Penelope Mackie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272204
- eISBN:
- 9780191604034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272204.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Following Nathan Salmon and D. H. Mellor, this chapter argues that natural kind essentialism of the type advocated by Kripke and Putnam is not an inevitable consequence of the adoption of an ...
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Following Nathan Salmon and D. H. Mellor, this chapter argues that natural kind essentialism of the type advocated by Kripke and Putnam is not an inevitable consequence of the adoption of an anti-descriptivist semantic theory of natural kind terms. It attempts to clarify various issues about the characteristics of natural kind essentialism and its relation to semantic theory, as well as reinforcing the distinction made earlier in the book between essentialism about individuals and essentialism about natural kinds. The author remains agnostic on the question of the truth of essentialism about natural kinds, but suggests reasons for scepticism about its plausibility in comparison with some weaker views, such as the theory that a natural kind has a Lockean ‘real essence’ which need not belong to the kind in all possible worlds.Less
Following Nathan Salmon and D. H. Mellor, this chapter argues that natural kind essentialism of the type advocated by Kripke and Putnam is not an inevitable consequence of the adoption of an anti-descriptivist semantic theory of natural kind terms. It attempts to clarify various issues about the characteristics of natural kind essentialism and its relation to semantic theory, as well as reinforcing the distinction made earlier in the book between essentialism about individuals and essentialism about natural kinds. The author remains agnostic on the question of the truth of essentialism about natural kinds, but suggests reasons for scepticism about its plausibility in comparison with some weaker views, such as the theory that a natural kind has a Lockean ‘real essence’ which need not belong to the kind in all possible worlds.
Penelope Mackie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199272204
- eISBN:
- 9780191604034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272204.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Graeme Forbes has argued that many ordinary persisting things (including people, animals, and plants) can be attributed non-trivial individual essences that include distinctive features of their ...
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Graeme Forbes has argued that many ordinary persisting things (including people, animals, and plants) can be attributed non-trivial individual essences that include distinctive features of their origins. According to Forbes, this enables us to interpret de re modal claims about such individuals in terms of identity across possible worlds without embracing ‘bare identities’. This chapter considers various problems that Forbes’s proposal confronts, and concludes that there are no plausible candidates for non-trivial individual essences of the type that his theory requires. A version of Chisholm’s Paradox about identity across possible worlds, and of the ‘Four Worlds Paradox’ identified by Nathan Salmon are discussed.Less
Graeme Forbes has argued that many ordinary persisting things (including people, animals, and plants) can be attributed non-trivial individual essences that include distinctive features of their origins. According to Forbes, this enables us to interpret de re modal claims about such individuals in terms of identity across possible worlds without embracing ‘bare identities’. This chapter considers various problems that Forbes’s proposal confronts, and concludes that there are no plausible candidates for non-trivial individual essences of the type that his theory requires. A version of Chisholm’s Paradox about identity across possible worlds, and of the ‘Four Worlds Paradox’ identified by Nathan Salmon are discussed.
Heidi Wiig Aslesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551552
- eISBN:
- 9780191720819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551552.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Innovation
This chapter focuses especially on the innovation system of aquaculture of salmon and trout in Norway. It describes the sector in a national and global context, and highlights innovation strategies ...
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This chapter focuses especially on the innovation system of aquaculture of salmon and trout in Norway. It describes the sector in a national and global context, and highlights innovation strategies by aquaculture firms according to knowledge base and characteristics of the organizations. The empirical material presented in this chapter shows that aquaculture firms have very different approaches to innovation; from anti-innovation strategies to strategies of being in the forefront of innovation in the sector, showing how firms with very different innovation systems exists side-by-side in one sector. The overall functioning of the sectoral innovation system of aquaculture is influenced by all the different layers of firm types, suggesting a diverse policy approach in order to strengthen the sectoral innovation system — a sector with the potential to become even more knowledge intensive and innovative than today.Less
This chapter focuses especially on the innovation system of aquaculture of salmon and trout in Norway. It describes the sector in a national and global context, and highlights innovation strategies by aquaculture firms according to knowledge base and characteristics of the organizations. The empirical material presented in this chapter shows that aquaculture firms have very different approaches to innovation; from anti-innovation strategies to strategies of being in the forefront of innovation in the sector, showing how firms with very different innovation systems exists side-by-side in one sector. The overall functioning of the sectoral innovation system of aquaculture is influenced by all the different layers of firm types, suggesting a diverse policy approach in order to strengthen the sectoral innovation system — a sector with the potential to become even more knowledge intensive and innovative than today.
Michael Power, James D. Reist, and J. Brian Dempson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater ...
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There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater species, which display a complex variety of life-history tactics, varying in growth and feeding patterns to produce ecophenotypes that occupy distinctive niches. Anadromous Arctic char use lake habitats for critical life-history stages, including reproduction, juvenile growth, and over-wintering. Lakes, therefore, provide essential habitat for all Arctic char populations. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) also occur in the Arctic, and are an important food source where they occur. Most other species, with the exception of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius), occur only as populations at the northern fringes of their distributional range. While their occurrence can complicate the ecology of any given lake, such species are not an integral part of most high Arctic lake environments.Less
There is a limited freshwater fish fauna in the high Arctic, with Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) dominating in most aquatic systems. In the high Arctic, Arctic char are the only resident freshwater species, which display a complex variety of life-history tactics, varying in growth and feeding patterns to produce ecophenotypes that occupy distinctive niches. Anadromous Arctic char use lake habitats for critical life-history stages, including reproduction, juvenile growth, and over-wintering. Lakes, therefore, provide essential habitat for all Arctic char populations. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) also occur in the Arctic, and are an important food source where they occur. Most other species, with the exception of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius), occur only as populations at the northern fringes of their distributional range. While their occurrence can complicate the ecology of any given lake, such species are not an integral part of most high Arctic lake environments.
Dian J. Gifford, Roger P. Harris, Stewart M. McKinnell, William T. Peterson, and Michael A. St. John
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558025
- eISBN:
- 9780191721939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the ...
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Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the basis of their suitability for use in the comparative approach or their trophic role in the ecosystem. Target species may be economically significant due to their contribution to local, regional, and national economies through subsistence, commercial enterprise, and use by indigenous peoples. Target species of conservation significance may be the subjects of regional, national, or international conservation agreements. Target species of social or cultural significance have value to human communities because of their historical, aesthetic, educational, or recreational value. GLOBEC target species are heavily weighted towards marine pelagic organisms, particularly zooplankton. However, vertebrates with largely (seabirds and seals) or wholly (whales) pelagic life histories have been studied in some ecosystems, as have anadromous fish whose life history is not entirely marine. Here, this chapter reviews major groups of GLOBEC target species: Calanus and other large copepods, salmonids, cod, small pelagic fish, and large apex predators.Less
Because of GLOBEC's focus on population dynamics, species‐level research is central to the programme, and most field, retrospective and modeling studies were directed at target species defined on the basis of their suitability for use in the comparative approach or their trophic role in the ecosystem. Target species may be economically significant due to their contribution to local, regional, and national economies through subsistence, commercial enterprise, and use by indigenous peoples. Target species of conservation significance may be the subjects of regional, national, or international conservation agreements. Target species of social or cultural significance have value to human communities because of their historical, aesthetic, educational, or recreational value. GLOBEC target species are heavily weighted towards marine pelagic organisms, particularly zooplankton. However, vertebrates with largely (seabirds and seals) or wholly (whales) pelagic life histories have been studied in some ecosystems, as have anadromous fish whose life history is not entirely marine. Here, this chapter reviews major groups of GLOBEC target species: Calanus and other large copepods, salmonids, cod, small pelagic fish, and large apex predators.
Geir Ottersen, Jürgen Alheit, Ken Drinkwater, Kevin Friedland, Eberhard Hagen, and Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Understanding how climate variability affects fish and fisheries and how the effects differ between species is of paramount importance when trying to predict the potential impacts of ...
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Understanding how climate variability affects fish and fisheries and how the effects differ between species is of paramount importance when trying to predict the potential impacts of anthropogenically introduced climate change. This chapter shows how climate variability may influence North Atlantic fish populations by affecting spawning and reproduction, abundance and recruitment, individual growth rates, distribution and migration, natural mortality, and catchability and availability to fisheries. Although, they are principally derived from the northwest Atlantic Ocean, the results are representative of many species around the world. The impact of climate on some of the most important fish species in the North Atlantic: the demersal cod, the pelagic herring, sardines, and the anadromous salmon, is discussed.Less
Understanding how climate variability affects fish and fisheries and how the effects differ between species is of paramount importance when trying to predict the potential impacts of anthropogenically introduced climate change. This chapter shows how climate variability may influence North Atlantic fish populations by affecting spawning and reproduction, abundance and recruitment, individual growth rates, distribution and migration, natural mortality, and catchability and availability to fisheries. Although, they are principally derived from the northwest Atlantic Ocean, the results are representative of many species around the world. The impact of climate on some of the most important fish species in the North Atlantic: the demersal cod, the pelagic herring, sardines, and the anadromous salmon, is discussed.
Paul F. A. Bartha
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195325539
- eISBN:
- 9780199776313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325539.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter has two purposes. First, it explores the connection between analogical reasoning and symmetry to provide a second justification for the argument form, independent of the one offered in ...
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This chapter has two purposes. First, it explores the connection between analogical reasoning and symmetry to provide a second justification for the argument form, independent of the one offered in chapter 7. The chapter proposes that good analogical arguments are sanctioned by norms of symmetry and Reflection, as expounded by van Fraassen. This idea is elaborated first in a nonprobabilistic setting and then in a probabilistic framework. It is argued that a psychological construal of the relationship between symmetry and probability, as championed by de Finetti and others, is inadequate. The second objective of the chapter is to integrate analogical arguments into a Bayesian model of theoretical confirmation by refining Salmon's idea that analogical arguments contribute to establishing non‐negligible prior probability for hypotheses.Less
This chapter has two purposes. First, it explores the connection between analogical reasoning and symmetry to provide a second justification for the argument form, independent of the one offered in chapter 7. The chapter proposes that good analogical arguments are sanctioned by norms of symmetry and Reflection, as expounded by van Fraassen. This idea is elaborated first in a nonprobabilistic setting and then in a probabilistic framework. It is argued that a psychological construal of the relationship between symmetry and probability, as championed by de Finetti and others, is inadequate. The second objective of the chapter is to integrate analogical arguments into a Bayesian model of theoretical confirmation by refining Salmon's idea that analogical arguments contribute to establishing non‐negligible prior probability for hypotheses.
Jay Sexton
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281039
- eISBN:
- 9780191712753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281039.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter presents the twofold international objectives of the Union: to obtain financial and material support abroad while blocking European powers from recognizing and assisting the Confederacy. ...
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This chapter presents the twofold international objectives of the Union: to obtain financial and material support abroad while blocking European powers from recognizing and assisting the Confederacy. It discusses that Salmon P. Chase inherited in early 1861 a Treasury Department that had run a deficit of more than $7 million the previous year. It shows some of the Treasury decisions that Chase made. It also examines Belmont as an excellent Union agent sent to Europe during the war. It assesses the ways on how the U.S. secured financial support in Europe. It presents some of the Union efforts in Europe to minimize and European financial and material support for the Confederacy.Less
This chapter presents the twofold international objectives of the Union: to obtain financial and material support abroad while blocking European powers from recognizing and assisting the Confederacy. It discusses that Salmon P. Chase inherited in early 1861 a Treasury Department that had run a deficit of more than $7 million the previous year. It shows some of the Treasury decisions that Chase made. It also examines Belmont as an excellent Union agent sent to Europe during the war. It assesses the ways on how the U.S. secured financial support in Europe. It presents some of the Union efforts in Europe to minimize and European financial and material support for the Confederacy.
R. M. Sainsbury and Michael Tye
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695317
- eISBN:
- 9780191738531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695317.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Language
This chapter reviews some theories we do not adopt: two versions of Fregeanism, and two versions of Millianism.
This chapter reviews some theories we do not adopt: two versions of Fregeanism, and two versions of Millianism.
Carl F. Craver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199299317
- eISBN:
- 9780191715075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Science
This chapter presents a view of causal relevance that accommodates the mechanistic fragility and historical contingency of neuroscientific generalizations but that nonetheless satisfies constraints ...
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This chapter presents a view of causal relevance that accommodates the mechanistic fragility and historical contingency of neuroscientific generalizations but that nonetheless satisfies constraints (E1)-(E5). It reviews the limitations of two alternative accounts of causation — Stuart Glennan's mechanical account, and Wesley Salmon and Philip Dowe's transmission account. An example from the contemporary neuroscience of learning and memory is used to defend Woodward's view that the causal relevance relations in neural mechanisms are relationships that can potentially be used for the purposes of manipulation and control.Less
This chapter presents a view of causal relevance that accommodates the mechanistic fragility and historical contingency of neuroscientific generalizations but that nonetheless satisfies constraints (E1)-(E5). It reviews the limitations of two alternative accounts of causation — Stuart Glennan's mechanical account, and Wesley Salmon and Philip Dowe's transmission account. An example from the contemporary neuroscience of learning and memory is used to defend Woodward's view that the causal relevance relations in neural mechanisms are relationships that can potentially be used for the purposes of manipulation and control.
David. Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207818
- eISBN:
- 9780191677809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207818.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter starts with the extraordinary case from 1633 of a young male servant discovered in female disguise in a gender-segregated environment, the birth room. The midwife, her daughter, and the ...
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This chapter starts with the extraordinary case from 1633 of a young male servant discovered in female disguise in a gender-segregated environment, the birth room. The midwife, her daughter, and the servant himself testified before the Oxford archdeaconry court. Other discourses that shed some light on this case include godly reformist complaints against cross-dressing, scenes of male cross-dressing on the early modern stage, and kindred cases from the archives. An issue of the time was whether cross-dressing was an abomination unto the Lord, whether it undermined gender boundaries, or whether it was harmless fun. These are matters more commonly treated by literary scholars than historians, so problems of interdisciplinary discourse also arise. The story described in this chapter illuminates social and legal responses to deviant behaviour.Less
This chapter starts with the extraordinary case from 1633 of a young male servant discovered in female disguise in a gender-segregated environment, the birth room. The midwife, her daughter, and the servant himself testified before the Oxford archdeaconry court. Other discourses that shed some light on this case include godly reformist complaints against cross-dressing, scenes of male cross-dressing on the early modern stage, and kindred cases from the archives. An issue of the time was whether cross-dressing was an abomination unto the Lord, whether it undermined gender boundaries, or whether it was harmless fun. These are matters more commonly treated by literary scholars than historians, so problems of interdisciplinary discourse also arise. The story described in this chapter illuminates social and legal responses to deviant behaviour.
Frank Daniel
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195137279
- eISBN:
- 9780199849482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137279.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
For both Jews and Christians, the Song of Songs posed a special problem. If its Solomonic authorship assured its scriptural standing, its frank eroticism demanded allegorization. In its depiction of ...
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For both Jews and Christians, the Song of Songs posed a special problem. If its Solomonic authorship assured its scriptural standing, its frank eroticism demanded allegorization. In its depiction of love lost and regained, Jews discovered a parable for the historical relationship between God and Israel, one that sat well with such other biblical passages as Hosea 1–2, Isaiah 54:4–7, Jeremiah 2:2, and Ezekiel 16. But the allegory still required interpretation. Determining the significance of its elaborate symbolism and fashioning a coherent reading of the work as a whole would engage many Jewish exegetes in the Middle Ages—and this even before the philosophers and kabbalists began to read the Song of Songs in new ways during the 12th and 13th centuries. Two Jewish commentaries on the Song survive from 10th-century Jerusalem. Written in Judeo-Arabic by the Karaites Salmon b. Jeroham and Japheth b. Eli, both include substantial introductory observations on the nature of biblical song and incorporate full Arabic translations and verse-by-verse exegesis.Less
For both Jews and Christians, the Song of Songs posed a special problem. If its Solomonic authorship assured its scriptural standing, its frank eroticism demanded allegorization. In its depiction of love lost and regained, Jews discovered a parable for the historical relationship between God and Israel, one that sat well with such other biblical passages as Hosea 1–2, Isaiah 54:4–7, Jeremiah 2:2, and Ezekiel 16. But the allegory still required interpretation. Determining the significance of its elaborate symbolism and fashioning a coherent reading of the work as a whole would engage many Jewish exegetes in the Middle Ages—and this even before the philosophers and kabbalists began to read the Song of Songs in new ways during the 12th and 13th centuries. Two Jewish commentaries on the Song survive from 10th-century Jerusalem. Written in Judeo-Arabic by the Karaites Salmon b. Jeroham and Japheth b. Eli, both include substantial introductory observations on the nature of biblical song and incorporate full Arabic translations and verse-by-verse exegesis.
Dennis Doyle and Takahashi Kelso
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520237612
- eISBN:
- 9780520937499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520237612.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers ...
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This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers the competitive pressures favoring adoption of this technology and the countervailing forces that act as a brake on the technology treadmill. The scientific uncertainties, public perceptions, and competing discourses about transgenic salmon are described. Observations about regulation-centered conflicts that will likely be the focus of social resistance are presented, which is facilitated by the aquaculture industry's reluctance to embrace commercial production of transgenic salmon. A/F Protein must address salmon farmers' concerns both about efficiency reductions due to triploidy and about the costs of licensing and other expenses. Salmon farmers identify two dangers to the industry posed by environmental concerns about transgenic fish. The arguments about risks from escaped genetically engineered fish show the scientific uncertainties associated with deployment of transgenic salmon.Less
This chapter addresses transgenic salmon, and then explores the marketing of the patented AquAdvantage salmon and the current resistance from within the salmon aquaculture industry. It also considers the competitive pressures favoring adoption of this technology and the countervailing forces that act as a brake on the technology treadmill. The scientific uncertainties, public perceptions, and competing discourses about transgenic salmon are described. Observations about regulation-centered conflicts that will likely be the focus of social resistance are presented, which is facilitated by the aquaculture industry's reluctance to embrace commercial production of transgenic salmon. A/F Protein must address salmon farmers' concerns both about efficiency reductions due to triploidy and about the costs of licensing and other expenses. Salmon farmers identify two dangers to the industry posed by environmental concerns about transgenic fish. The arguments about risks from escaped genetically engineered fish show the scientific uncertainties associated with deployment of transgenic salmon.
Ted. L. McDorman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195383607
- eISBN:
- 9780199855315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter looks at international fisheries disputes between the United States and Canada. It first looks at Pacific salmon, which has had the highest profile of the recent Canada–U.S. fisheries ...
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This chapter looks at international fisheries disputes between the United States and Canada. It first looks at Pacific salmon, which has had the highest profile of the recent Canada–U.S. fisheries disputes. It also discusses two other aspects of the Pacific salmon story, namely the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Stocks Convention and the 2002 Canada–U.S. Yukon River Salmon Agreement. It then considers the West Coast bilateral management agreements for halibut, albacore tuna, and hake/whiting.Less
This chapter looks at international fisheries disputes between the United States and Canada. It first looks at Pacific salmon, which has had the highest profile of the recent Canada–U.S. fisheries disputes. It also discusses two other aspects of the Pacific salmon story, namely the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Stocks Convention and the 2002 Canada–U.S. Yukon River Salmon Agreement. It then considers the West Coast bilateral management agreements for halibut, albacore tuna, and hake/whiting.
André Gallois
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261833
- eISBN:
- 9780191698798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261833.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses the indefinite identity problem posed by the ship of Theseus puzzle. It provides an alternative solution to the puzzle that will prove that the ORIGINAL is identical with the ...
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This chapter discusses the indefinite identity problem posed by the ship of Theseus puzzle. It provides an alternative solution to the puzzle that will prove that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT. It also analyses the applicability of the argument devised by Gareth Evans and Nathan Salmon to the problem of indefinite identity. The Evans-Salmon argument is a reductio designed to show that reasonable assumptions about identity together with the assumption that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT lead to a contradiction.Less
This chapter discusses the indefinite identity problem posed by the ship of Theseus puzzle. It provides an alternative solution to the puzzle that will prove that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT. It also analyses the applicability of the argument devised by Gareth Evans and Nathan Salmon to the problem of indefinite identity. The Evans-Salmon argument is a reductio designed to show that reasonable assumptions about identity together with the assumption that the ORIGINAL is identical with the REPLACEMENT lead to a contradiction.
L. Jonathan Cohen
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198244127
- eISBN:
- 9780191680748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198244127.003.0022
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This chapter starts by presenting Hempel's account of statistical explanation. Hempel proposed to deal with the problem of epistemic ambiguity in statistical explanation by a requirement of maximal ...
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This chapter starts by presenting Hempel's account of statistical explanation. Hempel proposed to deal with the problem of epistemic ambiguity in statistical explanation by a requirement of maximal specificity in the reference-class. But, as Salmon has shown, the reference-class needs to be narrowed only in statistically relevant ways. Also, it needs to be homogeneous. In effect, both requirements seek to maximize inductive probability. So, successful statistical explanations do not need to invoke high statistical probabilities, but favourably relevant ones that have high inductive probability. Additionally, Salmon's arguments for saying that even favourable relevance is unnecessary rest on a failure to distinguish between explanations how a certain event was possible and explanations why it occurred. Finally, the mathematical probabilities involved in statistical explanation are not amenable to interpretation as relative frequencies, and must be given a propensity interpretation.Less
This chapter starts by presenting Hempel's account of statistical explanation. Hempel proposed to deal with the problem of epistemic ambiguity in statistical explanation by a requirement of maximal specificity in the reference-class. But, as Salmon has shown, the reference-class needs to be narrowed only in statistically relevant ways. Also, it needs to be homogeneous. In effect, both requirements seek to maximize inductive probability. So, successful statistical explanations do not need to invoke high statistical probabilities, but favourably relevant ones that have high inductive probability. Additionally, Salmon's arguments for saying that even favourable relevance is unnecessary rest on a failure to distinguish between explanations how a certain event was possible and explanations why it occurred. Finally, the mathematical probabilities involved in statistical explanation are not amenable to interpretation as relative frequencies, and must be given a propensity interpretation.
Katherine Hawley
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199275434
- eISBN:
- 9780191699818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275434.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Being familiar with an object or a place can be given empirical investigation on the vague changes that are occurring, especially in the case of not entirely knowing how a restaurant transformed. ...
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Being familiar with an object or a place can be given empirical investigation on the vague changes that are occurring, especially in the case of not entirely knowing how a restaurant transformed. Aside from the example of an object, the word ‘vague’ is also argued to relate to state of affairs but the idea that the world is vague can be explained by ontic and semantic indeterminacy. The Evans-Salmon argument is taken into consideration pointing out Gottfried Leibniz's law and its contrapositive. Accounts of vagueness in relation to people are in a way relating to persistence as it is being confronted in the contradiction of a person's sense of survival. This is further detailed by having two candidates undergo experience in a cabinet to see who emerges and who is conscious while being in the cabinet.Less
Being familiar with an object or a place can be given empirical investigation on the vague changes that are occurring, especially in the case of not entirely knowing how a restaurant transformed. Aside from the example of an object, the word ‘vague’ is also argued to relate to state of affairs but the idea that the world is vague can be explained by ontic and semantic indeterminacy. The Evans-Salmon argument is taken into consideration pointing out Gottfried Leibniz's law and its contrapositive. Accounts of vagueness in relation to people are in a way relating to persistence as it is being confronted in the contradiction of a person's sense of survival. This is further detailed by having two candidates undergo experience in a cabinet to see who emerges and who is conscious while being in the cabinet.
Terence Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250449
- eISBN:
- 9780191681301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250449.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Language
This chapter discusses a number of attempts to prove that there can be no such thing as indeterminate identity. The arguments discussed here are limited to ones that do not turn on the logic or ...
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This chapter discusses a number of attempts to prove that there can be no such thing as indeterminate identity. The arguments discussed here are limited to ones that do not turn on the logic or semantics of conditionals. Various objections to indeterminate identity are not conclusive. Quine's doctrine ‘No entity without identity’ rules out only entities for which identity does not make sense. Even if bivalence is maintained within each science, identity puzzles may still arise where sciences overlap. Salmon's argument based on ordered pairs is either a version of Evans's argument or a challenge to indeterminate set. Sometimes puzzles arise from reading sentences non-literally. A sentence may be read supervaluationally or super-resolutionally. The discussion also reviews Williamson's refutation of non-bivalence, Cook's building, and Noonan's argument against an example of indeterminate identity.Less
This chapter discusses a number of attempts to prove that there can be no such thing as indeterminate identity. The arguments discussed here are limited to ones that do not turn on the logic or semantics of conditionals. Various objections to indeterminate identity are not conclusive. Quine's doctrine ‘No entity without identity’ rules out only entities for which identity does not make sense. Even if bivalence is maintained within each science, identity puzzles may still arise where sciences overlap. Salmon's argument based on ordered pairs is either a version of Evans's argument or a challenge to indeterminate set. Sometimes puzzles arise from reading sentences non-literally. A sentence may be read supervaluationally or super-resolutionally. The discussion also reviews Williamson's refutation of non-bivalence, Cook's building, and Noonan's argument against an example of indeterminate identity.
Michael Morris
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239444
- eISBN:
- 9780191679919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239444.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Moral Philosophy
This chapter posits that if a metaphysical explanation is to be informative, the sentence which provides it must differ in informativeness from the sentence which gave the original description of the ...
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This chapter posits that if a metaphysical explanation is to be informative, the sentence which provides it must differ in informativeness from the sentence which gave the original description of the same fact. It must be possible for two sentences which differ in informativeness to describe the same facts. The Fregan assumption is the intuitive conception of what is involved in believing that a sentence which one understands is true. The philosophy of conceptual analysis is the position that for metaphysical explanations, new sentences must be intersubstitutable with the old sentences within ascriptions of attitude to any subject. Salmon claims that the function of declarative sentences, both within attitude contexts and outside them, is to ‘encode’ pieces of information which he calls propositions. Propositions are individuated much as facts or states of affairs are.Less
This chapter posits that if a metaphysical explanation is to be informative, the sentence which provides it must differ in informativeness from the sentence which gave the original description of the same fact. It must be possible for two sentences which differ in informativeness to describe the same facts. The Fregan assumption is the intuitive conception of what is involved in believing that a sentence which one understands is true. The philosophy of conceptual analysis is the position that for metaphysical explanations, new sentences must be intersubstitutable with the old sentences within ascriptions of attitude to any subject. Salmon claims that the function of declarative sentences, both within attitude contexts and outside them, is to ‘encode’ pieces of information which he calls propositions. Propositions are individuated much as facts or states of affairs are.
Wesley C. Salmon and Merrilee H. Salmon
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195108644
- eISBN:
- 9780199833627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195108647.003.0022
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Coauthored with Merrilee Salmon, addresses archaeologists and other anthropologists interested in the nature of scientific explanation. A group called the new archaeologists, concerned to assure the ...
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Coauthored with Merrilee Salmon, addresses archaeologists and other anthropologists interested in the nature of scientific explanation. A group called the new archaeologists, concerned to assure the scientific status of archaeology, had become convinced that a sine qua non of science is the construction of explanations conforming to Hempel's D‐N model. The authors aim was to show that a much wider class of covering law models of explanation is available, and that others in this set are more suitable than the D‐N model for archaeology and anthropology. At the same time, they show that the so‐called systems approach, advocated by other archaeologists, has all of the shortcomings of the D‐N model without offering improvements in exchange.Less
Coauthored with Merrilee Salmon, addresses archaeologists and other anthropologists interested in the nature of scientific explanation. A group called the new archaeologists, concerned to assure the scientific status of archaeology, had become convinced that a sine qua non of science is the construction of explanations conforming to Hempel's D‐N model. The authors aim was to show that a much wider class of covering law models of explanation is available, and that others in this set are more suitable than the D‐N model for archaeology and anthropology. At the same time, they show that the so‐called systems approach, advocated by other archaeologists, has all of the shortcomings of the D‐N model without offering improvements in exchange.
