch was more popular than Dante in Britain but Dante soon eclipsed his successor after the rise of Romanticism. It considers works on Petrarch including those of Ugo Foscolo and Walter Savage Landor and suggests some reasons why Petrarch's popularity died out in Britain so suddenly and so radically in the second half of the nineteenth century.Less

“A Tangled Skein”: Early Factory Women, Self-Reliance, and Self-Sacrifice

Sylvia Jenkins Cook

in Working Women, Literary Ladies: The Industrial Revolution and Female Aspiration

This chapter explores how two middle-class women writers shaped early and dramatically different versions of the new female factory worker. The chapter juxtaposes Sarah Savage's 1814 novel, The ... More

This chapter explores how two middle-class women writers shaped early and dramatically different versions of the new female factory worker. The chapter juxtaposes Sarah Savage's 1814 novel, The Factory Girl (about the virtuous Mary Burnam) with Catharine Williams's 1833 account, Fall River, which is an authentic narrative, of the miserable life and gruesome death of Sarah Maria Cornell, an actual factory operative. Cornell's tainted sexual reputation, her history of shoplifting, and her camp meeting predilections contrast starkly with the habits of the self-disciplined and rational Mary Burnam. Significantly, the only quality shared by the factual and the fictional factory worker is that both are readers and writers who aspire to a larger life for both body and mind. Both are, however, equally imaginative constructions, based on a mixture of historical fact and literary invention, created by more affluent writers fascinated with the new realm of wage-earning women. Together, Savage and Williams establish conflicting reputations for the woman worker that anticipate her imminent (and distinctive) written invention of herself.Less

The Antinomian Moment: A Contest of Cultures in Puritan Massachusetts

Louise A. Breen

in Transgressing the Bounds: Subversive Enterprises Among the Puritan Elite in Massachusetts, 1630-1692

Analyzes the antinomian controversy of the late 1630s with an eye toward explaining why distinct social constituencies aligned themselves as they did. It examines the wide range of beliefs and people ... More

Analyzes the antinomian controversy of the late 1630s with an eye toward explaining why distinct social constituencies aligned themselves as they did. It examines the wide range of beliefs and people that Massachusetts authorities forced under the “antinomian” umbrella, and analyzes the roles played by individuals on both sides, including John Wheelwright, Israel Stoughton, Thomas Savage, Edward Hutchinson, Edward Gibbons, Thomas Lechford, Thomas Shepard, and John Winthrop. It argues that religious orthodoxy in Massachusetts functioned to affirm the local colonial identity, to privilege the public sphere over the private, and to draw people together toward communal goals in a shared geographic space.Less

Deontic Constraint

Joseph Heath

in Following the Rules: Practical Reasoning and Deontic Constraint

This chapter begins with a summary of the classical sociological solution to the problem of order advanced by Talcott Parsons. The central flaw in the solution is simply that it lacks deliberative ... More

This chapter begins with a summary of the classical sociological solution to the problem of order advanced by Talcott Parsons. The central flaw in the solution is simply that it lacks deliberative microfoundations; it is not clear how social norms interact with beliefs and desires, the two intentional states posited by standard decision theory. A solution is proposed, which involved positing “principles” as a set of intentional states associated direction with actions. A formal representation is developed, and the attractions of the model, from the standpoint of representing a variety of different social interaction types, are then touted.Less

Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: Can Savage Salvage Everettian Probability?

Huw Price

in Many Worlds?: Everett, Quantum Theory, and Reality

Critics object that the Everett view cannot make sense of quantum probabilities, in one or both of two ways: either it cannot make sense of probability at all, or it cannot explain why probability ... More

Critics object that the Everett view cannot make sense of quantum probabilities, in one or both of two ways: either it cannot make sense of probability at all, or it cannot explain why probability should be governed by the Born rule. David Deutsch has attempted to meet these objections by appealing to an Everettian version of Savage's rational decision theory. Deutsch argues not only that an analogue of classical decision under uncertainty makes sense in an Everett world; but also that under reasonable assumptions, the betting odds of a rational Everettian agent should be constrained by the Born rule. Deutsch's proposal has been defended and developed by David Wallace, and in a different form by Hilary Greaves. This chapter offers some objections to the Deutsch–Wallace–Greaves argument, focussing in particular on the supposed analogy with classical decision under uncertainty.Less

Diminishing Returns: A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland

Freya Johnston

in Samuel Johnson and the Art of Sinking 1709-1791

Tracing Johnson's pursuit of domestic particulars, this chapter examines the challenges they pose to the dignity of his style. It examines ‘little’ as a complex word which unites the impulses to ... More

Tracing Johnson's pursuit of domestic particulars, this chapter examines the challenges they pose to the dignity of his style. It examines ‘little’ as a complex word which unites the impulses to elevate and depreciate the low detail or character; Johnson's use of the terms ‘elegance’ and ‘inelegance’ as an index of the Scots' advance towards English standards of civility; and his employment of litotes throughout the Journey and the Life of Savage, in order to suspend before his reader a scrupulous indecision about social and intellectual progress. The prevalence of litotes in Johnson's writing indicates his logical fuzziness. It is argued that his powers of description need not resolve themselves into wholehearted truths or falsehoods, exclusions or inclusions, sense or nonsense.Less

Romantic Indians and their Inventors

Tim Fulford

in Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture 1756-1830

This chapter considers the history of contact between Indians, Britons, and colonists in the 18th and early-19th century. It investigates the changing forms of representation of each group by the ... More

This chapter considers the history of contact between Indians, Britons, and colonists in the 18th and early-19th century. It investigates the changing forms of representation of each group by the others in the context of empire, war, and colonial encounters. It also considers theoretical debates about white representations of indigenous peoples.Less

War Stories and Tales from the Frontier

Tim Fulford

in Romantic Indians: Native Americans, British Literature, and Transatlantic Culture 1756-1830

This chapter describes in detail captivity narratives and soldiers' memoirs from the Seven Years' War and the War of Independence of their encounters with Indians.