Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by ...
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Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by employers, coal miners exercised both voice and exit. The voice came in the form of collective action either through the formation of labor unions or labor strikes. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) enhanced the welfare of their members in several ways. Within the coal industry, miners obtained higher wages by joining the union and striking. The union did not necessarily lead to a better situation in all phases of the job, however. Accident rates were no lower in union than in non-union mines, nor was the quality of sanitation better, holding other factors constant. Blacks were welcomed into the union in the mining areas where they had long been located, but a number of union locals in the North treated blacks as pariahs. The UMWA was crushed along with the coal operators by the deterioration of the industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s.Less
Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by employers, coal miners exercised both voice and exit. The voice came in the form of collective action either through the formation of labor unions or labor strikes. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) enhanced the welfare of their members in several ways. Within the coal industry, miners obtained higher wages by joining the union and striking. The union did not necessarily lead to a better situation in all phases of the job, however. Accident rates were no lower in union than in non-union mines, nor was the quality of sanitation better, holding other factors constant. Blacks were welcomed into the union in the mining areas where they had long been located, but a number of union locals in the North treated blacks as pariahs. The UMWA was crushed along with the coal operators by the deterioration of the industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Philippe Cullet and Sujith Koonan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198070818
- eISBN:
- 9780199080762
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070818.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
India's dependence on water is critical owing to its large agricultural base, the water needs of its billion-plus population, and the recent economic growth trends. Despite the plethora of material ...
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India's dependence on water is critical owing to its large agricultural base, the water needs of its billion-plus population, and the recent economic growth trends. Despite the plethora of material on environmental law, legal scholarship on water law in particular has been negligible. This book discusses the policy framework for the use of water in India. It also brings out the complexity in the structure of laws due to variations at the levels of their implementation, i.e., at the international, national, state, municipal, and panchayat levels. It covers a wide range of issues such as centre-state relations; management, appropriation, and control of water; irrigation; sanitation; drinking water; ground water; pollution; and water-dependent activities like power generation, and fisheries. The book further explores water-related environmental and health concerns. The work also examines the importance of various conflict resolution processes for resolving water-related disputes. It offers a range of legal ideas on water management in India, and thus, provides crucial insights into the field.Less
India's dependence on water is critical owing to its large agricultural base, the water needs of its billion-plus population, and the recent economic growth trends. Despite the plethora of material on environmental law, legal scholarship on water law in particular has been negligible. This book discusses the policy framework for the use of water in India. It also brings out the complexity in the structure of laws due to variations at the levels of their implementation, i.e., at the international, national, state, municipal, and panchayat levels. It covers a wide range of issues such as centre-state relations; management, appropriation, and control of water; irrigation; sanitation; drinking water; ground water; pollution; and water-dependent activities like power generation, and fisheries. The book further explores water-related environmental and health concerns. The work also examines the importance of various conflict resolution processes for resolving water-related disputes. It offers a range of legal ideas on water management in India, and thus, provides crucial insights into the field.
John Walley and John Wright (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, ...
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Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization, and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Public Health is an action guide to improving public/community health, with a particular focus on low- to middle-income countries. It explains public health approaches to developing effective health services and preventive programmes. This Second Edition contains real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring an important subject to life for the reader. The book covers the essential clinical services and preventive programmes — including those for TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases — and the integrated management of childhood and adult illnesses. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working with communities to develop health services; and the development of hospital, health centre, and community health services — particularly mother, neonatal, and child health services — are explained. Additionally, gender, social, and economic influences on communities' health are explored.Less
Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization, and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Public Health is an action guide to improving public/community health, with a particular focus on low- to middle-income countries. It explains public health approaches to developing effective health services and preventive programmes. This Second Edition contains real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring an important subject to life for the reader. The book covers the essential clinical services and preventive programmes — including those for TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases — and the integrated management of childhood and adult illnesses. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working with communities to develop health services; and the development of hospital, health centre, and community health services — particularly mother, neonatal, and child health services — are explained. Additionally, gender, social, and economic influences on communities' health are explored.
S.C. Dube
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077312
- eISBN:
- 9780199081158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077312.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of ...
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This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of their livelihood. It identifies the co-operations and Acts that would change the Kamars' way of life, such as the Land Alienation Act and the Multi-Purpose Co-operative Organizations. It then addresses the effects of the elimination of the money-lenders in Kamar society, the reorganization of the administrative system, and the introduction of education into the tribes. Finally, the chapter focuses on the problem of public health and sanitation that the Kamars face, and the presence of certain unacceptable practices, such as forced labour. The attitudes towards these changes are also considered.Less
This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of their livelihood. It identifies the co-operations and Acts that would change the Kamars' way of life, such as the Land Alienation Act and the Multi-Purpose Co-operative Organizations. It then addresses the effects of the elimination of the money-lenders in Kamar society, the reorganization of the administrative system, and the introduction of education into the tribes. Finally, the chapter focuses on the problem of public health and sanitation that the Kamars face, and the presence of certain unacceptable practices, such as forced labour. The attitudes towards these changes are also considered.
Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic ...
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This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic conditions in Africa — such as poverty, inequality, lack of transport, lack of sanitary infrastructure, and lack of access to medical care — that contribute to poor health in general and consequently high rates of HIV transmission. Widespread malnutrition, malaria, schistosomiasis, and other parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa contribute to higher risk of HIV transmission. This economic/biomedical conclusion implies a broad policy response for confronting HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.Less
This chapter examines the economic and health variables that distinguish sub-Saharan Africa from affluent countries which have lower rates of HIV. It shows the biomedical effects of economic conditions in Africa — such as poverty, inequality, lack of transport, lack of sanitary infrastructure, and lack of access to medical care — that contribute to poor health in general and consequently high rates of HIV transmission. Widespread malnutrition, malaria, schistosomiasis, and other parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa contribute to higher risk of HIV transmission. This economic/biomedical conclusion implies a broad policy response for confronting HIV/AIDS in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Caroline M. Barron
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199257775
- eISBN:
- 9780191717758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257775.003.08
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the emergence of the civic bureaucracy or civil service which implemented the decisions taken in the Courts of Aldermen and Common Council. The emergence of the three most ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of the civic bureaucracy or civil service which implemented the decisions taken in the Courts of Aldermen and Common Council. The emergence of the three most important officers — the Recorder, Chamberlain and Common Clerk (responsible respectively for legal , financial and secretarial matters) — is first discussed. This is followed by the charting of the burgeoning of the civil service to include a host of more specialised officers with responsibilities ranging from sanitation to oversight of the river Thames.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of the civic bureaucracy or civil service which implemented the decisions taken in the Courts of Aldermen and Common Council. The emergence of the three most important officers — the Recorder, Chamberlain and Common Clerk (responsible respectively for legal , financial and secretarial matters) — is first discussed. This is followed by the charting of the burgeoning of the civil service to include a host of more specialised officers with responsibilities ranging from sanitation to oversight of the river Thames.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Every year, billions of dollars of environmental aid flow from the rich governments of the North to the poor governments of the South. Why do donors provide this aid? What do they seek to achieve? ...
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Every year, billions of dollars of environmental aid flow from the rich governments of the North to the poor governments of the South. Why do donors provide this aid? What do they seek to achieve? How effective is the aid given? And does it always go to the places of greatest environmental need? From the first Earth Summit in Stockholm in 1972 to the G8 Gleneagles meeting in 2005, the issue of the impact of aid on the global environment has been the subject of vigorous protest and debate. How much progress has there been in improving environmental protection and clean-up in the developing world? What explains the patterns of environmental aid spending and distribution — is it designed to address real problems, achieve geopolitical or commercial gains abroad, or buy political mileage at home? And what are the consequences for the estimated 4 million people that die each year from air pollution, unsafe drinking water, and lack of sanitation? This book aims to answer these questions. It evaluates the likely environment impact of over 400,000 development projects by more than fifty donors to over 170 recipient nations between 1970 and 2001. The book examines what is happening in foreign assistance and its impact on the environment. It explains major trends and shifts over the last three decades, ranks donors according to their performance, and offers case studies which compare and contrast donors and types of environmental aid.Less
Every year, billions of dollars of environmental aid flow from the rich governments of the North to the poor governments of the South. Why do donors provide this aid? What do they seek to achieve? How effective is the aid given? And does it always go to the places of greatest environmental need? From the first Earth Summit in Stockholm in 1972 to the G8 Gleneagles meeting in 2005, the issue of the impact of aid on the global environment has been the subject of vigorous protest and debate. How much progress has there been in improving environmental protection and clean-up in the developing world? What explains the patterns of environmental aid spending and distribution — is it designed to address real problems, achieve geopolitical or commercial gains abroad, or buy political mileage at home? And what are the consequences for the estimated 4 million people that die each year from air pollution, unsafe drinking water, and lack of sanitation? This book aims to answer these questions. It evaluates the likely environment impact of over 400,000 development projects by more than fifty donors to over 170 recipient nations between 1970 and 2001. The book examines what is happening in foreign assistance and its impact on the environment. It explains major trends and shifts over the last three decades, ranks donors according to their performance, and offers case studies which compare and contrast donors and types of environmental aid.
John Walley, Roger Webber, and Andrew Collins
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.003.014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter argues that water, sanitation, and hygiene as well as TB, HIV, malaria, and other major communicable diseases can be controlled with cost-effective interventions. Effective control ...
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This chapter argues that water, sanitation, and hygiene as well as TB, HIV, malaria, and other major communicable diseases can be controlled with cost-effective interventions. Effective control depends on knowledge of the epidemiology and control interventions as well as knowledge of the local situation. Commonly, a combination of preventive and treatment interventions is needed.Less
This chapter argues that water, sanitation, and hygiene as well as TB, HIV, malaria, and other major communicable diseases can be controlled with cost-effective interventions. Effective control depends on knowledge of the epidemiology and control interventions as well as knowledge of the local situation. Commonly, a combination of preventive and treatment interventions is needed.
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter deals with company towns and examines company ownership of housing. In part, the companies used their ownership to break labor strikes. Yet both the coal miners and the company actually ...
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This chapter deals with company towns and examines company ownership of housing. In part, the companies used their ownership to break labor strikes. Yet both the coal miners and the company actually gained from company ownership of housing given the fluctuating nature of coal demand and the contracting problems that arise because the mine was the only source of employment in isolated coal towns. In addition to housing, company towns also provided services, like sanitation and supplements to schooling, that were typically provided by local governments. This chapter shows the results of statistical comparisons of the quality of life and sanitation in company towns and independent towns. On average, sanitation in coal towns was similar to sanitation in smaller communities and rural areas, although it was lagging behind the quality of sanitation offered in major cities.Less
This chapter deals with company towns and examines company ownership of housing. In part, the companies used their ownership to break labor strikes. Yet both the coal miners and the company actually gained from company ownership of housing given the fluctuating nature of coal demand and the contracting problems that arise because the mine was the only source of employment in isolated coal towns. In addition to housing, company towns also provided services, like sanitation and supplements to schooling, that were typically provided by local governments. This chapter shows the results of statistical comparisons of the quality of life and sanitation in company towns and independent towns. On average, sanitation in coal towns was similar to sanitation in smaller communities and rural areas, although it was lagging behind the quality of sanitation offered in major cities.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were ...
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This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.Less
This chapter considers the changes taking place in preventive medicine in the army and in civilian life in the run up to the First World War. It shows how various elements of preventive medicine were enmeshed with emergent notions of citizenship and ideas of masculinity and morality. It begins by examining various aspects of sanitation and hygiene from the battlefield and the trenches, through to hygienic education and relations with civilians and imperial labour corps. It then moves on to consider inoculation against typhoid — the disease which claimed so many lives during the South African War — and the army's fight against those who were opposed to the measure on grounds of principle. It ends by looking at the problem of venereal disease in France and Belgium and the awkward political compromises into which the army was forced when dealing with it.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. ...
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In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.Less
In Gallipoli medical evacuation was hampered by unrealistic casualty estimates, poor planning of sea-borne evacuation, and a general failure of communication between commanders and medical staff. High levels of disease and poor sanitary discipline also meant that sickness rates were far higher than they had been on the Western Front. These medical failures contributed to loss confidence in the management of the campaign and were examined by the Dardanelles Commission appointed in 1916. This chapter explains why medical arrangements were so much worse than on the Western Front, paying particular attention to the exclusion of medical officers from headquarters in the vital planning stages of the operation. It ends by considering the verdict of the Dardanelles Commission and the expectations of witnesses summoned before it.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in ...
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From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.Less
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.
James C. Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162318
- eISBN:
- 9780199788910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162318.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The fire policy rekindled dissension within the Hawaiian Medical Society, which initially voted no confidence in the Board of Health. Those favoring traditional sanitation approaches to public health ...
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The fire policy rekindled dissension within the Hawaiian Medical Society, which initially voted no confidence in the Board of Health. Those favoring traditional sanitation approaches to public health urged the complete destruction of Chinatown as inherently unhealthy; bacteriologists agreed with the Board physicians that policies targeting the pestis bacillus were the right ones.Less
The fire policy rekindled dissension within the Hawaiian Medical Society, which initially voted no confidence in the Board of Health. Those favoring traditional sanitation approaches to public health urged the complete destruction of Chinatown as inherently unhealthy; bacteriologists agreed with the Board physicians that policies targeting the pestis bacillus were the right ones.
Donald T. Lauria, Dale Whittington, Kyeongae Choe, Cynthia Turingan, and Virginia Abiad
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The average WTP for a sewer connection and treatment plant was less than 1% of income for most households. Respondents given time to think about their willingness‐to‐pay consistently bid less than ...
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The average WTP for a sewer connection and treatment plant was less than 1% of income for most households. Respondents given time to think about their willingness‐to‐pay consistently bid less than those who were given no time to think. Average WTP showed little variation, whether calculated directly from discrete choice data using a logit model or from a final question on the households’ maximum WTP for a sewer connection.Less
The average WTP for a sewer connection and treatment plant was less than 1% of income for most households. Respondents given time to think about their willingness‐to‐pay consistently bid less than those who were given no time to think. Average WTP showed little variation, whether calculated directly from discrete choice data using a logit model or from a final question on the households’ maximum WTP for a sewer connection.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses trends in environmentally damaging, environmentally neutral, and environmentally beneficial aid over the last two decades. It is shown that in a relatively short period of ...
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This chapter discusses trends in environmentally damaging, environmentally neutral, and environmentally beneficial aid over the last two decades. It is shown that in a relatively short period of time, donors have substantially cut funding for development projects that damage the environment, while modestly increasing assistance for environmental protection/remediation, and steeply ramping up ‘do-no-harm’ projects that fall somewhere in between. Four types of environmental aid are examined to determine the causal mechanisms that purportedly drive aid allocation. The chapter discusses two issues of global concern: biodiversity loss and climate change. It then looks at aid for local environmental issues, which recipient governments often deem the most critical: land use and desertification. Finally, patterns in aid for water and sanitation projects are considered.Less
This chapter discusses trends in environmentally damaging, environmentally neutral, and environmentally beneficial aid over the last two decades. It is shown that in a relatively short period of time, donors have substantially cut funding for development projects that damage the environment, while modestly increasing assistance for environmental protection/remediation, and steeply ramping up ‘do-no-harm’ projects that fall somewhere in between. Four types of environmental aid are examined to determine the causal mechanisms that purportedly drive aid allocation. The chapter discusses two issues of global concern: biodiversity loss and climate change. It then looks at aid for local environmental issues, which recipient governments often deem the most critical: land use and desertification. Finally, patterns in aid for water and sanitation projects are considered.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
An econometric model is set up with the aim of explaining the inter‐country difference in child mortality, and also in the prevalence of underweight among young children. The subsequent tests suggest ...
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An econometric model is set up with the aim of explaining the inter‐country difference in child mortality, and also in the prevalence of underweight among young children. The subsequent tests suggest that (low) per‐capita income is by far the most significant determinant of both mortality and underweight. Also, income‐level adjusted measurements of adult literacy, provision of basic public services (health care, sanitation, and safe water), and a dummy variable for sub‐Saharan African countries, turn out significant. All in all, the model explains some 80% of the inter‐country (73 observations) variation in child mortality. The test of child underweight is somewhat less powerful: per‐capita income, degree of urbanization, and a dummy for the six South Asian countries, explain some two‐thirds of the inter‐country variance.Less
An econometric model is set up with the aim of explaining the inter‐country difference in child mortality, and also in the prevalence of underweight among young children. The subsequent tests suggest that (low) per‐capita income is by far the most significant determinant of both mortality and underweight. Also, income‐level adjusted measurements of adult literacy, provision of basic public services (health care, sanitation, and safe water), and a dummy variable for sub‐Saharan African countries, turn out significant. All in all, the model explains some 80% of the inter‐country (73 observations) variation in child mortality. The test of child underweight is somewhat less powerful: per‐capita income, degree of urbanization, and a dummy for the six South Asian countries, explain some two‐thirds of the inter‐country variance.
Kala Seetharam Sridhar and A. Venugopala Reddy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198065388
- eISBN:
- 9780199081264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198065388.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on Ahmedabad, which is the largest city in Gujarat. The chapter begins with a section on the socio-economic characteristics of the city, including a profile of its labour force. ...
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This chapter focuses on Ahmedabad, which is the largest city in Gujarat. The chapter begins with a section on the socio-economic characteristics of the city, including a profile of its labour force. This is followed by the city's governance and institutional arrangements — the city is administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) — and its corresponding services. A comprehensive list of these services is provided in the chapter. The next section is on the contributions of land sales and/or leasing to the revenues of the AMC. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the relationship of expenditure and service delivery, and examines the available expenditure on various services such as water supply, sanitation, municipal roads, solid waste management, and sewerage.Less
This chapter focuses on Ahmedabad, which is the largest city in Gujarat. The chapter begins with a section on the socio-economic characteristics of the city, including a profile of its labour force. This is followed by the city's governance and institutional arrangements — the city is administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) — and its corresponding services. A comprehensive list of these services is provided in the chapter. The next section is on the contributions of land sales and/or leasing to the revenues of the AMC. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the relationship of expenditure and service delivery, and examines the available expenditure on various services such as water supply, sanitation, municipal roads, solid waste management, and sewerage.
Kala Seetharam Sridhar and A. Venugopala Reddy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198065388
- eISBN:
- 9780199081264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198065388.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the municipal corporations in Kolkata, and focuses on the central city of Kolkata. In terms of population, Kolkata is easily the seventh biggest city in the world, and the ...
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This chapter discusses the municipal corporations in Kolkata, and focuses on the central city of Kolkata. In terms of population, Kolkata is easily the seventh biggest city in the world, and the second biggest city in India. There are three municipal corporations in the city, namely, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), the Howrah Municipal Corporation, and the Chandannagar Municipal Corporation. After looking at the socio-economic characteristics of the city, the chapter studies the expenditure allotted for services such as solid waste management, water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. A comparison of the real expenditures and the financial norms for these specified services is provided. The chapter also analyses if spending is one of the possible causes of the current state of service delivery. The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA), which handles the land in the KMC area, is also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the municipal corporations in Kolkata, and focuses on the central city of Kolkata. In terms of population, Kolkata is easily the seventh biggest city in the world, and the second biggest city in India. There are three municipal corporations in the city, namely, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), the Howrah Municipal Corporation, and the Chandannagar Municipal Corporation. After looking at the socio-economic characteristics of the city, the chapter studies the expenditure allotted for services such as solid waste management, water supply, sanitation, and sewerage. A comparison of the real expenditures and the financial norms for these specified services is provided. The chapter also analyses if spending is one of the possible causes of the current state of service delivery. The Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA), which handles the land in the KMC area, is also discussed.
Kala Seetharam Sridhar and A. Venugopala Reddy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198065388
- eISBN:
- 9780199081264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198065388.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter studies the land leasing and sales practices in Jaipur. Jaipur is known for being the very first planned city in India, as well as the capital of Rajasthan. The first part of the chapter ...
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This chapter studies the land leasing and sales practices in Jaipur. Jaipur is known for being the very first planned city in India, as well as the capital of Rajasthan. The first part of the chapter discusses the socio-economic characteristics of Jaipur, including the categories of workers, the constituents of the Jaipur region, and the revenue the city gets from land sales and leasing. It notes that, in terms of land use, master plan, and building bye-laws, the Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the one responsible for planning, while the JDA and the Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) are responsible for operations, maintenance, and implementation. The second half of the chapter looks at the expenditure and service delivery of Jaipur, particularly on the city's water supply, sanitation, sewerage, and solid waste management.Less
This chapter studies the land leasing and sales practices in Jaipur. Jaipur is known for being the very first planned city in India, as well as the capital of Rajasthan. The first part of the chapter discusses the socio-economic characteristics of Jaipur, including the categories of workers, the constituents of the Jaipur region, and the revenue the city gets from land sales and leasing. It notes that, in terms of land use, master plan, and building bye-laws, the Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the one responsible for planning, while the JDA and the Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) are responsible for operations, maintenance, and implementation. The second half of the chapter looks at the expenditure and service delivery of Jaipur, particularly on the city's water supply, sanitation, sewerage, and solid waste management.
Kala Seetharam Sridhar and A. Venugopala Reddy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198065388
- eISBN:
- 9780199081264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198065388.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter considers the case of Bangalore, which is located about 840 to 940 metres above the sea level. The city is also the fifth largest metropolitan area in India. It is noted that these ...
More
This chapter considers the case of Bangalore, which is located about 840 to 940 metres above the sea level. The city is also the fifth largest metropolitan area in India. It is noted that these topographical characteristics seem to contribute to increasing the cost of certain public services, such as water supply. Before discussing the city's expenditure and service delivery on these types of public services, the socio-economic characteristics of Bangalore are provided. A summary of the revenues of the Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) and the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is included. Finally, a detailed examination of the city's expenditure on locally provided public services is provided. This examination reveals that the expenditure on sewerage, water supply, and labour-intensive services is below the national average.Less
This chapter considers the case of Bangalore, which is located about 840 to 940 metres above the sea level. The city is also the fifth largest metropolitan area in India. It is noted that these topographical characteristics seem to contribute to increasing the cost of certain public services, such as water supply. Before discussing the city's expenditure and service delivery on these types of public services, the socio-economic characteristics of Bangalore are provided. A summary of the revenues of the Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) and the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) is included. Finally, a detailed examination of the city's expenditure on locally provided public services is provided. This examination reveals that the expenditure on sewerage, water supply, and labour-intensive services is below the national average.
