Stephen Castles and Nicholas Van Hear
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an ...
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This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an understanding of the international institutions that regulate the areas that underlie human mobility is crucial for understanding global migration governance. The chapter takes an international political economy approach, suggesting that the existing governance structures need to be seen in the context of North–South relations and that many of the inequalities that exist in forums such as the WTO and the Bretton Woods institutions themselves underpin the causes of human mobility.Less
This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an understanding of the international institutions that regulate the areas that underlie human mobility is crucial for understanding global migration governance. The chapter takes an international political economy approach, suggesting that the existing governance structures need to be seen in the context of North–South relations and that many of the inequalities that exist in forums such as the WTO and the Bretton Woods institutions themselves underpin the causes of human mobility.
Alexander Betts (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral ...
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Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.Less
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.
Claudena M. Skran
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273929
- eISBN:
- 9780191684081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international ...
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This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international refugee regime for confronting the root causes of refugee flows. The outcome of efforts for preventing and controlling refugee movements in the inter-war years are studied extensively in the chapter. The chapter also examines the efforts of certain actors in the international refugee regime to expand the functions of the regime to include dealing with the causes of refugee movements.Less
This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international refugee regime for confronting the root causes of refugee flows. The outcome of efforts for preventing and controlling refugee movements in the inter-war years are studied extensively in the chapter. The chapter also examines the efforts of certain actors in the international refugee regime to expand the functions of the regime to include dealing with the causes of refugee movements.
Eric T. Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226326085
- eISBN:
- 9780226326252
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226326252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that ...
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Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that prompt people to act as they do: to misuse nature, to remain insensitive to underlying causes and resulting harms, and to resist calls for reform. Many root causes lie within modern culture, particularly in prevailing ways of seeing and valuing nature and understanding human-nature links. Beginning from various places this book probes these root causes, seeking not just the origins of land abuse but the cultural reasons why reform efforts have largely stalled and are so deeply resisted. It draws together the core wisdom of three leading environmental voices—Aldo Leopold, Wendell Berry, and David Orr—and of Pope Francis from his encyclical, Laudate Si’. It seeks fresh cultural insights from a deeper probing of the tragedy of the commons, the controversy over wilderness as place and idea, and the institution of private property rights in nature. By steps the book links environmental ills and current impasses to key elements of modern culture, many embedded in contemporary liberal individualism, and to central social institutions (particularly the capitalist market and private property) that embody and strengthen these elements. The book issues a strong call for more communitarian understandings and values, in ecological and social realms, and for a unified conservation effort chiefly aimed not at scientific education or policy reform but at long-term cultural change.Less
Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that prompt people to act as they do: to misuse nature, to remain insensitive to underlying causes and resulting harms, and to resist calls for reform. Many root causes lie within modern culture, particularly in prevailing ways of seeing and valuing nature and understanding human-nature links. Beginning from various places this book probes these root causes, seeking not just the origins of land abuse but the cultural reasons why reform efforts have largely stalled and are so deeply resisted. It draws together the core wisdom of three leading environmental voices—Aldo Leopold, Wendell Berry, and David Orr—and of Pope Francis from his encyclical, Laudate Si’. It seeks fresh cultural insights from a deeper probing of the tragedy of the commons, the controversy over wilderness as place and idea, and the institution of private property rights in nature. By steps the book links environmental ills and current impasses to key elements of modern culture, many embedded in contemporary liberal individualism, and to central social institutions (particularly the capitalist market and private property) that embody and strengthen these elements. The book issues a strong call for more communitarian understandings and values, in ecological and social realms, and for a unified conservation effort chiefly aimed not at scientific education or policy reform but at long-term cultural change.
Anne Hammerstad
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199213085
- eISBN:
- 9780191746673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213085.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s ...
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This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s self-representation, away from a formulaic reiteration of the claim that it is ‘entirely non-political’ and non-operational. In this period, the language of human rights becomes more central and new concepts, such as ‘root causes’ and ‘prevention’, appear. These new additions are linked to the increased frequency in the use of the concept of security from 1987 onwards. This chapter analyses UNHCR’s discursive move into the realm of politics and human rights, which gradually leads on to the emergence of a security discourse towards the end of the 1980s.Less
This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s self-representation, away from a formulaic reiteration of the claim that it is ‘entirely non-political’ and non-operational. In this period, the language of human rights becomes more central and new concepts, such as ‘root causes’ and ‘prevention’, appear. These new additions are linked to the increased frequency in the use of the concept of security from 1987 onwards. This chapter analyses UNHCR’s discursive move into the realm of politics and human rights, which gradually leads on to the emergence of a security discourse towards the end of the 1980s.
Buchanan Sandra
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719088230
- eISBN:
- 9781781706879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088230.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. ...
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This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. However, a weak aspect has been the limited attention and funding for social development, preferring instead that which is easier to account for – concrete visuals or fixed funding amounts for formal projects over set periods, underpinning a top-down, funder-focused approach to evaluation. It assesses the extent of their effectiveness in transforming the conflict firstly through general observations provided largely in terms of strengths and weaknesses and secondly by assessing the impact of each programme against the five hypotheses developed in Chapter 2: an attempt has been made to address the root causes of the conflict thus bringing about substantial changes in the social and economic structures of society; vertical and horizontal capacity has been developed and integrated through the involvement of all levels of society in the transformation process thus enabling the empowerment of the society's citizens; a long-term view has been taken of the transformation process; the tools used were tailored to suit the particular situation thus facilitating peacebuilding rather than imposing or dictating terms; the tools have not done any harm.Less
This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. However, a weak aspect has been the limited attention and funding for social development, preferring instead that which is easier to account for – concrete visuals or fixed funding amounts for formal projects over set periods, underpinning a top-down, funder-focused approach to evaluation. It assesses the extent of their effectiveness in transforming the conflict firstly through general observations provided largely in terms of strengths and weaknesses and secondly by assessing the impact of each programme against the five hypotheses developed in Chapter 2: an attempt has been made to address the root causes of the conflict thus bringing about substantial changes in the social and economic structures of society; vertical and horizontal capacity has been developed and integrated through the involvement of all levels of society in the transformation process thus enabling the empowerment of the society's citizens; a long-term view has been taken of the transformation process; the tools used were tailored to suit the particular situation thus facilitating peacebuilding rather than imposing or dictating terms; the tools have not done any harm.
Davide Nicolini, Jeanne Mengis, David Meacheam, Justin Waring, and Jacky Swan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198738237
- eISBN:
- 9780191801686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198738237.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the ...
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This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the United States to Australia, the United Kingdom and beyond. We argue that the mobilization and world spanning circulation of this set of practices was sustained and facilitated by the construction of an “anxiety-reassurance” package. This package raised public and professional anxiety about patient safety and created reassurance by proposing a new management solution to solve this problem. Playing together these two seemingly opposite discourses, the innovation generated a wave of interest and urgency that it then rode and that allowed rapid globalization. We suggest that a focus on the innovation as a well-oiled piece of discursive machinery helps us to understand the active role of innovations in fueling their own translation without reverting to the old idea that innovations are “diffused.”Less
This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the United States to Australia, the United Kingdom and beyond. We argue that the mobilization and world spanning circulation of this set of practices was sustained and facilitated by the construction of an “anxiety-reassurance” package. This package raised public and professional anxiety about patient safety and created reassurance by proposing a new management solution to solve this problem. Playing together these two seemingly opposite discourses, the innovation generated a wave of interest and urgency that it then rode and that allowed rapid globalization. We suggest that a focus on the innovation as a well-oiled piece of discursive machinery helps us to understand the active role of innovations in fueling their own translation without reverting to the old idea that innovations are “diffused.”
Arnaud Chevallier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190463908
- eISBN:
- 9780190627447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463908.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test ...
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The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test them. The chapter introduces four rules to build effective issue maps: consistently answering the key question, going from the diagnosis question to the conclusions, breaking the problem space into a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure, and being insightful. The chapter provides guidelines to follow each of the four rules. These include differentiating the structure from the answers, deferring criticism while generating ideas, and balancing satisficing and optimizing. It discusses how to consider alternative ways to dissect a key question and ways to assess the respective insightfulness of each. Finally, the reader will find ideas to build maps, such as using analogies to approach unfamiliar problems or considering existing frameworks.Less
The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test them. The chapter introduces four rules to build effective issue maps: consistently answering the key question, going from the diagnosis question to the conclusions, breaking the problem space into a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure, and being insightful. The chapter provides guidelines to follow each of the four rules. These include differentiating the structure from the answers, deferring criticism while generating ideas, and balancing satisficing and optimizing. It discusses how to consider alternative ways to dissect a key question and ways to assess the respective insightfulness of each. Finally, the reader will find ideas to build maps, such as using analogies to approach unfamiliar problems or considering existing frameworks.
Azadeh Chalabi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198822844
- eISBN:
- 9780191861291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198822844.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting ...
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Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.Less
Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.
