Arie Morgenstern
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305784
- eISBN:
- 9780199784820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305787.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The Perushim believed that redemption of the Land would precede redemption of the nation, and saw themselves as fulfilling a divine mission in settling and developing it. They actively favored ...
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The Perushim believed that redemption of the Land would precede redemption of the nation, and saw themselves as fulfilling a divine mission in settling and developing it. They actively favored broad-based immigration and economic development of the Land in fulfillment of the commandment to settle it, and their community organization (kolel) undertook to provide housing and other services for the immigrants. Zevi Hirsch Lehren and the Clerks’ Organization disagreed with this radical idea, and there was a profound gap between his traditional view of redemption as a heavenly phenomenon, entailing radical changes in the ways of the world and the Perushim’s idea of redemption as an extended natural process. The increasing Jewish population of Jerusalem, especially during the reign of Muhammad Ali in the 1830s, led to overcrowding, and Jews began to live outside the old Jewish quarter, beginning with the short-lived Jewish settlement in the Bab al-Hota neighborhood. Efforts were made to develop and diversify the community’s economic base, reducing reliance on the haluqah (charitable allocations from outside the Land) but also extending haluqah funding to people other than full-time Torah students — a step opposed by Zevi Hirsch Lehren. Among the leading immigrants to come with plans for pursuing business opportunities in the Land were Eliezer Bregman and his family. Bregman and Lehren had an extended adversarial relationship, grounded in their fundamentally different ideas about how the redemption should be brought about. The Perushim also pursued ambitious plans for agricultural development. The project secured the support of Moses Montefiore, but ultimately failed because of the inability to secure needed legal changes before the overthrow of Muhammad Ali in 1840.Less
The Perushim believed that redemption of the Land would precede redemption of the nation, and saw themselves as fulfilling a divine mission in settling and developing it. They actively favored broad-based immigration and economic development of the Land in fulfillment of the commandment to settle it, and their community organization (kolel) undertook to provide housing and other services for the immigrants. Zevi Hirsch Lehren and the Clerks’ Organization disagreed with this radical idea, and there was a profound gap between his traditional view of redemption as a heavenly phenomenon, entailing radical changes in the ways of the world and the Perushim’s idea of redemption as an extended natural process. The increasing Jewish population of Jerusalem, especially during the reign of Muhammad Ali in the 1830s, led to overcrowding, and Jews began to live outside the old Jewish quarter, beginning with the short-lived Jewish settlement in the Bab al-Hota neighborhood. Efforts were made to develop and diversify the community’s economic base, reducing reliance on the haluqah (charitable allocations from outside the Land) but also extending haluqah funding to people other than full-time Torah students — a step opposed by Zevi Hirsch Lehren. Among the leading immigrants to come with plans for pursuing business opportunities in the Land were Eliezer Bregman and his family. Bregman and Lehren had an extended adversarial relationship, grounded in their fundamentally different ideas about how the redemption should be brought about. The Perushim also pursued ambitious plans for agricultural development. The project secured the support of Moses Montefiore, but ultimately failed because of the inability to secure needed legal changes before the overthrow of Muhammad Ali in 1840.
Elizabeth Keitel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199558681
- eISBN:
- 9780191720888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558681.003.0020
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter analyses Tacitus's narratives of natural and man-made disasters, with special emphasis on those perpetrated by the principes against their own people. Tacitus consistently shows ...
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This chapter analyses Tacitus's narratives of natural and man-made disasters, with special emphasis on those perpetrated by the principes against their own people. Tacitus consistently shows compassion towards Romans of all classes and does not stress the breakdown of social order among the masses during such disasters. He repeatedly evokes the sack of cities, the quintessential man-made disaster, when describing the tyrannical behaviour of principes such as Tiberius and Nero. Through allusions to Aeneid 2, Tacitus creates a portable, repeatable sack of Troy during the civil wars of AD 69 to underline the gravity of the situation as Italy and Rome suffer serial abuse from various contenders; the common motives of all leaders and armies in making war on their own country; the vicissitudes of fortune during civil war, and the profanation of Rome itself.Less
This chapter analyses Tacitus's narratives of natural and man-made disasters, with special emphasis on those perpetrated by the principes against their own people. Tacitus consistently shows compassion towards Romans of all classes and does not stress the breakdown of social order among the masses during such disasters. He repeatedly evokes the sack of cities, the quintessential man-made disaster, when describing the tyrannical behaviour of principes such as Tiberius and Nero. Through allusions to Aeneid 2, Tacitus creates a portable, repeatable sack of Troy during the civil wars of AD 69 to underline the gravity of the situation as Italy and Rome suffer serial abuse from various contenders; the common motives of all leaders and armies in making war on their own country; the vicissitudes of fortune during civil war, and the profanation of Rome itself.
Fred Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571178
- eISBN:
- 9780191722547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571178.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Eudaimonism is the doctrine that welfare tracks happiness. Section 8.2 contains critical discussion of several proposed tests designed to help us to focus on the concept of welfare. The Crib Test and ...
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Eudaimonism is the doctrine that welfare tracks happiness. Section 8.2 contains critical discussion of several proposed tests designed to help us to focus on the concept of welfare. The Crib Test and the Sympathy Test are not entirely decisive. Alternatively, we may be able to identify welfare by noting how it fits into a web including such concepts as benefit, harm, self‐interest, prudence, selflessness, altruism, and quality of life. Amartya Sen suggested that when a person's happiness depends upon “desperate survival strategies”, his welfare may be lower than his happiness level. In section 8.3 the objection is critically examined. Another problem for eudaimonism arises in the case of a person whose happiness is “fragmented”. The extent to which the fragmented happiness of such a person constitutes a difficulty for eudaimonism is discussed in section 8.4. Appendix D distinguishes among several different theories that may go by the name ‘eudaimonism’.Less
Eudaimonism is the doctrine that welfare tracks happiness. Section 8.2 contains critical discussion of several proposed tests designed to help us to focus on the concept of welfare. The Crib Test and the Sympathy Test are not entirely decisive. Alternatively, we may be able to identify welfare by noting how it fits into a web including such concepts as benefit, harm, self‐interest, prudence, selflessness, altruism, and quality of life. Amartya Sen suggested that when a person's happiness depends upon “desperate survival strategies”, his welfare may be lower than his happiness level. In section 8.3 the objection is critically examined. Another problem for eudaimonism arises in the case of a person whose happiness is “fragmented”. The extent to which the fragmented happiness of such a person constitutes a difficulty for eudaimonism is discussed in section 8.4. Appendix D distinguishes among several different theories that may go by the name ‘eudaimonism’.
John Marenbon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691142555
- eISBN:
- 9781400866359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691142555.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter investigates Augustine's role in addressing the Problem of Paganism. After the Sack of Rome in 410 CE, Augustine set out to produce his most ambitious work, a Christian rethinking, not ...
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This chapter investigates Augustine's role in addressing the Problem of Paganism. After the Sack of Rome in 410 CE, Augustine set out to produce his most ambitious work, a Christian rethinking, not just of the history of Rome, but of the relationship between God and the course of human history. Written in the safety of North Africa, the City of God (CG), begun probably in 412 but not finished until about fourteen years later, is both an intellectual masterpiece and a foundational book for the Problem of Paganism. Although the problem has somewhat different contours for him from those it would take on in the Middle Ages, in the City of God and other works Augustine looks closely at three of the main strands of the problem — wisdom, salvation, and virtue — and takes positions which set the agenda for almost all subsequent discussion.Less
This chapter investigates Augustine's role in addressing the Problem of Paganism. After the Sack of Rome in 410 CE, Augustine set out to produce his most ambitious work, a Christian rethinking, not just of the history of Rome, but of the relationship between God and the course of human history. Written in the safety of North Africa, the City of God (CG), begun probably in 412 but not finished until about fourteen years later, is both an intellectual masterpiece and a foundational book for the Problem of Paganism. Although the problem has somewhat different contours for him from those it would take on in the Middle Ages, in the City of God and other works Augustine looks closely at three of the main strands of the problem — wisdom, salvation, and virtue — and takes positions which set the agenda for almost all subsequent discussion.
Bhaskar Dutta, Debraj Ray, and Kunal Sengupta
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287629
- eISBN:
- 9780191595912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287623.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In this chapter, the authors use a model of an infinitely repeated principal‐agent relationship where they explore the conditions under which labour contracts with threats of sacking or contract ...
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In this chapter, the authors use a model of an infinitely repeated principal‐agent relationship where they explore the conditions under which labour contracts with threats of sacking or contract termination will be equilibrium outcomes.Less
In this chapter, the authors use a model of an infinitely repeated principal‐agent relationship where they explore the conditions under which labour contracts with threats of sacking or contract termination will be equilibrium outcomes.
Peter Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608553
- eISBN:
- 9780191729645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608553.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
On a common understanding of what it is for something to have a 'transcendental' status, namely, for it to be something that is inevitably presupposed in any questioning of it, it seems easy to argue ...
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On a common understanding of what it is for something to have a 'transcendental' status, namely, for it to be something that is inevitably presupposed in any questioning of it, it seems easy to argue that logic has this status. But reached in this way the conclusion is apt to seem unsatisfying, and not to secure for logic the universally authoritative standing we might hope for; more specifically, the conclusion seems to leave logic vulnerable to a relativist concern. The chapter investigates whether the approach to transcendental argumentation developed by Mark Sacks in his Insight and Illusion, which incorporates a more demanding and more genuinely Kantian understanding of the transcendental, offers a way of resolving this relativist concern.Less
On a common understanding of what it is for something to have a 'transcendental' status, namely, for it to be something that is inevitably presupposed in any questioning of it, it seems easy to argue that logic has this status. But reached in this way the conclusion is apt to seem unsatisfying, and not to secure for logic the universally authoritative standing we might hope for; more specifically, the conclusion seems to leave logic vulnerable to a relativist concern. The chapter investigates whether the approach to transcendental argumentation developed by Mark Sacks in his Insight and Illusion, which incorporates a more demanding and more genuinely Kantian understanding of the transcendental, offers a way of resolving this relativist concern.
John A. Lynn II
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0031
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The late Middle Ages witnessed the European invention of honorable surrender, which promised survival to elite warriors who yielded, while it provided ransoms to their captors. During the early ...
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The late Middle Ages witnessed the European invention of honorable surrender, which promised survival to elite warriors who yielded, while it provided ransoms to their captors. During the early modern era this took on more general character: on the one hand, honorable surrender encompassed the fate of common soldiers as well as the elite, and, on the other hand, the state supplanted the individual as the taker and custodian of prisoners. In comparison with the period after 1650, that from 1500 to the mid-seventeenth century witnessed more irregular and harsh treatment of those who surrendered. After 1650, increased state control over armies allowed greater regularity and moderation, as celebrated by the Enlightenment. Adversaries even exchanged prisoners in a reasonable and often rapid manner. The practices of ransom, parole, and exchange developed in the early modern period would have a long life in military law and practice.Less
The late Middle Ages witnessed the European invention of honorable surrender, which promised survival to elite warriors who yielded, while it provided ransoms to their captors. During the early modern era this took on more general character: on the one hand, honorable surrender encompassed the fate of common soldiers as well as the elite, and, on the other hand, the state supplanted the individual as the taker and custodian of prisoners. In comparison with the period after 1650, that from 1500 to the mid-seventeenth century witnessed more irregular and harsh treatment of those who surrendered. After 1650, increased state control over armies allowed greater regularity and moderation, as celebrated by the Enlightenment. Adversaries even exchanged prisoners in a reasonable and often rapid manner. The practices of ransom, parole, and exchange developed in the early modern period would have a long life in military law and practice.
Elizabeth Minchin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280124
- eISBN:
- 9780191707070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280124.003.04
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter studies a phenomenon first observed by Samuel Bassett in questions and answers in the Homeric epics: the poet's preference for spelling out a twofold instruction, proposal, or question, ...
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This chapter studies a phenomenon first observed by Samuel Bassett in questions and answers in the Homeric epics: the poet's preference for spelling out a twofold instruction, proposal, or question, and in a subsequent passage reversing the original order of presentation. It discusses the ‘device’ in the context of the Odyssey. There are two findings: first, that this practice of answering questions in an order that reverses the order of asking is motivated both by cognitive factors and, following Schegloff and Sacks, social factors; and, second, that, since hysteron proteron is a feature of oral discourse more generally, oral poets in this tradition observed an everyday practice, and mimicked it in stylized form in their songs.Less
This chapter studies a phenomenon first observed by Samuel Bassett in questions and answers in the Homeric epics: the poet's preference for spelling out a twofold instruction, proposal, or question, and in a subsequent passage reversing the original order of presentation. It discusses the ‘device’ in the context of the Odyssey. There are two findings: first, that this practice of answering questions in an order that reverses the order of asking is motivated both by cognitive factors and, following Schegloff and Sacks, social factors; and, second, that, since hysteron proteron is a feature of oral discourse more generally, oral poets in this tradition observed an everyday practice, and mimicked it in stylized form in their songs.
Peter Van Nuffelen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655274
- eISBN:
- 9780191745232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655274.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies, Religion in the Ancient World
The Historiae have a negative press in scholarship. The main reason is that scholars such as H.‐I. Marrou and E. Peterson construed Orosius as the opposite of Augustine: whilst the latter was ...
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The Historiae have a negative press in scholarship. The main reason is that scholars such as H.‐I. Marrou and E. Peterson construed Orosius as the opposite of Augustine: whilst the latter was understood as having located salvation in eschatology, Orosius seemed to identify the Roman empire as the realization of God's promises. As a consequence, scholarship has focused on Orosius' theology of history and has neglected to study the Historiae as a work of history, which, in line with traditional practice, was heavily influenced by the study and practice of rhetoric. The introduction also shows that the audience Orosius aims at is identical to that of Augustine's City of God: elite Romans with sympathy for Christianity who had fled Rome after the sack of 410.Less
The Historiae have a negative press in scholarship. The main reason is that scholars such as H.‐I. Marrou and E. Peterson construed Orosius as the opposite of Augustine: whilst the latter was understood as having located salvation in eschatology, Orosius seemed to identify the Roman empire as the realization of God's promises. As a consequence, scholarship has focused on Orosius' theology of history and has neglected to study the Historiae as a work of history, which, in line with traditional practice, was heavily influenced by the study and practice of rhetoric. The introduction also shows that the audience Orosius aims at is identical to that of Augustine's City of God: elite Romans with sympathy for Christianity who had fled Rome after the sack of 410.
Elizabeth A. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190888220
- eISBN:
- 9780190888268
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190888220.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions, World History: BCE to 500CE
Melania the Younger: From Rome to Jerusalem analyzes one of the most richly detailed stories of a woman of late antiquity. Melania, an early fifth-century Roman Christian aristocrat, renounced her ...
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Melania the Younger: From Rome to Jerusalem analyzes one of the most richly detailed stories of a woman of late antiquity. Melania, an early fifth-century Roman Christian aristocrat, renounced her many possessions and staggering wealth to lead a life of ascetic renunciation. Hers is a tale of “riches to rags.” Born to high Roman aristocracy in the late fourth century, Melania encountered numerous difficulties posed by family members, Roman officials, and historical circumstances themselves in disposing of her wealth, property spread across at least eight Roman provinces, and thousands of slaves. Leaving Rome with her entourage a few years before Gothic sack of Rome in 410, she journeyed to Sicily, then to North Africa (where she had estates upon which she founded monasteries), before settling in Jerusalem. There, after some years of semi-solitary existence, she founded more monastic complexes. Toward the end of her life, she traveled to Constantinople in an attempt to convert to Christianity her still-pagan uncle, who was on a state mission to the eastern Roman court. Throughout her life, she frequently met and assisted emperors and empresses, bishops, and other high dignitaries. Embracing an extreme asceticism, Melania died in Jerusalem in 439. Her Life, two versions of which (Greek and Latin) were discovered in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was composed by a longtime assistant who succeeded her in directing the male and female monasteries in Jerusalem. An English translation of the Greek version of her Life accompanies the text of this book.Less
Melania the Younger: From Rome to Jerusalem analyzes one of the most richly detailed stories of a woman of late antiquity. Melania, an early fifth-century Roman Christian aristocrat, renounced her many possessions and staggering wealth to lead a life of ascetic renunciation. Hers is a tale of “riches to rags.” Born to high Roman aristocracy in the late fourth century, Melania encountered numerous difficulties posed by family members, Roman officials, and historical circumstances themselves in disposing of her wealth, property spread across at least eight Roman provinces, and thousands of slaves. Leaving Rome with her entourage a few years before Gothic sack of Rome in 410, she journeyed to Sicily, then to North Africa (where she had estates upon which she founded monasteries), before settling in Jerusalem. There, after some years of semi-solitary existence, she founded more monastic complexes. Toward the end of her life, she traveled to Constantinople in an attempt to convert to Christianity her still-pagan uncle, who was on a state mission to the eastern Roman court. Throughout her life, she frequently met and assisted emperors and empresses, bishops, and other high dignitaries. Embracing an extreme asceticism, Melania died in Jerusalem in 439. Her Life, two versions of which (Greek and Latin) were discovered in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was composed by a longtime assistant who succeeded her in directing the male and female monasteries in Jerusalem. An English translation of the Greek version of her Life accompanies the text of this book.
Andrew Steane
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198716044
- eISBN:
- 9780191784286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716044.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
A brief comment on the Jewish perspective offered by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, as set out in his The Great Partnership. The position he arrives at is largely similar to the one advocated here.
A brief comment on the Jewish perspective offered by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, as set out in his The Great Partnership. The position he arrives at is largely similar to the one advocated here.
Jason Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774245251
- eISBN:
- 9781617970160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774245251.003.0017
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter describes the author's journey from the pyramids of El-Gee'zeh to a tomb between Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It gives an overview of the pyramids of Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It ...
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This chapter describes the author's journey from the pyramids of El-Gee'zeh to a tomb between Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It gives an overview of the pyramids of Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It describes the principal pyramids of Saek'eka'rah, other smaller pyramids and catacombs around them. Nearly halfway between the pyramids of Sack'cka'rah and those of Ab'oo Seer are the extensive Catacombs of Birds. In the side of the elevated rocky tract upon which the principal pyramid of Sack'cka'rah and others are situated, facing the plain of Memphis, are several large grottoes near the southern Pyramids of Sack'cka'rah. This chapter gives a brief account of these pyramids. Furthermore, it describes the Pyramids of Dah'shoo'r, which are four in number: two constructed of stone; and two of crude brick. The remains of the city of Memphis are so inconsiderable, that even the site of this famed metropolis of Egypt has been a subject of dispute.Less
This chapter describes the author's journey from the pyramids of El-Gee'zeh to a tomb between Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It gives an overview of the pyramids of Ab'oo Seer and Sack'cka'rah. It describes the principal pyramids of Saek'eka'rah, other smaller pyramids and catacombs around them. Nearly halfway between the pyramids of Sack'cka'rah and those of Ab'oo Seer are the extensive Catacombs of Birds. In the side of the elevated rocky tract upon which the principal pyramid of Sack'cka'rah and others are situated, facing the plain of Memphis, are several large grottoes near the southern Pyramids of Sack'cka'rah. This chapter gives a brief account of these pyramids. Furthermore, it describes the Pyramids of Dah'shoo'r, which are four in number: two constructed of stone; and two of crude brick. The remains of the city of Memphis are so inconsiderable, that even the site of this famed metropolis of Egypt has been a subject of dispute.
Paul Flemer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520232549
- eISBN:
- 9780520928220
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520232549.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter provides a discussion on the treatment of Clement VII and the Sack of Rome. It is suggested that the events in Rome caused Clement to relive the tragic assassination of his father, ...
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This chapter provides a discussion on the treatment of Clement VII and the Sack of Rome. It is suggested that the events in Rome caused Clement to relive the tragic assassination of his father, Giuliano de' Medici, during the Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478. Clement's diplomacy after the Sack of Rome shows a profound awareness of the Laurentian legacy and of the memory and myth of the Laurentian “golden age,” which had come to occupy such a large place in the consciousness of Florentine intellectual circles after 1494. Clement was not always the target of conspiracy; he was a conspirator, too. He turned to the past in his moment of crisis. The fact that the past failed him only testifies to those broader political and cultural changes that were then gathering force in Europe.Less
This chapter provides a discussion on the treatment of Clement VII and the Sack of Rome. It is suggested that the events in Rome caused Clement to relive the tragic assassination of his father, Giuliano de' Medici, during the Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478. Clement's diplomacy after the Sack of Rome shows a profound awareness of the Laurentian legacy and of the memory and myth of the Laurentian “golden age,” which had come to occupy such a large place in the consciousness of Florentine intellectual circles after 1494. Clement was not always the target of conspiracy; he was a conspirator, too. He turned to the past in his moment of crisis. The fact that the past failed him only testifies to those broader political and cultural changes that were then gathering force in Europe.
Beatriz Santiago Belmonte
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781526140869
- eISBN:
- 9781526155504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526140876.00010
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In this chapter Beatriz Santiago Belmonte looks at one of the most chaotic years of the Revolt. In March 1576, the death of Governor General Luis de Requesens created a power vacuum that would worsen ...
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In this chapter Beatriz Santiago Belmonte looks at one of the most chaotic years of the Revolt. In March 1576, the death of Governor General Luis de Requesens created a power vacuum that would worsen during the following months, leading up to the infamous Sack of Antwerp on 4 November the same year. This chapter proposes opening up the discussion on the Sack of Antwerp by looking at hitherto understudied sources: the letters of the Spanish commanders playing a prominent role in the events. The information conveyed within their letters has a strong episodic character. They saw things differently, but they also saw different things. The power vacuum created a growing disunity between the Spanish commanders and the members of the Council of State that had officially received full authority. Political and military affairs became divided for the first time since the outbreak of the Revolt. The case of the almost forgotten previous Sack of Maastricht on 20 October 1576 moreover enables us to put the events in Antwerp into a broader historical perspective.Less
In this chapter Beatriz Santiago Belmonte looks at one of the most chaotic years of the Revolt. In March 1576, the death of Governor General Luis de Requesens created a power vacuum that would worsen during the following months, leading up to the infamous Sack of Antwerp on 4 November the same year. This chapter proposes opening up the discussion on the Sack of Antwerp by looking at hitherto understudied sources: the letters of the Spanish commanders playing a prominent role in the events. The information conveyed within their letters has a strong episodic character. They saw things differently, but they also saw different things. The power vacuum created a growing disunity between the Spanish commanders and the members of the Council of State that had officially received full authority. Political and military affairs became divided for the first time since the outbreak of the Revolt. The case of the almost forgotten previous Sack of Maastricht on 20 October 1576 moreover enables us to put the events in Antwerp into a broader historical perspective.
Maia Carter Hallward
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036526
- eISBN:
- 9780813041797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036526.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter explores the mechanisms and strategies through which the groups of study challenge, maintain, or transcend geopolitical and identity boundaries in the course of their peace and justice ...
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This chapter explores the mechanisms and strategies through which the groups of study challenge, maintain, or transcend geopolitical and identity boundaries in the course of their peace and justice activities. The chapter discusses in particular how three binational groups: the AIC, Panorama, and Ta'ayush constantly negotiate internal identity boundaries even as they negotiate external boundaries through their interaction with other groups and their broader socio-political contexts, as well as how Machsom Watch's role of monitoring checkpoints places the group in a unique position for observing social, political, and geographic boundaries. Drawing on primary interviews and observation of group activities in 2004–2005, it uses geopolitical theories, including Sack's theory of territoriality, to analyze the mechanisms used by each group independently before offering observations on territorial tendencies used across groups.Less
This chapter explores the mechanisms and strategies through which the groups of study challenge, maintain, or transcend geopolitical and identity boundaries in the course of their peace and justice activities. The chapter discusses in particular how three binational groups: the AIC, Panorama, and Ta'ayush constantly negotiate internal identity boundaries even as they negotiate external boundaries through their interaction with other groups and their broader socio-political contexts, as well as how Machsom Watch's role of monitoring checkpoints places the group in a unique position for observing social, political, and geographic boundaries. Drawing on primary interviews and observation of group activities in 2004–2005, it uses geopolitical theories, including Sack's theory of territoriality, to analyze the mechanisms used by each group independently before offering observations on territorial tendencies used across groups.
Nina Levine and David Lee Miller
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823230303
- eISBN:
- 9780823241071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823230303.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
The arguments that where all such sack drama that includes the figure of Falstaff is supposed to have been left behind, it returns, drunk and railing. To theorize the writer's discourse requires an ...
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The arguments that where all such sack drama that includes the figure of Falstaff is supposed to have been left behind, it returns, drunk and railing. To theorize the writer's discourse requires an effort to interpret the playwright's playmaking practice at the point of, or hinge of, the dialectical relationship between reading and writing. The author has tried to follow Harry Berger in claiming that Henry's struggle with himself is inexorably connected to his struggle with Falstaff suggesting also that we can attend to the displacements of the playwright's reading into his writing through the inability to exclude Oldcastle-in-Falstaff.Less
The arguments that where all such sack drama that includes the figure of Falstaff is supposed to have been left behind, it returns, drunk and railing. To theorize the writer's discourse requires an effort to interpret the playwright's playmaking practice at the point of, or hinge of, the dialectical relationship between reading and writing. The author has tried to follow Harry Berger in claiming that Henry's struggle with himself is inexorably connected to his struggle with Falstaff suggesting also that we can attend to the displacements of the playwright's reading into his writing through the inability to exclude Oldcastle-in-Falstaff.
Edward Watts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520244214
- eISBN:
- 9780520931800
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520244214.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This study of the men and ideas of late antique education explores the intellectual and doctrinal milieu in the two great cities of Athens and Alexandria from the second to the sixth centuries. It ...
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This study of the men and ideas of late antique education explores the intellectual and doctrinal milieu in the two great cities of Athens and Alexandria from the second to the sixth centuries. It sheds new light on the interaction between the pagan cultural legacy and Christianity. While previous scholarship has seen Christian reactions to pagan educational culture as the product of an empire-wide process of development, the book crafts two narratives that reveal how differently education was shaped by the local power structures and urban contexts of each city. Touching on the careers of Herodes Atticus, Proclus, Damascius, Ammonius Saccas, Origen, Hypatia, and Olympiodorus; and events including the Herulian sack of Athens, the closing of the Athenian Neoplatonic school under Justinian, the rise of Arian Christianity, and the sack of the Serapeum, this book shows that by the sixth century, Athens and Alexandria had two distinct, locally determined, approaches to pagan teaching that had their roots in the unique historical relationships between city and school.Less
This study of the men and ideas of late antique education explores the intellectual and doctrinal milieu in the two great cities of Athens and Alexandria from the second to the sixth centuries. It sheds new light on the interaction between the pagan cultural legacy and Christianity. While previous scholarship has seen Christian reactions to pagan educational culture as the product of an empire-wide process of development, the book crafts two narratives that reveal how differently education was shaped by the local power structures and urban contexts of each city. Touching on the careers of Herodes Atticus, Proclus, Damascius, Ammonius Saccas, Origen, Hypatia, and Olympiodorus; and events including the Herulian sack of Athens, the closing of the Athenian Neoplatonic school under Justinian, the rise of Arian Christianity, and the sack of the Serapeum, this book shows that by the sixth century, Athens and Alexandria had two distinct, locally determined, approaches to pagan teaching that had their roots in the unique historical relationships between city and school.
Susan Bartie
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781479803583
- eISBN:
- 9781479803606
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479803583.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
During a crucial formative period in Australian legal education—the 1950s and 1960s—Australian legal academics looked wistfully at the United States and became increasingly critical of English legal ...
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During a crucial formative period in Australian legal education—the 1950s and 1960s—Australian legal academics looked wistfully at the United States and became increasingly critical of English legal educational models. As explained in the first section of this chapter, this admiration was not accompanied by the wholesale adoption of the leading US approaches but rather signalled the fledging academy’s high ambitions for Australian legal education and Australian law. Their ambitions and the way that they conceptualized law along the lines of the US model, rather than English tendencies, refutes common characterizations of this generation and their contributions. The second section explains that the Legal Process school played a critical role in the development of Australia’s first law textbooks. The only Australian textbook to fully embody an American conceptualization of law was inspired by the Hart and Sacks model. Despite enthusiasm for American legal realism, Australia’s early law textbooks and teaching did not adopt a functionalist conceptualization of law. Finally, this chapter considers some ways that American ideas and models served as vehicles for the liberation and restraint of Australian ideas and practices and contributed to the subordination of Australian legal thought.Less
During a crucial formative period in Australian legal education—the 1950s and 1960s—Australian legal academics looked wistfully at the United States and became increasingly critical of English legal educational models. As explained in the first section of this chapter, this admiration was not accompanied by the wholesale adoption of the leading US approaches but rather signalled the fledging academy’s high ambitions for Australian legal education and Australian law. Their ambitions and the way that they conceptualized law along the lines of the US model, rather than English tendencies, refutes common characterizations of this generation and their contributions. The second section explains that the Legal Process school played a critical role in the development of Australia’s first law textbooks. The only Australian textbook to fully embody an American conceptualization of law was inspired by the Hart and Sacks model. Despite enthusiasm for American legal realism, Australia’s early law textbooks and teaching did not adopt a functionalist conceptualization of law. Finally, this chapter considers some ways that American ideas and models served as vehicles for the liberation and restraint of Australian ideas and practices and contributed to the subordination of Australian legal thought.
Stephen D. Bowd
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198832614
- eISBN:
- 9780191871139
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198832614.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History, European Early Modern History
Renaissance Mass Murder explores the devastating impact of war on the men and women of the Renaissance. In contrast to the picture of balance and harmony usually associated with the Renaissance, it ...
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Renaissance Mass Murder explores the devastating impact of war on the men and women of the Renaissance. In contrast to the picture of balance and harmony usually associated with the Renaissance, it uncovers in forensic detail a world in which sacks of Italian cities and massacres of civilians at the hands of French, German, Spanish, Swiss, and Italian troops were regular occurrences. The arguments presented are based on a wealth of evidence—histories and chronicles, poetry and paintings, sculpture and other objects—which together provide a new and startling history of sixteenth-century Italy and a social history of the Italian Wars. It outlines how massacres happened, how princes, soldiers, lawyers, and writers, justified and explained such events, and how they were represented in contemporary culture. On this basis the book reconstructs the terrifying individual experiences of civilians in the face of war and in doing so offers a story of human tragedy which redresses the balance of the history of the Italian Wars, and of Renaissance warfare, in favour of the civilian and away from the din of the battlefield. This book also places mass murder in a broader historical context and challenges claims that such violence was unusual or in decline in early modern Europe. Finally, it shows that women often suffered disproportionately from this violence and that immunity for them, as for their children, was often partially developed or poorly respected.Less
Renaissance Mass Murder explores the devastating impact of war on the men and women of the Renaissance. In contrast to the picture of balance and harmony usually associated with the Renaissance, it uncovers in forensic detail a world in which sacks of Italian cities and massacres of civilians at the hands of French, German, Spanish, Swiss, and Italian troops were regular occurrences. The arguments presented are based on a wealth of evidence—histories and chronicles, poetry and paintings, sculpture and other objects—which together provide a new and startling history of sixteenth-century Italy and a social history of the Italian Wars. It outlines how massacres happened, how princes, soldiers, lawyers, and writers, justified and explained such events, and how they were represented in contemporary culture. On this basis the book reconstructs the terrifying individual experiences of civilians in the face of war and in doing so offers a story of human tragedy which redresses the balance of the history of the Italian Wars, and of Renaissance warfare, in favour of the civilian and away from the din of the battlefield. This book also places mass murder in a broader historical context and challenges claims that such violence was unusual or in decline in early modern Europe. Finally, it shows that women often suffered disproportionately from this violence and that immunity for them, as for their children, was often partially developed or poorly respected.
Vivian Ibrahim
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748696888
- eISBN:
- 9781474412230
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696888.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
The chapter examines the presence of Muslims in Ireland before World War II, placing it in the context of British colonial history of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This presence was constituted ...
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The chapter examines the presence of Muslims in Ireland before World War II, placing it in the context of British colonial history of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This presence was constituted among others of merchants, sailors, wives of army officers or teachers of colonial officers at Irish universities. A communal presence as such did not emerge in this period. The chapter starts with the impact of the Sack of Baltimore of 1631, when North African corsairs sacked a small fishing in the West of Ireland, on Irish imaginations of Islam and Muslims in the 19th century. Irish encounters with the Muslim world and with Muslims living in Ireland at that time are placed in the context of British imperialism and the various Orientalist narratives underpinning it. As an illustrative example of this complex interaction, the chapter discusses the life and career of Mir Aulad Ali, a native of North India who was Professor of Oriental languages at Trinity College Dublin in the latter half of the 19th century.Less
The chapter examines the presence of Muslims in Ireland before World War II, placing it in the context of British colonial history of the 19th and early 20th centuries. This presence was constituted among others of merchants, sailors, wives of army officers or teachers of colonial officers at Irish universities. A communal presence as such did not emerge in this period. The chapter starts with the impact of the Sack of Baltimore of 1631, when North African corsairs sacked a small fishing in the West of Ireland, on Irish imaginations of Islam and Muslims in the 19th century. Irish encounters with the Muslim world and with Muslims living in Ireland at that time are placed in the context of British imperialism and the various Orientalist narratives underpinning it. As an illustrative example of this complex interaction, the chapter discusses the life and career of Mir Aulad Ali, a native of North India who was Professor of Oriental languages at Trinity College Dublin in the latter half of the 19th century.
