Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western ...
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Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western China. Rural industrial growth was given a further boost by the establishment of many state-owned enterprises in China’s counties during the 1960s, and by the growth of commune-run industry in the 1970s. Chinese rural industry may not have taken off before Mao’s death, but it was firmly established thanks to these state-led industrialization processes.Less
Rural industry developed quickly in China before 1978. One main factor was the massive programme of Third Front construction, which focused on creating modern industry in rural areas in western China. Rural industrial growth was given a further boost by the establishment of many state-owned enterprises in China’s counties during the 1960s, and by the growth of commune-run industry in the 1970s. Chinese rural industry may not have taken off before Mao’s death, but it was firmly established thanks to these state-led industrialization processes.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the ...
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By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.Less
By the late 1970s, Guangdong’s industrial and skills base was more rural, less geographically concentrated, and less dominated by traditional light industry than it had been at the time of the Revolution. The expansion of manufacturing capability in rural Guangdong under Mao provided the province with a solid foundation for the industrialization of the 1980s and 1990s. Inflows of foreign investment and foreign trade undoubtedly helped to promote growth in Guangdong, much more than in other Chinese provinces. Nevertheless, the pivotal role played by Guangdong’s Maoist inheritance is apparent. Even in this coastal province, where the flows of foreign capital and migrant labour were enormous, inherited industrial capability was a key influence on the rural industrial growth rate.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The death of Mao was a climacteric in both a quantitative and qualitative sense for China’s rural industrial sector. After 1978, the pace of industrialization accelerated, the pattern of ownership ...
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The death of Mao was a climacteric in both a quantitative and qualitative sense for China’s rural industrial sector. After 1978, the pace of industrialization accelerated, the pattern of ownership became much more diverse, and perhaps most important of all, rural industrialization led the ascent out of poverty by the rural sector. No country has industrialized at such a pace or with such success as post-1978 China. Nevertheless, there has been considerable variation in the pace of growth, and therefore a theory is needed which can explain both the overall acceleration and the spatial patterns of rural industrial growth.Less
The death of Mao was a climacteric in both a quantitative and qualitative sense for China’s rural industrial sector. After 1978, the pace of industrialization accelerated, the pattern of ownership became much more diverse, and perhaps most important of all, rural industrialization led the ascent out of poverty by the rural sector. No country has industrialized at such a pace or with such success as post-1978 China. Nevertheless, there has been considerable variation in the pace of growth, and therefore a theory is needed which can explain both the overall acceleration and the spatial patterns of rural industrial growth.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275939
- eISBN:
- 9780191706073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275939.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
There is an extensive literature which discusses the growth of rural industry in China. However, these focus on the role played by changes to government policy. In doing so, historical factors are ...
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There is an extensive literature which discusses the growth of rural industry in China. However, these focus on the role played by changes to government policy. In doing so, historical factors are largely ignored. This book rectifies this by documenting the extent of rural industrialization and learning-by-doing that had already occurred by 1978. It then tests the hypothesis that Maoist skill legacies played a crucial role in the post-1978 growth process using data on all of China’s 2,000 plus counties and with more detailed data on three provinces (Guangdong, Sichuan, and Jiangsu).Less
There is an extensive literature which discusses the growth of rural industry in China. However, these focus on the role played by changes to government policy. In doing so, historical factors are largely ignored. This book rectifies this by documenting the extent of rural industrialization and learning-by-doing that had already occurred by 1978. It then tests the hypothesis that Maoist skill legacies played a crucial role in the post-1978 growth process using data on all of China’s 2,000 plus counties and with more detailed data on three provinces (Guangdong, Sichuan, and Jiangsu).
Scott Eddie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198201663
- eISBN:
- 9780191718434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201663.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The stereotypical picture of Germany with an industrial West and an agrarian East ignores the phenomenon of rural-based industry in the East. This chapter found a surprisingly dense network of ...
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The stereotypical picture of Germany with an industrial West and an agrarian East ignores the phenomenon of rural-based industry in the East. This chapter found a surprisingly dense network of (mostly small-scale) industrial establishments, averaging about one unit for every 2 ½ sq. km in the seven eastern provinces. The density decreased by about 15 per cent as German industrialization proceeded apace in the late 19th century. From industrial censuses and tax records, the chapter details the extent of excise-taxed industry on rural estates. Further sections of the chapter deal with location of industrial enterprises, as well as analysing whether different types of owners tended to specialize in different types of industries, and revealing which individual owners had the most industry on their properties. The chapter ends with a consideration of factors affecting the location of these rural-based industries, using regression analysis of a simple linear probability model.Less
The stereotypical picture of Germany with an industrial West and an agrarian East ignores the phenomenon of rural-based industry in the East. This chapter found a surprisingly dense network of (mostly small-scale) industrial establishments, averaging about one unit for every 2 ½ sq. km in the seven eastern provinces. The density decreased by about 15 per cent as German industrialization proceeded apace in the late 19th century. From industrial censuses and tax records, the chapter details the extent of excise-taxed industry on rural estates. Further sections of the chapter deal with location of industrial enterprises, as well as analysing whether different types of owners tended to specialize in different types of industries, and revealing which individual owners had the most industry on their properties. The chapter ends with a consideration of factors affecting the location of these rural-based industries, using regression analysis of a simple linear probability model.
Gordon White, Jude Howell, and Shang Xiaoyuan
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289562
- eISBN:
- 9780191684739
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289562.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the role of social organizations in two rapidly urbanizing rural areas in the economically dynamic coastal regions: the counties/cities of Xiaoshan in Zhejiang province and ...
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This chapter examines the role of social organizations in two rapidly urbanizing rural areas in the economically dynamic coastal regions: the counties/cities of Xiaoshan in Zhejiang province and Nanhai in Guangdong province. It evaluates how changes in the structure and dynamics of the rural economy have changed patterns of associational life in the countryside and small-scale rural cities and towns, particularly the decline of the rural collectives and the spread of ‘responsibility systems’ in agriculture, the diversification of agricultural production, and the burgeoning of small-scale rural industry. The chapter notes that the effects of the economic reform have been even more profound in China's countryside than in its cities. It conducts a preliminary assessment of the relative importance of social organizations in the ‘incorporated sector’ within the overall pattern of changes in rural associational life in rapidly developing areas.Less
This chapter examines the role of social organizations in two rapidly urbanizing rural areas in the economically dynamic coastal regions: the counties/cities of Xiaoshan in Zhejiang province and Nanhai in Guangdong province. It evaluates how changes in the structure and dynamics of the rural economy have changed patterns of associational life in the countryside and small-scale rural cities and towns, particularly the decline of the rural collectives and the spread of ‘responsibility systems’ in agriculture, the diversification of agricultural production, and the burgeoning of small-scale rural industry. The chapter notes that the effects of the economic reform have been even more profound in China's countryside than in its cities. It conducts a preliminary assessment of the relative importance of social organizations in the ‘incorporated sector’ within the overall pattern of changes in rural associational life in rapidly developing areas.
ROGER B. MANNING
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198203247
- eISBN:
- 9780191675805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203247.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter focuses on hunting and land use in woodland societies in medieval England. It examines the impact of deer parks, rabbit warrens, fishponds, and dovecotes upon the landscape, and shows ...
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This chapter focuses on hunting and land use in woodland societies in medieval England. It examines the impact of deer parks, rabbit warrens, fishponds, and dovecotes upon the landscape, and shows why they were conducive to social conflict and unlawful hunting. The chapter explains that during the sixteenth century, the population increased because of the expansion of rural industries, and that this was accompanied by disparkment and disafforestation of game reserves and an increase of game consumption of the aristocracy.Less
This chapter focuses on hunting and land use in woodland societies in medieval England. It examines the impact of deer parks, rabbit warrens, fishponds, and dovecotes upon the landscape, and shows why they were conducive to social conflict and unlawful hunting. The chapter explains that during the sixteenth century, the population increased because of the expansion of rural industries, and that this was accompanied by disparkment and disafforestation of game reserves and an increase of game consumption of the aristocracy.
Amy J. Johnson and Scott David Mcintosh
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789774249006
- eISBN:
- 9781617971006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774249006.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter challenges the view of the pre-1952 period as bereft of meaningful governmental reform programs, while revealing women's social reform activism in Egypt during these years to have ...
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This chapter challenges the view of the pre-1952 period as bereft of meaningful governmental reform programs, while revealing women's social reform activism in Egypt during these years to have transcended upper class urban issues. In its revisionist approach based on painstaking research and extensive interviews with Aziza Hussein and her colleagues, this chapter examines the Cairo Women's Club under Aziza Hussein, which founded the country's first rural day-care center and spearheaded literacy campaigns, family planning, and rural industry. As against the notion of decaying social organs and an unconcerned government, the project involved active cooperation between the private and public sector, while setting a new standard for women's activism by empowering rural women as development agents. Not only does this chapter expose readers to Aziza Hussein as a pioneer in Egyptian social reform, but it also shows how these activities set a pattern of social reform followed after 1952.Less
This chapter challenges the view of the pre-1952 period as bereft of meaningful governmental reform programs, while revealing women's social reform activism in Egypt during these years to have transcended upper class urban issues. In its revisionist approach based on painstaking research and extensive interviews with Aziza Hussein and her colleagues, this chapter examines the Cairo Women's Club under Aziza Hussein, which founded the country's first rural day-care center and spearheaded literacy campaigns, family planning, and rural industry. As against the notion of decaying social organs and an unconcerned government, the project involved active cooperation between the private and public sector, while setting a new standard for women's activism by empowering rural women as development agents. Not only does this chapter expose readers to Aziza Hussein as a pioneer in Egyptian social reform, but it also shows how these activities set a pattern of social reform followed after 1952.
Scott M. Eddie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198201663
- eISBN:
- 9780191718434
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201663.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The big landlords of eastern Germany have loomed large in Germany's history, but the absence of official statistics on land ownership has left their position and identity confined mostly to folklore, ...
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The big landlords of eastern Germany have loomed large in Germany's history, but the absence of official statistics on land ownership has left their position and identity confined mostly to folklore, without satisfactory quantification. This book, making extensive use of primary sources from the seven ‘core provinces’ of eastern Germany (East Elbia), establishes answers to questions pivotal to our understanding of pre-war Germany: who were the biggest land owners, both by area and by the value of their land? Which social groups held land, how much, and where? How did this change, especially during the last decades before 1914? The bourgeoisie had made substantial inroads into land ownership by the mid-1850s, in at least some areas even before the mid-1830s. Despite rapid industrialization after 1880, the process was reversed, so there was a net exodus of bourgeois owners from the ranks of large land owners, just as there was of lesser nobility (barons and untitled nobles). On the eve of war, ownership of large estates was even more concentrated in the hands of the Prussian state, the Prussian royal family, and the higher nobility than it had been in the early 1880s. Among the other contributions of this book are analysis of the extent of rural industry in East Elbia, evaluation of the land endowment of the seven provinces, description of the ownership of knight's estates, and investigation of possible favouritism in the land tax assessment system.Less
The big landlords of eastern Germany have loomed large in Germany's history, but the absence of official statistics on land ownership has left their position and identity confined mostly to folklore, without satisfactory quantification. This book, making extensive use of primary sources from the seven ‘core provinces’ of eastern Germany (East Elbia), establishes answers to questions pivotal to our understanding of pre-war Germany: who were the biggest land owners, both by area and by the value of their land? Which social groups held land, how much, and where? How did this change, especially during the last decades before 1914? The bourgeoisie had made substantial inroads into land ownership by the mid-1850s, in at least some areas even before the mid-1830s. Despite rapid industrialization after 1880, the process was reversed, so there was a net exodus of bourgeois owners from the ranks of large land owners, just as there was of lesser nobility (barons and untitled nobles). On the eve of war, ownership of large estates was even more concentrated in the hands of the Prussian state, the Prussian royal family, and the higher nobility than it had been in the early 1880s. Among the other contributions of this book are analysis of the extent of rural industry in East Elbia, evaluation of the land endowment of the seven provinces, description of the ownership of knight's estates, and investigation of possible favouritism in the land tax assessment system.
Samuel Shaw
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474420952
- eISBN:
- 9781474453851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420952.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of ...
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This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of rural romanticism. Quarries regularly appear in paintings in many of the artists associated with rural modernity: William Rothenstein, Edward Wadsworth, Walter Bell, Roger Fry, and J. D. Fergusson, among them. Appreciating that there is no single way of categorising and representing quarries, this chapter (the first ever study of this important subject) explores many of the common themes to be found in paintings of quarries in the first half of the twentieth century. It considers a wide range of artists and art-works — the majority of which are owned by rural art galleries — in close relation to the history of rural industries in such regions as Cornwall, West Yorkshire, and Edinburgh.Less
This chapter argues that late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artists seem to have been especially attracted by quarries, treating them as a means of exploring modernity through the lens of rural romanticism. Quarries regularly appear in paintings in many of the artists associated with rural modernity: William Rothenstein, Edward Wadsworth, Walter Bell, Roger Fry, and J. D. Fergusson, among them. Appreciating that there is no single way of categorising and representing quarries, this chapter (the first ever study of this important subject) explores many of the common themes to be found in paintings of quarries in the first half of the twentieth century. It considers a wide range of artists and art-works — the majority of which are owned by rural art galleries — in close relation to the history of rural industries in such regions as Cornwall, West Yorkshire, and Edinburgh.
Michael Anderson and Corinne Roughley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198805830
- eISBN:
- 9780191843747
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The parish database shows major variations in trends and timings of population changes in less urbanized areas of Scotland. Even within parishes, people increasingly concentrated into larger villages ...
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The parish database shows major variations in trends and timings of population changes in less urbanized areas of Scotland. Even within parishes, people increasingly concentrated into larger villages and towns at the expense of more remote areas. The critical minimum size for settlements increased over time, but depended on distance from other larger places and on whether a locality became more than just a centre for agricultural activity. Mining and factory industry were key sources of growth even in many rural areas but caused major legacy problems as they collapsed. Fishing and its related activities increasingly concentrated on a small number of large centres. Transport hubs, administrative and school infrastructure, and large-scale retail facilities were dependent on, but also supported, population size. Agrarian systems varied widely across Scotland and each produced its own pattern of population sex ratios, migration, and change.Less
The parish database shows major variations in trends and timings of population changes in less urbanized areas of Scotland. Even within parishes, people increasingly concentrated into larger villages and towns at the expense of more remote areas. The critical minimum size for settlements increased over time, but depended on distance from other larger places and on whether a locality became more than just a centre for agricultural activity. Mining and factory industry were key sources of growth even in many rural areas but caused major legacy problems as they collapsed. Fishing and its related activities increasingly concentrated on a small number of large centres. Transport hubs, administrative and school infrastructure, and large-scale retail facilities were dependent on, but also supported, population size. Agrarian systems varied widely across Scotland and each produced its own pattern of population sex ratios, migration, and change.