Stephen Castles and Nicholas Van Hear
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an ...
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This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an understanding of the international institutions that regulate the areas that underlie human mobility is crucial for understanding global migration governance. The chapter takes an international political economy approach, suggesting that the existing governance structures need to be seen in the context of North–South relations and that many of the inequalities that exist in forums such as the WTO and the Bretton Woods institutions themselves underpin the causes of human mobility.Less
This chapter examines the global governance of issue-areas affecting the underlying causes of movement notably in areas such as peace and security and global economic governance. It argues that an understanding of the international institutions that regulate the areas that underlie human mobility is crucial for understanding global migration governance. The chapter takes an international political economy approach, suggesting that the existing governance structures need to be seen in the context of North–South relations and that many of the inequalities that exist in forums such as the WTO and the Bretton Woods institutions themselves underpin the causes of human mobility.
Alexander Betts (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral ...
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Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.Less
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.
Claudena M. Skran
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273929
- eISBN:
- 9780191684081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international ...
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This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international refugee regime for confronting the root causes of refugee flows. The outcome of efforts for preventing and controlling refugee movements in the inter-war years are studied extensively in the chapter. The chapter also examines the efforts of certain actors in the international refugee regime to expand the functions of the regime to include dealing with the causes of refugee movements.Less
This chapter explores the international refugee regime's impact on the prevention of refugee movements worldwide. The chapter discusses the attempts made by certain actors in the international refugee regime for confronting the root causes of refugee flows. The outcome of efforts for preventing and controlling refugee movements in the inter-war years are studied extensively in the chapter. The chapter also examines the efforts of certain actors in the international refugee regime to expand the functions of the regime to include dealing with the causes of refugee movements.
Eric T. Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226326085
- eISBN:
- 9780226326252
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226326252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that ...
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Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that prompt people to act as they do: to misuse nature, to remain insensitive to underlying causes and resulting harms, and to resist calls for reform. Many root causes lie within modern culture, particularly in prevailing ways of seeing and valuing nature and understanding human-nature links. Beginning from various places this book probes these root causes, seeking not just the origins of land abuse but the cultural reasons why reform efforts have largely stalled and are so deeply resisted. It draws together the core wisdom of three leading environmental voices—Aldo Leopold, Wendell Berry, and David Orr—and of Pope Francis from his encyclical, Laudate Si’. It seeks fresh cultural insights from a deeper probing of the tragedy of the commons, the controversy over wilderness as place and idea, and the institution of private property rights in nature. By steps the book links environmental ills and current impasses to key elements of modern culture, many embedded in contemporary liberal individualism, and to central social institutions (particularly the capitalist market and private property) that embody and strengthen these elements. The book issues a strong call for more communitarian understandings and values, in ecological and social realms, and for a unified conservation effort chiefly aimed not at scientific education or policy reform but at long-term cultural change.Less
Long-simmering environmental problems originate in human actions that alter nature in ways deemed abusive or degrading. The root causes of environmental ills are thus the forces and factors that prompt people to act as they do: to misuse nature, to remain insensitive to underlying causes and resulting harms, and to resist calls for reform. Many root causes lie within modern culture, particularly in prevailing ways of seeing and valuing nature and understanding human-nature links. Beginning from various places this book probes these root causes, seeking not just the origins of land abuse but the cultural reasons why reform efforts have largely stalled and are so deeply resisted. It draws together the core wisdom of three leading environmental voices—Aldo Leopold, Wendell Berry, and David Orr—and of Pope Francis from his encyclical, Laudate Si’. It seeks fresh cultural insights from a deeper probing of the tragedy of the commons, the controversy over wilderness as place and idea, and the institution of private property rights in nature. By steps the book links environmental ills and current impasses to key elements of modern culture, many embedded in contemporary liberal individualism, and to central social institutions (particularly the capitalist market and private property) that embody and strengthen these elements. The book issues a strong call for more communitarian understandings and values, in ecological and social realms, and for a unified conservation effort chiefly aimed not at scientific education or policy reform but at long-term cultural change.
Greg Fisher, John E. Wisneski, and Rene M. Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190081478
- eISBN:
- 9780197521847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190081478.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
A root-cause analysis is used to identify the initiating, or root, of a causal chain that leads to an observed undesirable outcome. It is useful in helping managers to focus their problem-solving ...
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A root-cause analysis is used to identify the initiating, or root, of a causal chain that leads to an observed undesirable outcome. It is useful in helping managers to focus their problem-solving efforts on providing remedies to issues that actually prevent the undesirable outcome from recurring. Failure to identify the root cause of a problem often leads to time spent on removing causal factors, which can alleviate the symptoms of a problem yet may not prevent recurrence with full certainty. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of root-cause analysis. The chapter also discusses the illustration of the DISH Network and applies the steps of root-cause analysis to this case.Less
A root-cause analysis is used to identify the initiating, or root, of a causal chain that leads to an observed undesirable outcome. It is useful in helping managers to focus their problem-solving efforts on providing remedies to issues that actually prevent the undesirable outcome from recurring. Failure to identify the root cause of a problem often leads to time spent on removing causal factors, which can alleviate the symptoms of a problem yet may not prevent recurrence with full certainty. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of root-cause analysis. The chapter also discusses the illustration of the DISH Network and applies the steps of root-cause analysis to this case.
Anne Hammerstad
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199213085
- eISBN:
- 9780191746673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213085.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s ...
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This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s self-representation, away from a formulaic reiteration of the claim that it is ‘entirely non-political’ and non-operational. In this period, the language of human rights becomes more central and new concepts, such as ‘root causes’ and ‘prevention’, appear. These new additions are linked to the increased frequency in the use of the concept of security from 1987 onwards. This chapter analyses UNHCR’s discursive move into the realm of politics and human rights, which gradually leads on to the emergence of a security discourse towards the end of the 1980s.Less
This chapter conducts a discourse analysis of the evolution of UNHCR’s official discourse in the 1980s. Not until the latter half of the 1980s can there be said to have been a clear change in UNHCR’s self-representation, away from a formulaic reiteration of the claim that it is ‘entirely non-political’ and non-operational. In this period, the language of human rights becomes more central and new concepts, such as ‘root causes’ and ‘prevention’, appear. These new additions are linked to the increased frequency in the use of the concept of security from 1987 onwards. This chapter analyses UNHCR’s discursive move into the realm of politics and human rights, which gradually leads on to the emergence of a security discourse towards the end of the 1980s.
Buchanan Sandra
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719088230
- eISBN:
- 9781781706879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088230.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. ...
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This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. However, a weak aspect has been the limited attention and funding for social development, preferring instead that which is easier to account for – concrete visuals or fixed funding amounts for formal projects over set periods, underpinning a top-down, funder-focused approach to evaluation. It assesses the extent of their effectiveness in transforming the conflict firstly through general observations provided largely in terms of strengths and weaknesses and secondly by assessing the impact of each programme against the five hypotheses developed in Chapter 2: an attempt has been made to address the root causes of the conflict thus bringing about substantial changes in the social and economic structures of society; vertical and horizontal capacity has been developed and integrated through the involvement of all levels of society in the transformation process thus enabling the empowerment of the society's citizens; a long-term view has been taken of the transformation process; the tools used were tailored to suit the particular situation thus facilitating peacebuilding rather than imposing or dictating terms; the tools have not done any harm.Less
This chapter critically examines the impacts the three funding programmes have had on the region's conflict transformation process. Some have been positive, having supported thousands of projects. However, a weak aspect has been the limited attention and funding for social development, preferring instead that which is easier to account for – concrete visuals or fixed funding amounts for formal projects over set periods, underpinning a top-down, funder-focused approach to evaluation. It assesses the extent of their effectiveness in transforming the conflict firstly through general observations provided largely in terms of strengths and weaknesses and secondly by assessing the impact of each programme against the five hypotheses developed in Chapter 2: an attempt has been made to address the root causes of the conflict thus bringing about substantial changes in the social and economic structures of society; vertical and horizontal capacity has been developed and integrated through the involvement of all levels of society in the transformation process thus enabling the empowerment of the society's citizens; a long-term view has been taken of the transformation process; the tools used were tailored to suit the particular situation thus facilitating peacebuilding rather than imposing or dictating terms; the tools have not done any harm.
Michael D. Stein and Sandro Galea
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197510384
- eISBN:
- 9780197510414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses how clinicians struggle to identify and treat illnesses whose sources often lie outside the medical system. That is what makes root causes so powerful: they escape ready ...
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This chapter discusses how clinicians struggle to identify and treat illnesses whose sources often lie outside the medical system. That is what makes root causes so powerful: they escape ready treatment and underlie a multiplicity of medical presentations. The same root cause can be responsible for a gastrointestinal or a respiratory problem, for an injury or a hepatic problem. This is why, when one thinks of the causes of medical problems strictly from an organ-based perspective, it is never enough. Because medical problems often do not arise in their end organs; they are bodily manifestations of underlying issues. These issues—such as inadequate housing, limited access to addiction treatment, poverty, and terrible neighborhoods—are medical challenges. As such, aside from being responsible for solving the immediate problem—the disease in front of them—clinicians must also grapple with the underlying causes. They can choose to become advocates, voices for public health outside of the hospital or clinic, or they can work within their day-to-day system, encouraging their hospital or clinic to embrace improving the underlying conditions that shape the health of patients.Less
This chapter discusses how clinicians struggle to identify and treat illnesses whose sources often lie outside the medical system. That is what makes root causes so powerful: they escape ready treatment and underlie a multiplicity of medical presentations. The same root cause can be responsible for a gastrointestinal or a respiratory problem, for an injury or a hepatic problem. This is why, when one thinks of the causes of medical problems strictly from an organ-based perspective, it is never enough. Because medical problems often do not arise in their end organs; they are bodily manifestations of underlying issues. These issues—such as inadequate housing, limited access to addiction treatment, poverty, and terrible neighborhoods—are medical challenges. As such, aside from being responsible for solving the immediate problem—the disease in front of them—clinicians must also grapple with the underlying causes. They can choose to become advocates, voices for public health outside of the hospital or clinic, or they can work within their day-to-day system, encouraging their hospital or clinic to embrace improving the underlying conditions that shape the health of patients.
George E. Mitchell, Hans Peter Schmitz, and Tosca Bruno-van Vijfeijken
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190084714
- eISBN:
- 9780190084752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190084714.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Public Management
Chapter 3 describes major shifts in the strategic orientations of TNGOs that represent a concerted movement from their historical roots as charitable conduits to social and political change agents ...
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Chapter 3 describes major shifts in the strategic orientations of TNGOs that represent a concerted movement from their historical roots as charitable conduits to social and political change agents seeking sustainable impact and long-term transformations. Three illustrative strategic shifts—from direct service delivery to championing rights and supporting entrepreneurship; from reactive advocacy to proactive global campaigning; and from capacity-building to systems thinking—underscore the growing mismatch between the inherited institutional and normative features of the architecture and the sector’s contemporary ambitions and strategies. The evolution in TNGO strategies over the past several decades suggests new future roles for TNGOs, but future-oriented change is complicated by the need to overcome architectural challenges and confront past legacies.Less
Chapter 3 describes major shifts in the strategic orientations of TNGOs that represent a concerted movement from their historical roots as charitable conduits to social and political change agents seeking sustainable impact and long-term transformations. Three illustrative strategic shifts—from direct service delivery to championing rights and supporting entrepreneurship; from reactive advocacy to proactive global campaigning; and from capacity-building to systems thinking—underscore the growing mismatch between the inherited institutional and normative features of the architecture and the sector’s contemporary ambitions and strategies. The evolution in TNGO strategies over the past several decades suggests new future roles for TNGOs, but future-oriented change is complicated by the need to overcome architectural challenges and confront past legacies.
Timothy D. Lytton
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226611549
- eISBN:
- 9780226611716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The food safety system faces two persistent challenges. First, despite steady advances in understanding the pathogens that cause foodborne illness, a great deal of uncertainty remains about the root ...
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The food safety system faces two persistent challenges. First, despite steady advances in understanding the pathogens that cause foodborne illness, a great deal of uncertainty remains about the root causes of contamination. Second, the proliferation of increasingly sophisticated approaches to food safety has not always been accompanied by reliable oversight to ensure uniformly rigorous implementation. This chapter endorses a division of labor between government and industry to address these challenges. On the one hand, it advocates focusing government investment in food safety primarily on improving the infrastructure of outbreak investigations rather than on hiring more agency inspectors to oversee farms and processing facilities. Government resources are limited, and government is uniquely equipped to conduct outbreak investigations, which are essential to expanding knowledge about the root causes of contamination. On the other hand, the chapter advocates relying primarily on industry rather than government to fund oversight of food safety program implementation in farming and processing operations. This can take the form of making companies pay for government inspections or private food safety audits. The chapter examines two different models for industry funding of government inspections, and it surveys a number of efforts to improve the reliability of private food safety audits.Less
The food safety system faces two persistent challenges. First, despite steady advances in understanding the pathogens that cause foodborne illness, a great deal of uncertainty remains about the root causes of contamination. Second, the proliferation of increasingly sophisticated approaches to food safety has not always been accompanied by reliable oversight to ensure uniformly rigorous implementation. This chapter endorses a division of labor between government and industry to address these challenges. On the one hand, it advocates focusing government investment in food safety primarily on improving the infrastructure of outbreak investigations rather than on hiring more agency inspectors to oversee farms and processing facilities. Government resources are limited, and government is uniquely equipped to conduct outbreak investigations, which are essential to expanding knowledge about the root causes of contamination. On the other hand, the chapter advocates relying primarily on industry rather than government to fund oversight of food safety program implementation in farming and processing operations. This can take the form of making companies pay for government inspections or private food safety audits. The chapter examines two different models for industry funding of government inspections, and it surveys a number of efforts to improve the reliability of private food safety audits.
Davide Nicolini, Jeanne Mengis, David Meacheam, Justin Waring, and Jacky Swan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198738237
- eISBN:
- 9780191801686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198738237.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the ...
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This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the United States to Australia, the United Kingdom and beyond. We argue that the mobilization and world spanning circulation of this set of practices was sustained and facilitated by the construction of an “anxiety-reassurance” package. This package raised public and professional anxiety about patient safety and created reassurance by proposing a new management solution to solve this problem. Playing together these two seemingly opposite discourses, the innovation generated a wave of interest and urgency that it then rode and that allowed rapid globalization. We suggest that a focus on the innovation as a well-oiled piece of discursive machinery helps us to understand the active role of innovations in fueling their own translation without reverting to the old idea that innovations are “diffused.”Less
This chapter discusses the global travel of a specific approach to incident investigation (Root Cause Analysis or RCA for short). We assess how knowledge of the technique was mobilized, from the United States to Australia, the United Kingdom and beyond. We argue that the mobilization and world spanning circulation of this set of practices was sustained and facilitated by the construction of an “anxiety-reassurance” package. This package raised public and professional anxiety about patient safety and created reassurance by proposing a new management solution to solve this problem. Playing together these two seemingly opposite discourses, the innovation generated a wave of interest and urgency that it then rode and that allowed rapid globalization. We suggest that a focus on the innovation as a well-oiled piece of discursive machinery helps us to understand the active role of innovations in fueling their own translation without reverting to the old idea that innovations are “diffused.”
Michael R. Fraser and Jay C. Butler
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- October 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190056810
- eISBN:
- 9780190056841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190056810.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
A public health guide to ending the opioid crisis is needed to help frame efforts to go “upstream” and address the root causes of substance use disorder and addiction. In this introduction, the ...
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A public health guide to ending the opioid crisis is needed to help frame efforts to go “upstream” and address the root causes of substance use disorder and addiction. In this introduction, the editors provide an overview of the book’s three parts (Fundamentals and Frameworks; Connecting Clinical Perspectives and Public Health Practice; Moving Upstream—Prevention, Partnership, and Public Health). While a great deal of prior work has focused on the clinical aspects of the opioid epidemic, more is needed to address the community-level aspects, including addressing the root causes of addiction, and where public health professionals can intervene at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention. The case is made for increasing effort in the areas of primary prevention and policy change to support effective opioid stewardship at the local, state, and federal levels. The editors conclude by stating that communities will not “arrest” or “treat” their way out of this crisis. Instead, we have to redouble efforts to prevent addiction and address the clinical and community aspects of what drives an individual to become addicted in the first place.Less
A public health guide to ending the opioid crisis is needed to help frame efforts to go “upstream” and address the root causes of substance use disorder and addiction. In this introduction, the editors provide an overview of the book’s three parts (Fundamentals and Frameworks; Connecting Clinical Perspectives and Public Health Practice; Moving Upstream—Prevention, Partnership, and Public Health). While a great deal of prior work has focused on the clinical aspects of the opioid epidemic, more is needed to address the community-level aspects, including addressing the root causes of addiction, and where public health professionals can intervene at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention. The case is made for increasing effort in the areas of primary prevention and policy change to support effective opioid stewardship at the local, state, and federal levels. The editors conclude by stating that communities will not “arrest” or “treat” their way out of this crisis. Instead, we have to redouble efforts to prevent addiction and address the clinical and community aspects of what drives an individual to become addicted in the first place.
Arnaud Chevallier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190463908
- eISBN:
- 9780190627447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463908.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test ...
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The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test them. The chapter introduces four rules to build effective issue maps: consistently answering the key question, going from the diagnosis question to the conclusions, breaking the problem space into a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure, and being insightful. The chapter provides guidelines to follow each of the four rules. These include differentiating the structure from the answers, deferring criticism while generating ideas, and balancing satisficing and optimizing. It discusses how to consider alternative ways to dissect a key question and ways to assess the respective insightfulness of each. Finally, the reader will find ideas to build maps, such as using analogies to approach unfamiliar problems or considering existing frameworks.Less
The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test them. The chapter introduces four rules to build effective issue maps: consistently answering the key question, going from the diagnosis question to the conclusions, breaking the problem space into a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure, and being insightful. The chapter provides guidelines to follow each of the four rules. These include differentiating the structure from the answers, deferring criticism while generating ideas, and balancing satisficing and optimizing. It discusses how to consider alternative ways to dissect a key question and ways to assess the respective insightfulness of each. Finally, the reader will find ideas to build maps, such as using analogies to approach unfamiliar problems or considering existing frameworks.
Diana C Strange Khursandi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199577286
- eISBN:
- 9780191917912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199577286.003.0020
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Anesthesiology
When bad things happen, good communication skills and honesty are of supreme importance. Breaking bad news to patients, relatives or staff is never easy. ...
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When bad things happen, good communication skills and honesty are of supreme importance. Breaking bad news to patients, relatives or staff is never easy. Anaesthetists are most familiar with imparting bad news when they are working in a critical care unit, where the possibility of bad news is implicit. The necessity to do so in anaesthetic practice arises relatively infrequently. When patients are acutely unwell, elderly or frail prior to surgery, the patient and his or her family may be met with beforehand to signal a possible or probable unfavourable outcome related to natural disease processes. If the worst does happen, the patients and relatives will be somewhat prepared. Adverse incidents following anaesthesia require anaesthetists to be skilled in communicating honestly to the patient and relatives. These incidents can range from an unanticipated but treatable complication—for example, dural puncture—to an unexpected major mishap in theatre resulting in a serious adverse outcome (disability or death). Effective communication is as important when the issue is a more minor adverse outcome or side effect as it is when an adverse event has had disastrous consequences. Major mishaps in anaesthesia create stressful and difficult situations, since anaesthetists are required to communicate the bad news. Why is one anaesthetist’s day in court another anaesthetist’s invitation to dinner at a patient’s home? The good news is that breaking bad news is a skill that can be learned and taught. The initial ‘breaking bad news’ communication to the patient and/or relatives about the series of events in a serious adverse outcome will be more thoroughly followed up in the subsequent disclosure process. An investigation into the contributing factors in such events (root cause analysis) may need to occur, and staff members involved in the incident must be supported (critical incident support). Each department or group of anaesthetists should consider designating one of their number to respond to major adverse events. The ‘duty anaesthetist’ may be caught up with other clinical duties, and additional senior support will be required. One anaesthetist will be needed to manage ongoing clinical work, while another will be required to manage the aftermath.
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When bad things happen, good communication skills and honesty are of supreme importance. Breaking bad news to patients, relatives or staff is never easy. Anaesthetists are most familiar with imparting bad news when they are working in a critical care unit, where the possibility of bad news is implicit. The necessity to do so in anaesthetic practice arises relatively infrequently. When patients are acutely unwell, elderly or frail prior to surgery, the patient and his or her family may be met with beforehand to signal a possible or probable unfavourable outcome related to natural disease processes. If the worst does happen, the patients and relatives will be somewhat prepared. Adverse incidents following anaesthesia require anaesthetists to be skilled in communicating honestly to the patient and relatives. These incidents can range from an unanticipated but treatable complication—for example, dural puncture—to an unexpected major mishap in theatre resulting in a serious adverse outcome (disability or death). Effective communication is as important when the issue is a more minor adverse outcome or side effect as it is when an adverse event has had disastrous consequences. Major mishaps in anaesthesia create stressful and difficult situations, since anaesthetists are required to communicate the bad news. Why is one anaesthetist’s day in court another anaesthetist’s invitation to dinner at a patient’s home? The good news is that breaking bad news is a skill that can be learned and taught. The initial ‘breaking bad news’ communication to the patient and/or relatives about the series of events in a serious adverse outcome will be more thoroughly followed up in the subsequent disclosure process. An investigation into the contributing factors in such events (root cause analysis) may need to occur, and staff members involved in the incident must be supported (critical incident support). Each department or group of anaesthetists should consider designating one of their number to respond to major adverse events. The ‘duty anaesthetist’ may be caught up with other clinical duties, and additional senior support will be required. One anaesthetist will be needed to manage ongoing clinical work, while another will be required to manage the aftermath.
Azadeh Chalabi
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198822844
- eISBN:
- 9780191861291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198822844.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting ...
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Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.Less
Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.
Nicholas Longridge, Pete Clarke, Raheel Aftab, and Tariq Ali
Katharine Boursicot and David Sales (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198825173
- eISBN:
- 9780191917301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825173.003.0013
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Professional Development in Medicine
The child patient can be a challenging and daunting proposition for the junior dentist and dental student. Whilst children can be anxious, uncooperative, and ...
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The child patient can be a challenging and daunting proposition for the junior dentist and dental student. Whilst children can be anxious, uncooperative, and unpredictable, they also present an extremely rewarding opportunity, which, if managed correctly, may go on to influence their healthcare experiences for the rest of their lives. Excellent behavioural management of the child patient (and their parents!) is fundamental to a successful clinical and patient- reported outcome. Aside from possible behavioural issues, paediatric patients may present with a series of unique clinical presentations that require additional skills and knowledge above and beyond those required for adult patients. Differences in the micro- and macro- structures of primary and permanent teeth, coupled with variations in eruption dates, lead to an evolving mixed dentition that can lead to some difficult diagnostic and treatment planning scenarios. Furthermore, dental anxiety and the preponderance for dento- alveolar trauma in children and young adults may exacerbate the patient management of an already complex situation. Prevention is central to paediatric dentistry. However, whilst significant progression has occurred in some areas, poor dietary habits and suboptimal oral hygiene regimes remain significant concerns for the profession, with large numbers of dental extractions still performed under general anaesthesia each year. Key topics include: ● Tooth anatomy and eruption patterns ● Abnormalities of structure and form ● Prevention and management of dental caries, including pulp therapy ● Dental trauma ● Dental extractions and space management ● Behavioural management ● Safeguarding ● Pharmacological management.
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The child patient can be a challenging and daunting proposition for the junior dentist and dental student. Whilst children can be anxious, uncooperative, and unpredictable, they also present an extremely rewarding opportunity, which, if managed correctly, may go on to influence their healthcare experiences for the rest of their lives. Excellent behavioural management of the child patient (and their parents!) is fundamental to a successful clinical and patient- reported outcome. Aside from possible behavioural issues, paediatric patients may present with a series of unique clinical presentations that require additional skills and knowledge above and beyond those required for adult patients. Differences in the micro- and macro- structures of primary and permanent teeth, coupled with variations in eruption dates, lead to an evolving mixed dentition that can lead to some difficult diagnostic and treatment planning scenarios. Furthermore, dental anxiety and the preponderance for dento- alveolar trauma in children and young adults may exacerbate the patient management of an already complex situation. Prevention is central to paediatric dentistry. However, whilst significant progression has occurred in some areas, poor dietary habits and suboptimal oral hygiene regimes remain significant concerns for the profession, with large numbers of dental extractions still performed under general anaesthesia each year. Key topics include: ● Tooth anatomy and eruption patterns ● Abnormalities of structure and form ● Prevention and management of dental caries, including pulp therapy ● Dental trauma ● Dental extractions and space management ● Behavioural management ● Safeguarding ● Pharmacological management.
Stephanie J. Smith and Martina N. Cummins
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198801740
- eISBN:
- 9780191917158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0029
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Professional Development in Medicine
The Health Act (2008) Code of Practice on the Prevention and Control of Infections and Related Guidance provides a legal statutory requirement to which all ...
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The Health Act (2008) Code of Practice on the Prevention and Control of Infections and Related Guidance provides a legal statutory requirement to which all hospital trusts in England should abide to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers. There are similar laws in both Scotland and Wales. Prevention and control of healthcare- associated infections (HCAI) remains integral to provide safe, quality patient care and requires an effective management team to implement the Act. In July 2015, a revised Code of Practice was introduced for the prevention and control of HCAI. The Code of Practice is also referred to as the ‘Hygiene Code’ and is regulated by the Care Quality Commission (CQC). A requirement of this Act is that the board of directors receive an annual report from the Director of Infection Prevention & Control (DIPC), with acknowledgement of the report and approval of a proposed programme of delivery prior to public release and implementation. All trusts must register with the CQC, whose role is to regulate and inspect care services in the public, private, and voluntary sectors in England. Part of the CQC assessment against the Act includes Outcome 8: Cleanliness and Infection Control. Under this outcome the trust is required to demonstrate compliance. The DIPC within an organization will assume responsibility to provide assurances that criteria are met by ensuring regular committee meetings to discuss compliance with standards, monitoring of trends, and provide strategies to reduce HCAI. The trust has to be made accountable for any infection control issues for their staff and patients and have evidence of a clear framework to provide assurances that safety has been met. The IPC Team will implement a plan across their trust that requires quarterly and annual reports to ensure implementation and remedial actions listed and acted on as appropriate. A care bundle is a set of evidence-based interventions that are grouped together to ensure that patients receive optimal management consistently. Ideally, each part of the bundle should be based on evidence from at least one systematic review composed of multiple randomized control trials. Care bundles have been implemented in England since June 2005.
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The Health Act (2008) Code of Practice on the Prevention and Control of Infections and Related Guidance provides a legal statutory requirement to which all hospital trusts in England should abide to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers. There are similar laws in both Scotland and Wales. Prevention and control of healthcare- associated infections (HCAI) remains integral to provide safe, quality patient care and requires an effective management team to implement the Act. In July 2015, a revised Code of Practice was introduced for the prevention and control of HCAI. The Code of Practice is also referred to as the ‘Hygiene Code’ and is regulated by the Care Quality Commission (CQC). A requirement of this Act is that the board of directors receive an annual report from the Director of Infection Prevention & Control (DIPC), with acknowledgement of the report and approval of a proposed programme of delivery prior to public release and implementation. All trusts must register with the CQC, whose role is to regulate and inspect care services in the public, private, and voluntary sectors in England. Part of the CQC assessment against the Act includes Outcome 8: Cleanliness and Infection Control. Under this outcome the trust is required to demonstrate compliance. The DIPC within an organization will assume responsibility to provide assurances that criteria are met by ensuring regular committee meetings to discuss compliance with standards, monitoring of trends, and provide strategies to reduce HCAI. The trust has to be made accountable for any infection control issues for their staff and patients and have evidence of a clear framework to provide assurances that safety has been met. The IPC Team will implement a plan across their trust that requires quarterly and annual reports to ensure implementation and remedial actions listed and acted on as appropriate. A care bundle is a set of evidence-based interventions that are grouped together to ensure that patients receive optimal management consistently. Ideally, each part of the bundle should be based on evidence from at least one systematic review composed of multiple randomized control trials. Care bundles have been implemented in England since June 2005.