Terryl C. Givens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167115
- eISBN:
- 9780199785599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167115.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Disapproval of theater goes back to the Puritans, and was typical in most religious traditions. Mormons built the Salt Lake Theatre soon after arrival in the Valley. Young forebad tragedy, but it ...
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Disapproval of theater goes back to the Puritans, and was typical in most religious traditions. Mormons built the Salt Lake Theatre soon after arrival in the Valley. Young forebad tragedy, but it flourished anyway. They pioneered little theater and the road show. Several pageants continue to be more evangelistic than dramatic.Less
Disapproval of theater goes back to the Puritans, and was typical in most religious traditions. Mormons built the Salt Lake Theatre soon after arrival in the Valley. Young forebad tragedy, but it flourished anyway. They pioneered little theater and the road show. Several pageants continue to be more evangelistic than dramatic.
Frank H. Herbstein
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198526605
- eISBN:
- 9780191712142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526605.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
The phenomenon of high electrical conductivity in some organic crystals appears to be associated with stacked arrangements of radical ions of electron donors and/or acceptors. A variety of chemical ...
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The phenomenon of high electrical conductivity in some organic crystals appears to be associated with stacked arrangements of radical ions of electron donors and/or acceptors. A variety of chemical types has been developed, principally based on the parent donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and the parent acceptor tetracycanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). TTF cation radical salts and TCNQ anion radical salts have stacked structures with marked anisotropy of arrangement and physical properties, and hence are termed ‘quasi-one dimensional’. However, lateral interactions between stacks lead to a measure of two-dimensional character in some salts, and this is taking on increasing importance with the development of some of the newer types of donor and acceptor. The degree of stacking ranges from π-dimeric pairs to stacks of infinite length — the longer stacks often contain dimeric or tetradic sub-groupings, particularly in the TCNQ radical anion salts. In the cation radical-anion radical salts, there are segregated stacks of cation and anion radicals. {[TTF][TCNQ]} itself has monad stacks in its averaged structure, but there are also examples of diad stacks. The phase transitions in {[TTF][TCNQ]} below 54 K are unusual, the drastic drop in stack axis conductivity on cooling below 54 K not being accompanied by appreciable changes in average moiety arrangement. Studies of the very weak diffuse scattering above 54 K and the weak satellite reflections below 54 K lead to a model in which the high resistivity below 54 K is accounted for by pinned charge density waves (CDW), which become mobile above the phase transitions. In the temperature region from 54 K up to 300 K, the conductivity can be explained semi-quantitatively by a combination of CDW and single phonon scattering.Less
The phenomenon of high electrical conductivity in some organic crystals appears to be associated with stacked arrangements of radical ions of electron donors and/or acceptors. A variety of chemical types has been developed, principally based on the parent donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and the parent acceptor tetracycanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). TTF cation radical salts and TCNQ anion radical salts have stacked structures with marked anisotropy of arrangement and physical properties, and hence are termed ‘quasi-one dimensional’. However, lateral interactions between stacks lead to a measure of two-dimensional character in some salts, and this is taking on increasing importance with the development of some of the newer types of donor and acceptor. The degree of stacking ranges from π-dimeric pairs to stacks of infinite length — the longer stacks often contain dimeric or tetradic sub-groupings, particularly in the TCNQ radical anion salts. In the cation radical-anion radical salts, there are segregated stacks of cation and anion radicals. {[TTF][TCNQ]} itself has monad stacks in its averaged structure, but there are also examples of diad stacks. The phase transitions in {[TTF][TCNQ]} below 54 K are unusual, the drastic drop in stack axis conductivity on cooling below 54 K not being accompanied by appreciable changes in average moiety arrangement. Studies of the very weak diffuse scattering above 54 K and the weak satellite reflections below 54 K lead to a model in which the high resistivity below 54 K is accounted for by pinned charge density waves (CDW), which become mobile above the phase transitions. In the temperature region from 54 K up to 300 K, the conductivity can be explained semi-quantitatively by a combination of CDW and single phonon scattering.
Gary A. Glatzmaier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141725
- eISBN:
- 9781400848904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141725.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then ...
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This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then the “semiconvection” instability before discussing the possibility that the onsets of these instabilities at marginal stability have an amplitude that oscillates in time. The goal is to find the conditions that would result in a zero growth rate of the oscillation amplitude in order to determine the marginal stability constraint on the Rayleigh numbers for the onset of an oscillating instability. The chapter also shows how, after evolving beyond the onset of the instability, thermal diffusion between the moving parcel and the surroundings can alter the initial linear vertical profile of the horizontal-mean temperature into a “staircase” profile. This evolution of the temperature profile is investigated via nonlinear simulations.Less
This chapter discusses double-diffusive convection, with a particular focus on the initial instability and eventual nonlinear evolution. It first considers the “salt-fingering” instability and then the “semiconvection” instability before discussing the possibility that the onsets of these instabilities at marginal stability have an amplitude that oscillates in time. The goal is to find the conditions that would result in a zero growth rate of the oscillation amplitude in order to determine the marginal stability constraint on the Rayleigh numbers for the onset of an oscillating instability. The chapter also shows how, after evolving beyond the onset of the instability, thermal diffusion between the moving parcel and the surroundings can alter the initial linear vertical profile of the horizontal-mean temperature into a “staircase” profile. This evolution of the temperature profile is investigated via nonlinear simulations.
Ernest H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal ...
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The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal waters. The intertidal gradient from high and dry to continuously submerged strongly affects plants and animals because the physical conditions for life change so dramatically over such a short distance. A number of observations described in this chapter reflect the differences across the intertidal zone.Less
The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal waters. The intertidal gradient from high and dry to continuously submerged strongly affects plants and animals because the physical conditions for life change so dramatically over such a short distance. A number of observations described in this chapter reflect the differences across the intertidal zone.
Jack J. Middelburg, Carlos M. Duarte, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and ...
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This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.Less
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.
Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses how mangrove trees adapt to their environment. Topics covered include adaptations to waterlogged soil, coping with salt, the cost of survival, inorganic nutrients, reproductive ...
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This chapter discusses how mangrove trees adapt to their environment. Topics covered include adaptations to waterlogged soil, coping with salt, the cost of survival, inorganic nutrients, reproductive adaptations, and why mangroves are tropical.Less
This chapter discusses how mangrove trees adapt to their environment. Topics covered include adaptations to waterlogged soil, coping with salt, the cost of survival, inorganic nutrients, reproductive adaptations, and why mangroves are tropical.
Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, ...
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This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.Less
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.
Charles Ramble
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154146
- eISBN:
- 9780199868513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154146.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
The community of Te, the focus of this book, is located within the modern‐day Nepalese district of Mustang. The aim of this chapter is to situate Mustang within the historical and political context ...
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The community of Te, the focus of this book, is located within the modern‐day Nepalese district of Mustang. The aim of this chapter is to situate Mustang within the historical and political context of Nepal. The fortunes of Mustang are traced from the creation of the kingdom of Lo (to which it corresponds in geographical extent) in the 15th century. Lo later became a vassal of the kingdom of Jumla, to the west, and its territory disintegrated into several autonomous enclaves. The rise of the Gorkhas in the 18th century resulted in the absorption of Lo/Mustang into the nascent state of Nepal. Under Nepal's Rana regime (1846–1951), Mustang was dominated by the Thakalis, whose monopoly of the salt trade brought them political and judicial privileges. Particular attention is given to the ethnically Tibetan enclave of Baragaon, and to the cluster of five villages called the Shöyul, where Te is located.Less
The community of Te, the focus of this book, is located within the modern‐day Nepalese district of Mustang. The aim of this chapter is to situate Mustang within the historical and political context of Nepal. The fortunes of Mustang are traced from the creation of the kingdom of Lo (to which it corresponds in geographical extent) in the 15th century. Lo later became a vassal of the kingdom of Jumla, to the west, and its territory disintegrated into several autonomous enclaves. The rise of the Gorkhas in the 18th century resulted in the absorption of Lo/Mustang into the nascent state of Nepal. Under Nepal's Rana regime (1846–1951), Mustang was dominated by the Thakalis, whose monopoly of the salt trade brought them political and judicial privileges. Particular attention is given to the ethnically Tibetan enclave of Baragaon, and to the cluster of five villages called the Shöyul, where Te is located.
Jan P. Bakker, Dries P.J. Kuijper, and Julia Stahl
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228973
- eISBN:
- 9780191711169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228973.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a ...
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Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.Less
Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.
Heather McKillop
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813025117
- eISBN:
- 9780813039497
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813025117.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization ...
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This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization while providing new insights on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene as well. Salt, basic to human existence, was scarce in the tropical rainforests of Belize and Guatemala, where the Classic Maya civilization thrived between A.D. 300 and 900. The prevailing interpretation has been that salt was imported from the north coast of the Yucatan. However, the underwater discovery and excavation of salt works in Punta Ycacos Lagoon demonstrate that the Maya produced salt by boiling brine in pots over fires at specialized workshops on the Belizean coast. The Punta Ycacos salt works are clear evidence that craft specialization took place in a nondomestic setting and that production occurred away from the economic and political power of the urban Maya rulers, thus providing new clues to the Maya economy and sea trade. The book presents new data on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene that extend geologists' and geographers' sea-level curves from earlier eras. Likewise, it enters the environmental-versus-cultural debate over the Classic Maya collapse by evaluating the factors that led to the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt works at the end of the Classic Period, synonymous with the abandonment of inland Maya cities.Less
This book reports the discovery, excavation, and interpretation of Late Classic Maya salt works on the coast of Belize, transforming our knowledge of the Maya salt trade and craft specialization while providing new insights on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene as well. Salt, basic to human existence, was scarce in the tropical rainforests of Belize and Guatemala, where the Classic Maya civilization thrived between A.D. 300 and 900. The prevailing interpretation has been that salt was imported from the north coast of the Yucatan. However, the underwater discovery and excavation of salt works in Punta Ycacos Lagoon demonstrate that the Maya produced salt by boiling brine in pots over fires at specialized workshops on the Belizean coast. The Punta Ycacos salt works are clear evidence that craft specialization took place in a nondomestic setting and that production occurred away from the economic and political power of the urban Maya rulers, thus providing new clues to the Maya economy and sea trade. The book presents new data on sea-level rise in the Late Holocene that extend geologists' and geographers' sea-level curves from earlier eras. Likewise, it enters the environmental-versus-cultural debate over the Classic Maya collapse by evaluating the factors that led to the abandonment of the Punta Ycacos salt works at the end of the Classic Period, synonymous with the abandonment of inland Maya cities.
Yulian Wu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804798112
- eISBN:
- 9781503600799
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804798112.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book explores the transformation of Huizhou salt merchants’ social and political status in eighteenth-century China. These merchants left their homes in the remote countryside of Huizhou, ...
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This book explores the transformation of Huizhou salt merchants’ social and political status in eighteenth-century China. These merchants left their homes in the remote countryside of Huizhou, conducting business and sojourning in the most prosperous part of the Qing empire (1644-1911), the Lower Yangzi valley. Benefiting from the new salt monopoly policies instituted by Manchu emperors, they became one of the wealthiest merchant groups of the High Qing period (1683-1839).Less
This book explores the transformation of Huizhou salt merchants’ social and political status in eighteenth-century China. These merchants left their homes in the remote countryside of Huizhou, conducting business and sojourning in the most prosperous part of the Qing empire (1644-1911), the Lower Yangzi valley. Benefiting from the new salt monopoly policies instituted by Manchu emperors, they became one of the wealthiest merchant groups of the High Qing period (1683-1839).
Andrew Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562596
- eISBN:
- 9780191721458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562596.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter reviews some possible ways to quantify trade in the Roman period, and their inherent methodological and evidential problems. While it is easy to demonstrate the existence of trade, ...
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This chapter reviews some possible ways to quantify trade in the Roman period, and their inherent methodological and evidential problems. While it is easy to demonstrate the existence of trade, especially long-distance trade, quantification is much more difficult, given the ways in which the archaeological record acts to filter what originally existed. The chapter looks at possible ways of identifying short-distance trade, and examines several case studies of longer distance trade. These include different interpretations of A. J. Parker's graphs of shipwrecks over time, and ways of analyzing an expanded wreck dataset in greater detail; the use of amphorae as a marker for trade; and the production and trade of salted fish, measured by production capacity of salting factories. Finally, it examines the approach of E. Fentress et al. to measuring trade in African Red-slip ware, and discusses the potential for applying this methodology to other classes of pottery.Less
This chapter reviews some possible ways to quantify trade in the Roman period, and their inherent methodological and evidential problems. While it is easy to demonstrate the existence of trade, especially long-distance trade, quantification is much more difficult, given the ways in which the archaeological record acts to filter what originally existed. The chapter looks at possible ways of identifying short-distance trade, and examines several case studies of longer distance trade. These include different interpretations of A. J. Parker's graphs of shipwrecks over time, and ways of analyzing an expanded wreck dataset in greater detail; the use of amphorae as a marker for trade; and the production and trade of salted fish, measured by production capacity of salting factories. Finally, it examines the approach of E. Fentress et al. to measuring trade in African Red-slip ware, and discusses the potential for applying this methodology to other classes of pottery.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies ...
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Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.Less
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.
Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Chung Wai Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers ...
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Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers with the most common space groups. The basic crystal structures introduced include cubic closest packing (NaCl, CaF2, cubic ZnS, spinel compounds, etc.), hexagonal closest packing (hexagonal ZnS, NiAS, CdI2, α-Al2O3, rutile, etc.), body-centered cubic packing (α-AgI, CsCl, etc.). The final two sections of the chapter cover perovskite structure, including superconductors belonging to this structural type, and magnetic materials such as SmCo5, Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B.Less
Following an extensive discussion on the symmetry of crystals in the previous chapter, a large number of crystal structures of inorganic compounds are collected in this chapter to familiarize readers with the most common space groups. The basic crystal structures introduced include cubic closest packing (NaCl, CaF2, cubic ZnS, spinel compounds, etc.), hexagonal closest packing (hexagonal ZnS, NiAS, CdI2, α-Al2O3, rutile, etc.), body-centered cubic packing (α-AgI, CsCl, etc.). The final two sections of the chapter cover perovskite structure, including superconductors belonging to this structural type, and magnetic materials such as SmCo5, Sm2Co17 and Nd2Fe14B.
Annalisa Marzano
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199675623
- eISBN:
- 9780191757167
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world ...
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This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world and their role within the ancient economy. Bringing together literary, epigraphic, and legal sources, and archaeological data, the book shows that these marine resources were an important feature of the Roman economy and, in scope and market-oriented production, paralleled phenomena taking place in the Roman agricultural economy on land. The book offers an overview of fishing gear and techniques used in antiquity, and examines the importance of technological innovations and organization of labour. By looking at the legal sources alongside the archaeological and historical data, the book highlights cases when the Roman legal framework was used in defence of sea-related economic interests against competitors for the same natural resource. In addition to discussing the development in culinary taste for seafood and the social and symbolic value certain kinds of fresh fish could have, the book also discusses evidence for prices of fresh fish, transport, and distribution. The general conclusions reached by the book are that marine resources could have a notable role in the local and regional economies and that their exploitation was supported by a sophisticated organization, in terms of production, labour, and distribution of the products.Less
This book provides a systematic treatment of the exploitation of marine resources (e.g., large-scale fishing, fish salting, salt production, aquaculture, purple dye manufacturing), in the Roman world and their role within the ancient economy. Bringing together literary, epigraphic, and legal sources, and archaeological data, the book shows that these marine resources were an important feature of the Roman economy and, in scope and market-oriented production, paralleled phenomena taking place in the Roman agricultural economy on land. The book offers an overview of fishing gear and techniques used in antiquity, and examines the importance of technological innovations and organization of labour. By looking at the legal sources alongside the archaeological and historical data, the book highlights cases when the Roman legal framework was used in defence of sea-related economic interests against competitors for the same natural resource. In addition to discussing the development in culinary taste for seafood and the social and symbolic value certain kinds of fresh fish could have, the book also discusses evidence for prices of fresh fish, transport, and distribution. The general conclusions reached by the book are that marine resources could have a notable role in the local and regional economies and that their exploitation was supported by a sophisticated organization, in terms of production, labour, and distribution of the products.
Heather Mckillop
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813025117
- eISBN:
- 9780813039497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813025117.003.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part ...
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Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part of the Yucatan wherein several theorists alleged that the limited capability to transport bulk and huge amounts of good contributed to a scarcity of salt in the southern lowlands of Maya and Belize. However, recent fieldwork has showed a closer salt source than those in the northern Yucatan, casting a question on the viability of salt importation from the northern Yucatan to the southern Maya lowlands during the Late Classic civilization. This chapter discusses salt production in the Belize area which reduced or replaced the long-distance salt importation in the northern Yucatan and which made the lowland Maya politically and economically autonomous from the reigns of the inland Maya cities. With the discovery of the salt-production equipment and the Punta Ycacos salt works, this chapter aims to reevaluate the Late Classic Maya civilization, economy, and environment. While looking at salt production and the salt trade in the southern Maya lowlands, the chapter seeks to probe into the role of the environment in affecting cultural change. The following questions are sought to be answered in this chapter. These are: What was the response of the Late Classic Maya to the rising seas? Were communities abandoned with the rise of the threat of sea-level rise? What were the preventive measures taken by the Maya civilization to address sea-level rise? Did anthropogenic soil buildup from centuries of human garbage keep some communities above sea level?Less
Salt is basic to daily human existence, however, in the southern Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, salt was scarce. The prevailing theory suggests that salt was imported from the northern part of the Yucatan wherein several theorists alleged that the limited capability to transport bulk and huge amounts of good contributed to a scarcity of salt in the southern lowlands of Maya and Belize. However, recent fieldwork has showed a closer salt source than those in the northern Yucatan, casting a question on the viability of salt importation from the northern Yucatan to the southern Maya lowlands during the Late Classic civilization. This chapter discusses salt production in the Belize area which reduced or replaced the long-distance salt importation in the northern Yucatan and which made the lowland Maya politically and economically autonomous from the reigns of the inland Maya cities. With the discovery of the salt-production equipment and the Punta Ycacos salt works, this chapter aims to reevaluate the Late Classic Maya civilization, economy, and environment. While looking at salt production and the salt trade in the southern Maya lowlands, the chapter seeks to probe into the role of the environment in affecting cultural change. The following questions are sought to be answered in this chapter. These are: What was the response of the Late Classic Maya to the rising seas? Were communities abandoned with the rise of the threat of sea-level rise? What were the preventive measures taken by the Maya civilization to address sea-level rise? Did anthropogenic soil buildup from centuries of human garbage keep some communities above sea level?
Thomas C. Winter and Gene E. Likens
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520261198
- eISBN:
- 9780520944497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520261198.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This book has covered a 20-year study (1981 to 2000) on Mirror Lake, paying special attention to its geological and cultural history, physical and chemical characteristics, and measurement of its ...
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This book has covered a 20-year study (1981 to 2000) on Mirror Lake, paying special attention to its geological and cultural history, physical and chemical characteristics, and measurement of its hydrological components. This concluding chapter presents some of the observations documented in this 20-year study. First, the mass of the sulfate in the lake is decreasing. Second, increasing pH and decreasing sulfate concentrations were also correlated with similar changes in pH and sulfate levels from precipitation. Third, sodium and chloride increases in the lake are caused by road salting. Finally, data suggests that there are increased chemical concentrations in Mirror Lake, thus making it unproductive to this day.Less
This book has covered a 20-year study (1981 to 2000) on Mirror Lake, paying special attention to its geological and cultural history, physical and chemical characteristics, and measurement of its hydrological components. This concluding chapter presents some of the observations documented in this 20-year study. First, the mass of the sulfate in the lake is decreasing. Second, increasing pH and decreasing sulfate concentrations were also correlated with similar changes in pH and sulfate levels from precipitation. Third, sodium and chloride increases in the lake are caused by road salting. Finally, data suggests that there are increased chemical concentrations in Mirror Lake, thus making it unproductive to this day.
RUMINA SETHI
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183396
- eISBN:
- 9780191674020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183396.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter examines Gandhi's veneration of village communities, the significance of his fasts and the Salt March, his treatment of the caste system, and his contradictions and inconsistencies as a ...
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This chapter examines Gandhi's veneration of village communities, the significance of his fasts and the Salt March, his treatment of the caste system, and his contradictions and inconsistencies as a person and as a thinker within the overall consciousness of Rao's ritualized adoption of him in Kanthapura. The chapter demonstrates Rao's implicit bias towards brahminism which can be seen as a feature of chauvinist Hinduism employed by revivalist nationalists. The tensions between the brahminic and the Gandhian nationalist-puranic models may be neutralized or highlighted in varying political situations. The chapter also reviews the novel's turn towards socialism, and the author's intervention to ‘correct’ the historical turn of events by retreating into the Gandhian scheme. Posing a series of contradictions between Gandhi's ideals and principles and the way in which they have been written into the novel, the chapter exposes Rao's concern with presenting the historical moment in terms of a timeless past.Less
This chapter examines Gandhi's veneration of village communities, the significance of his fasts and the Salt March, his treatment of the caste system, and his contradictions and inconsistencies as a person and as a thinker within the overall consciousness of Rao's ritualized adoption of him in Kanthapura. The chapter demonstrates Rao's implicit bias towards brahminism which can be seen as a feature of chauvinist Hinduism employed by revivalist nationalists. The tensions between the brahminic and the Gandhian nationalist-puranic models may be neutralized or highlighted in varying political situations. The chapter also reviews the novel's turn towards socialism, and the author's intervention to ‘correct’ the historical turn of events by retreating into the Gandhian scheme. Posing a series of contradictions between Gandhi's ideals and principles and the way in which they have been written into the novel, the chapter exposes Rao's concern with presenting the historical moment in terms of a timeless past.
Kenneth Millard
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122258
- eISBN:
- 9780191671395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122258.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of ...
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John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of folklore and practical wisdom, those kinds of poetry which might be called non-literary. The book's prevailing mood is one of romantic adventure. Meanwhile, Dauber revealed Masefield was still worried by the relationship between artistic sensibility and the physical world, but here he found a solution. Although Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967, interest centred on his early career because it shows how his pragmatic commitment to literature, designed to curb the excesses of imaginative indulgence, governed his development and because his theme is an indication of the pressures inherent in Edwardian literature.Less
John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of folklore and practical wisdom, those kinds of poetry which might be called non-literary. The book's prevailing mood is one of romantic adventure. Meanwhile, Dauber revealed Masefield was still worried by the relationship between artistic sensibility and the physical world, but here he found a solution. Although Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967, interest centred on his early career because it shows how his pragmatic commitment to literature, designed to curb the excesses of imaginative indulgence, governed his development and because his theme is an indication of the pressures inherent in Edwardian literature.
M. Anwar Maun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198570356
- eISBN:
- 9780191916731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0013
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Oceanography and Hydrology
Salt spray is an important abiotic stress that affects plant and other biotic communities in the vicinity of sea coasts. Salt stress refers only to excess of ions in ...
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Salt spray is an important abiotic stress that affects plant and other biotic communities in the vicinity of sea coasts. Salt stress refers only to excess of ions in the environment, but along sea coasts it specifically involves increased amounts of Na+ and Cl− ions. Anyone who has visited a sea coast on windy days has experienced the landward movement of salt in the form of salt spray. Salisbury (1805) reported details of a marine storm in England following gale force winds from the east for one week. He writes: ‘On the 14th of January 1803, I observed an east window of my house, which had been cleaned a few days before, covered on the outside with an apparent hoar frost.’ Chemical analysis showed that it was salt from salt spray that had been deposited on plants, buildings and other objects. In spring of that year he made two observations: (i) plant taxa showed differential tolerance to salt spray and (ii) injury was more pronounced on the windward than the leeward sides of plants. Salt spray acts as a strong environmental stress and populations of biotic organisms have evolved traits that allow them to tolerate the effects of salt. The salt crystals also act as condensation nuclei in the air and damage plants by abrasion during wind storms. However, salt spray may also be beneficial because it improves plant growth by providing some essential nutrients. Many researchers have examined the role of salt spray on survival, distribution and growth form of plant species. In this chapter the effects of salt spray and soil salinity on seed germination, seedling survival and plant growth will be examined. Symptoms of injury to plants, mechanisms of salt tolerance and comparisons between plant species native to the coastal dunes will also be discussed. Three factors—wind speed, wave amplitude and wind direction—influence the formation of salt spray. Waves of high amplitude produce four basic types of breakers: surging, collapsing, plunging and spilling. The steepest waves with high turbulence create spilling breakers with a bore accompanied by large quantities of small foam bubbles.
Less
Salt spray is an important abiotic stress that affects plant and other biotic communities in the vicinity of sea coasts. Salt stress refers only to excess of ions in the environment, but along sea coasts it specifically involves increased amounts of Na+ and Cl− ions. Anyone who has visited a sea coast on windy days has experienced the landward movement of salt in the form of salt spray. Salisbury (1805) reported details of a marine storm in England following gale force winds from the east for one week. He writes: ‘On the 14th of January 1803, I observed an east window of my house, which had been cleaned a few days before, covered on the outside with an apparent hoar frost.’ Chemical analysis showed that it was salt from salt spray that had been deposited on plants, buildings and other objects. In spring of that year he made two observations: (i) plant taxa showed differential tolerance to salt spray and (ii) injury was more pronounced on the windward than the leeward sides of plants. Salt spray acts as a strong environmental stress and populations of biotic organisms have evolved traits that allow them to tolerate the effects of salt. The salt crystals also act as condensation nuclei in the air and damage plants by abrasion during wind storms. However, salt spray may also be beneficial because it improves plant growth by providing some essential nutrients. Many researchers have examined the role of salt spray on survival, distribution and growth form of plant species. In this chapter the effects of salt spray and soil salinity on seed germination, seedling survival and plant growth will be examined. Symptoms of injury to plants, mechanisms of salt tolerance and comparisons between plant species native to the coastal dunes will also be discussed. Three factors—wind speed, wave amplitude and wind direction—influence the formation of salt spray. Waves of high amplitude produce four basic types of breakers: surging, collapsing, plunging and spilling. The steepest waves with high turbulence create spilling breakers with a bore accompanied by large quantities of small foam bubbles.
