Quentin Cronk
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550357
- eISBN:
- 9780191720154
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550357.001.1
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry, Developmental Biology
This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its ...
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This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its grandest is the study of how mutations in genes have changed the way the planet functions. The evolution of the leaf, for instance, change terrestrial carbon cycling and primary productivity, so changing the earth's atmosphere and the distribution of carbon. The book charts the rise to complexity of the three many organs systems of complex land plants, the axis or stem, the leaf, and the root. These organs system are surveyed morphologically in the light of empirical morphology, in which organ concepts are considered as hypotheses to be tested in a developmental, molecular, and phylogenetic framework. It also tackles the evolution of the seed (via heterospory and covering of the megasporangium) and the flower (by complex patterning of sporophylls and sterile phyllomes). All this is placed where possible in its molecular context, with the aim of demonstrating how evolving gene networks have given rise to increasing morphological complexity.Less
This book surveys the momentous morphological change in plant evolution that created the terrestrial biosphere as we know it today. It takes as its premise that the study of plant evolution at its grandest is the study of how mutations in genes have changed the way the planet functions. The evolution of the leaf, for instance, change terrestrial carbon cycling and primary productivity, so changing the earth's atmosphere and the distribution of carbon. The book charts the rise to complexity of the three many organs systems of complex land plants, the axis or stem, the leaf, and the root. These organs system are surveyed morphologically in the light of empirical morphology, in which organ concepts are considered as hypotheses to be tested in a developmental, molecular, and phylogenetic framework. It also tackles the evolution of the seed (via heterospory and covering of the megasporangium) and the flower (by complex patterning of sporophylls and sterile phyllomes). All this is placed where possible in its molecular context, with the aim of demonstrating how evolving gene networks have given rise to increasing morphological complexity.
Michio Hatanaka
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198773535
- eISBN:
- 9780191596360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198773536.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter introduces extended asymptotic theories on the unit root developed in Fuller (1976), Dickey and Fuller (1979), Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron (1988) among others. The theories ...
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This chapter introduces extended asymptotic theories on the unit root developed in Fuller (1976), Dickey and Fuller (1979), Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron (1988) among others. The theories are explained in two steps. The first deals with the elementary but fundamental case where Δxt is i.i.d with zero mean. The second step is given in Chapter 6. It explains more advanced aspects including the case where Δxt is an ARMA.Less
This chapter introduces extended asymptotic theories on the unit root developed in Fuller (1976), Dickey and Fuller (1979), Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron (1988) among others. The theories are explained in two steps. The first deals with the elementary but fundamental case where Δxt is i.i.d with zero mean. The second step is given in Chapter 6. It explains more advanced aspects including the case where Δxt is an ARMA.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The cube root law of assembly sizes applies to first or only chambers. It says that assembly size is approximately the cube root of the country's population, because this size minimizes the workload ...
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The cube root law of assembly sizes applies to first or only chambers. It says that assembly size is approximately the cube root of the country's population, because this size minimizes the workload of a representative. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. Smaller countries have fewer registered parties but more party members per 1,000 population.Less
The cube root law of assembly sizes applies to first or only chambers. It says that assembly size is approximately the cube root of the country's population, because this size minimizes the workload of a representative. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. Smaller countries have fewer registered parties but more party members per 1,000 population.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287741
- eISBN:
- 9780191713408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287741.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national ...
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The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.Less
The number of seats in the European Parliament roughly equals the cube root of the population of the European Union. This theoretically based ‘cube root law of assembly sizes’ also fits most national assemblies, and it could be made the official norm for the EP. Allocation of EP seats and Council of the EU voting weights among member states has for forty years closely approximated the distribution a ‘minority enhancement equation’ predicts, solely on the basis of the number and populations of member states plus the total number of seats/voting weights. This logically founded formula could be made the official norm, so as to save political wrangling. It may also be of use for some other supranational bodies and federal second chambers.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Nonlinearity arises in statistical inference in various ways, with varying degrees of severity, as an obstacle to statistical analysis. More entrenched forms of nonlinearity often require intensive ...
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Nonlinearity arises in statistical inference in various ways, with varying degrees of severity, as an obstacle to statistical analysis. More entrenched forms of nonlinearity often require intensive numerical methods to construct estimators. Root search algorithms and one-step estimators are standard methods of solution. This book provides a comprehensive study of nonlinear estimating equations and artificial likelihoods for statistical inference. It provides extensive coverage and comparison of hill climbing algorithms which, when started at points of nonconcavity, often have very poor convergence properties. For additional flexibility, number of modifications to the standard methods for solving these algorithms are proposed. The book also goes beyond simple root search algorithms to include a discussion of the testing of roots for consistency and the modification of available estimating functions to provide greater stability in inference. A variety of examples from practical applications are included to illustrate the problems and possibilities.Less
Nonlinearity arises in statistical inference in various ways, with varying degrees of severity, as an obstacle to statistical analysis. More entrenched forms of nonlinearity often require intensive numerical methods to construct estimators. Root search algorithms and one-step estimators are standard methods of solution. This book provides a comprehensive study of nonlinear estimating equations and artificial likelihoods for statistical inference. It provides extensive coverage and comparison of hill climbing algorithms which, when started at points of nonconcavity, often have very poor convergence properties. For additional flexibility, number of modifications to the standard methods for solving these algorithms are proposed. The book also goes beyond simple root search algorithms to include a discussion of the testing of roots for consistency and the modification of available estimating functions to provide greater stability in inference. A variety of examples from practical applications are included to illustrate the problems and possibilities.
Simon Price
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292371
- eISBN:
- 9780191600159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292376.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Extending the regression model to the analysis of non‐stationary, or trended, data. The examples demonstrate the application of unit root methodology, Engle‐Granger co‐integration procedures, and ...
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Extending the regression model to the analysis of non‐stationary, or trended, data. The examples demonstrate the application of unit root methodology, Engle‐Granger co‐integration procedures, and error correction methods. The application of appropriate statistics, such as the Augmented Dickey‐Fuller test, is also demonstrated.Less
Extending the regression model to the analysis of non‐stationary, or trended, data. The examples demonstrate the application of unit root methodology, Engle‐Granger co‐integration procedures, and error correction methods. The application of appropriate statistics, such as the Augmented Dickey‐Fuller test, is also demonstrated.
Edith Bruder
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195333565
- eISBN:
- 9780199868889
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333565.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Over the last several decades, an astonishing phenomenon has developed: a Jewish rebirth of sorts occurring throughout Africa. Different ethnic groups proclaim that they are returning to long ...
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Over the last several decades, an astonishing phenomenon has developed: a Jewish rebirth of sorts occurring throughout Africa. Different ethnic groups proclaim that they are returning to long forgotten Jewish roots and African clans trace their lineage to the Lost Tribes of Israel. This book addresses the elaboration and the development of Jewish identities by Africans. Africans have encountered Jewish myths and traditions in multiple forms and under a number of situations. The context and circumstances of these encounters produced a series of influences that gradually led, within some African societies, to the elaboration of a new Jewish identity connected with that of the Diaspora. The book presents one by one the different groups of Black Jews from western central, eastern, and southern Africa, and the ways in which they have used and imagined their oral history and traditional customs to construct a distinct Jewish identity. The purpose of the book is to review the processes and immensely complex interactions which shaped these new religious identities. It explores the way in which Africans have interacted with the ancient mythological sub-strata of both western and Africans idea of Jews in order to create a distinct Jewish identity. It particularly seeks to identify and to assess colonial influences and their internalization by African societies in the shaping of new African religious identities. Along with these notions the book examines how, in the absence of recorded African history, the eminently malleable accounts of Jewish lineage developed by African groups inspired by Judaism co-exist with the possible historical traces of a Jewish presence in Africa.Less
Over the last several decades, an astonishing phenomenon has developed: a Jewish rebirth of sorts occurring throughout Africa. Different ethnic groups proclaim that they are returning to long forgotten Jewish roots and African clans trace their lineage to the Lost Tribes of Israel. This book addresses the elaboration and the development of Jewish identities by Africans. Africans have encountered Jewish myths and traditions in multiple forms and under a number of situations. The context and circumstances of these encounters produced a series of influences that gradually led, within some African societies, to the elaboration of a new Jewish identity connected with that of the Diaspora. The book presents one by one the different groups of Black Jews from western central, eastern, and southern Africa, and the ways in which they have used and imagined their oral history and traditional customs to construct a distinct Jewish identity. The purpose of the book is to review the processes and immensely complex interactions which shaped these new religious identities. It explores the way in which Africans have interacted with the ancient mythological sub-strata of both western and Africans idea of Jews in order to create a distinct Jewish identity. It particularly seeks to identify and to assess colonial influences and their internalization by African societies in the shaping of new African religious identities. Along with these notions the book examines how, in the absence of recorded African history, the eminently malleable accounts of Jewish lineage developed by African groups inspired by Judaism co-exist with the possible historical traces of a Jewish presence in Africa.
Cheryl E. Easley and Carol Easley Allen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325256
- eISBN:
- 9780199864409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325256.003.0018
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores the roots of terrorism. It addresses historical and political roots of terrorism, economic and social roots of terrorism, and the philosophical, ideological, and religious roots ...
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This chapter explores the roots of terrorism. It addresses historical and political roots of terrorism, economic and social roots of terrorism, and the philosophical, ideological, and religious roots of terrorism. It also discusses the psychology of terrorists and concludes with a discussion of preventing terrorist attacks.Less
This chapter explores the roots of terrorism. It addresses historical and political roots of terrorism, economic and social roots of terrorism, and the philosophical, ideological, and religious roots of terrorism. It also discusses the psychology of terrorists and concludes with a discussion of preventing terrorist attacks.
Ogbu Kalu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195340006
- eISBN:
- 9780199867073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340006.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
Africans have tended to appropriate the charismatic dimensions of the gospel, attracted to the extra power offered by the new religion, and stamped it with an African identity. This charismatic and ...
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Africans have tended to appropriate the charismatic dimensions of the gospel, attracted to the extra power offered by the new religion, and stamped it with an African identity. This charismatic and revivalist ferment could best be described with the Luganda word, bakuzufu, which means reawakened, or renewed, or even resurrected. In the interpretation of global Pentecostalism, the historical discourse argues the need to appreciate the contexts and periods from whence the movement flared up. It argues that the stories of various revitalization movements within such contexts provide the backdrop to the contemporary manifestations of Pentecostalism. These past events charismatized the religious landscapes, providing the agency, goal, popular perception, and naming of the movement. The failure of some historians to pay adequate attention to these precedents, historical roots, and multisites have produced misinterpretations. This chapter argues that in African Pentecostal historiography, the precedents in the colonial period, 1900-60 must be distinguished from the charismatic flares in the independence era, from the 1970s forward.Less
Africans have tended to appropriate the charismatic dimensions of the gospel, attracted to the extra power offered by the new religion, and stamped it with an African identity. This charismatic and revivalist ferment could best be described with the Luganda word, bakuzufu, which means reawakened, or renewed, or even resurrected. In the interpretation of global Pentecostalism, the historical discourse argues the need to appreciate the contexts and periods from whence the movement flared up. It argues that the stories of various revitalization movements within such contexts provide the backdrop to the contemporary manifestations of Pentecostalism. These past events charismatized the religious landscapes, providing the agency, goal, popular perception, and naming of the movement. The failure of some historians to pay adequate attention to these precedents, historical roots, and multisites have produced misinterpretations. This chapter argues that in African Pentecostal historiography, the precedents in the colonial period, 1900-60 must be distinguished from the charismatic flares in the independence era, from the 1970s forward.
Jeff Good
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract ...
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This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.Less
This chapter discusses some morphological idiosyncrasies that involve the four Bantu verbal suffixes. The terms passivization and applicativization are used in the chapter to refer to abstract morphological processes that can be applied to basic verb roots. These can create derived verb stems that show the syntax and semantics that are associated with those terms. Background information on the Bantu verb stem is provided in the second section, while the third section features a simpler morphological irregularity found in the verb stem. The chapter also discusses morphological mismatches in the verb stem and various classes of deponent verb stems.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
The first part of this chapter provides some background information on the problem of nonlinearity arising in statistical inference. In particular, it discusses the problem of multiple roots and ...
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The first part of this chapter provides some background information on the problem of nonlinearity arising in statistical inference. In particular, it discusses the problem of multiple roots and explains why the problem of multiple roots is complicated when using non-conservative estimating functions. The second part of the chapter gives a detailed introduction to each following chapter in the book.Less
The first part of this chapter provides some background information on the problem of nonlinearity arising in statistical inference. In particular, it discusses the problem of multiple roots and explains why the problem of multiple roots is complicated when using non-conservative estimating functions. The second part of the chapter gives a detailed introduction to each following chapter in the book.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter explores the relationship between the numerical methods described in earlier chapters and the theory of dynamical systems. An estimating function defines a dynamical estimating system, ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between the numerical methods described in earlier chapters and the theory of dynamical systems. An estimating function defines a dynamical estimating system, whose domains of attraction and repulsion can be studied in relation to the estimation problem. For instance, stability of roots to an estimating equation can be studied using the linearization method or the Liapunov's method. In particular, it can be shown that a consistent root of an estimating equation is an asymptotically stable fixed point of the associated dynamical estimating system. The Newton-Raphson method is reexamined in detail from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, and derivations of and formal proofs for the properties of the modified Newton's methods are given. This chapter also explores the Julia sets and domains of attraction of estimating functions, taking the estimation of the correlation coefficient for bivariate normal data as an example.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between the numerical methods described in earlier chapters and the theory of dynamical systems. An estimating function defines a dynamical estimating system, whose domains of attraction and repulsion can be studied in relation to the estimation problem. For instance, stability of roots to an estimating equation can be studied using the linearization method or the Liapunov's method. In particular, it can be shown that a consistent root of an estimating equation is an asymptotically stable fixed point of the associated dynamical estimating system. The Newton-Raphson method is reexamined in detail from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, and derivations of and formal proofs for the properties of the modified Newton's methods are given. This chapter also explores the Julia sets and domains of attraction of estimating functions, taking the estimation of the correlation coefficient for bivariate normal data as an example.
Alexander Betts (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral ...
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Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.Less
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.
Thomas Blom Hansen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152950
- eISBN:
- 9781400842612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152950.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter looks at the new economy of diasporic imagination that hit South Africa after 1994. It begins by examining a range of narratives of roots tourism whereby thousands of South African ...
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This chapter looks at the new economy of diasporic imagination that hit South Africa after 1994. It begins by examining a range of narratives of roots tourism whereby thousands of South African Indians each year travel to India in search of the village of their ancestors and for shopping and/or spiritual purification. These journeys are often complex discoveries of both the real and the imaginary India, and are almost invariably linked to desires for purification and “proper” Indianness and “culture,” which, in their turn, are spawned by social mobility and ambition. The other side of this new fascination with India's past and its emerging power as a nation is an intense interest in Bollywood films and their songs, stars, and aesthetics.Less
This chapter looks at the new economy of diasporic imagination that hit South Africa after 1994. It begins by examining a range of narratives of roots tourism whereby thousands of South African Indians each year travel to India in search of the village of their ancestors and for shopping and/or spiritual purification. These journeys are often complex discoveries of both the real and the imaginary India, and are almost invariably linked to desires for purification and “proper” Indianness and “culture,” which, in their turn, are spawned by social mobility and ambition. The other side of this new fascination with India's past and its emerging power as a nation is an intense interest in Bollywood films and their songs, stars, and aesthetics.
Artemis Alexiadou
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544325
- eISBN:
- 9780191720536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
The chapter investigates the variation at the level of morphology and at the level of productivity in the anti‐causative alternation on the basis of a non‐derivational approach to the alternation. It ...
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The chapter investigates the variation at the level of morphology and at the level of productivity in the anti‐causative alternation on the basis of a non‐derivational approach to the alternation. It proposes to correlate the differences in productivity with the differences in the way languages morphologically mark the alternation. Two main groups of languages are identified. The behaviour of both groups will be shown to be related to properties of their (in)transitive syntax. The main claim of the chapter is that the morphology we see in the alternation should be taken seriously and is the device that helps us explain why anticausative and causative formation is freer in some languages than others. It is shown, first, that if a language lacks special morphological marking for de‐transitivization processes, this language will allow fewer roots to ender the anticausative alternation. Second, it is argued that certain languages are more productive than others in forming causatives, as they have a smaller root inventory, but have a number of functional morphemes to express causation/becoming.Less
The chapter investigates the variation at the level of morphology and at the level of productivity in the anti‐causative alternation on the basis of a non‐derivational approach to the alternation. It proposes to correlate the differences in productivity with the differences in the way languages morphologically mark the alternation. Two main groups of languages are identified. The behaviour of both groups will be shown to be related to properties of their (in)transitive syntax. The main claim of the chapter is that the morphology we see in the alternation should be taken seriously and is the device that helps us explain why anticausative and causative formation is freer in some languages than others. It is shown, first, that if a language lacks special morphological marking for de‐transitivization processes, this language will allow fewer roots to ender the anticausative alternation. Second, it is argued that certain languages are more productive than others in forming causatives, as they have a smaller root inventory, but have a number of functional morphemes to express causation/becoming.
Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically ...
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Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically since 2000. The 1964 electoral law produced three major, long-term consequences on national recruitment, affecting national leadership to the present. The electoral laws helped to weaken PAN as a grass roots party, while strengthening the voice of the national party leadership. Nearly nine out of ten prominent politicians who were elected to congress served as chair of their respective state party organizations after 1934. The most surprising general revelation in the long-term chronological data on party militancy is the extraordinary percentage of politicians who were nominally party members, essentially only registering as a party member, or who were not known to have any party affiliation.Less
Democratic politics engineered a sea change among politicians in the linkage between holding a party position and a nationally prominent office. Party militants have increased in number dramatically since 2000. The 1964 electoral law produced three major, long-term consequences on national recruitment, affecting national leadership to the present. The electoral laws helped to weaken PAN as a grass roots party, while strengthening the voice of the national party leadership. Nearly nine out of ten prominent politicians who were elected to congress served as chair of their respective state party organizations after 1934. The most surprising general revelation in the long-term chronological data on party militancy is the extraordinary percentage of politicians who were nominally party members, essentially only registering as a party member, or who were not known to have any party affiliation.
Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388275
- eISBN:
- 9780199943937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of ...
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This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.Less
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly ...
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Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly defined, grounding elements make very fundamental specifications of a basically epistemic nature. Moreover, they construe the ground subjectively—leaving it implicit as the offstage locus of conception—with the profiled entity being the focused, onstage object of conception. Whereas a lexical noun or verb merely names a type of thing or process, a full nominal or finite clause designates and grounds an instance of the type. An instance differs from a type by being thought of as having a particular location in the domain of instantiation, one that distinguishes it from other instances. The profiled instance is not necessarily an actual individual, but may also be a virtual (or fictive) entity confined to a special mental space. A nominal referent is generally identified through a combination of description, which selects a set of eligible candidates, and grounding, which directs attention to a member of this set. Two basic grounding strategies are deixis (abstract pointing) and quantification. The deictic grounding elements—demonstratives and the definite article—are definite: they single out the intended referent independently of the content of the clause containing the nominal. By contrast, with indefinite grounding elements the referent is initially virtual, pending its identification by means of the clausal content (in the case of indefinite articles), or is necessarily virtual (in the case of quantifiers). Clausal grounding is less concerned with identification than with existence, i.e. whether or not an event occurs. For English the basic grounding elements are tense and the modals. The tense opposition present vs. past is a special case of the more schematic value of immediate vs. non-immediate (with respect to the ground). The absence of a modal indicates that the speaker accepts the profiled occurrence as part of the speaker's conception of reality. The presence of a modal indicates that it does not yet have this status, but is still a target for realization. The choice of modal registers the impetus for speaker control, which occurs on either of two levels: effective vs. epistemic control (corresponding to root vs. epistemic modals).Less
Grounding is the grammaticized means of relating the thing profiled by a nominal, or the process profiled by a finite clause, to the ground (the speech event and its participants). As narrowly defined, grounding elements make very fundamental specifications of a basically epistemic nature. Moreover, they construe the ground subjectively—leaving it implicit as the offstage locus of conception—with the profiled entity being the focused, onstage object of conception. Whereas a lexical noun or verb merely names a type of thing or process, a full nominal or finite clause designates and grounds an instance of the type. An instance differs from a type by being thought of as having a particular location in the domain of instantiation, one that distinguishes it from other instances. The profiled instance is not necessarily an actual individual, but may also be a virtual (or fictive) entity confined to a special mental space. A nominal referent is generally identified through a combination of description, which selects a set of eligible candidates, and grounding, which directs attention to a member of this set. Two basic grounding strategies are deixis (abstract pointing) and quantification. The deictic grounding elements—demonstratives and the definite article—are definite: they single out the intended referent independently of the content of the clause containing the nominal. By contrast, with indefinite grounding elements the referent is initially virtual, pending its identification by means of the clausal content (in the case of indefinite articles), or is necessarily virtual (in the case of quantifiers). Clausal grounding is less concerned with identification than with existence, i.e. whether or not an event occurs. For English the basic grounding elements are tense and the modals. The tense opposition present vs. past is a special case of the more schematic value of immediate vs. non-immediate (with respect to the ground). The absence of a modal indicates that the speaker accepts the profiled occurrence as part of the speaker's conception of reality. The presence of a modal indicates that it does not yet have this status, but is still a target for realization. The choice of modal registers the impetus for speaker control, which occurs on either of two levels: effective vs. epistemic control (corresponding to root vs. epistemic modals).
Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226245
- eISBN:
- 9780191710360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226245.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Complex words can be divided into different kinds of morphemes such as roots and affixes. Natural languages show a number of formal operations to make new words: affixation, compounding, conversion, ...
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Complex words can be divided into different kinds of morphemes such as roots and affixes. Natural languages show a number of formal operations to make new words: affixation, compounding, conversion, reduplication, and phonetic modification. Languages differ considerably in the way they make use of these possibilities. They can be classified according to the indices of synthesis and fusion. Thus, morphology plays an important role in linguistic typology.Less
Complex words can be divided into different kinds of morphemes such as roots and affixes. Natural languages show a number of formal operations to make new words: affixation, compounding, conversion, reduplication, and phonetic modification. Languages differ considerably in the way they make use of these possibilities. They can be classified according to the indices of synthesis and fusion. Thus, morphology plays an important role in linguistic typology.
Jay A. Liveson and Dong M. Ma
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195129243
- eISBN:
- 9780199847792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195129243.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
The strategy of the electromyographic test of muscles is based on anatomic sampling. Each muscle examined represents a specific peripheral nerve, and usually several nerve roots. Based on the ...
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The strategy of the electromyographic test of muscles is based on anatomic sampling. Each muscle examined represents a specific peripheral nerve, and usually several nerve roots. Based on the distribution of involved muscles, the examiner tries to infer the neurologic structure common to their innervation. This serves to localize the lesion. The following charts represent the innervation of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities. The myotomes are primarily based on clinical and pathologic information. An overview chart is presented first, followed by charts of one or two individual roots. The latter permit the examiner to select a group of muscles with a significant contribution from the indicated root. A major contribution is indicated by a capital X, and minor involvement by a lowercase x. Minimal involvement is signified by an x in parentheses. This same information is repeated in the second (newer) charts. The latter charts, however, include the electromyographic data, signified by capital O.Less
The strategy of the electromyographic test of muscles is based on anatomic sampling. Each muscle examined represents a specific peripheral nerve, and usually several nerve roots. Based on the distribution of involved muscles, the examiner tries to infer the neurologic structure common to their innervation. This serves to localize the lesion. The following charts represent the innervation of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities. The myotomes are primarily based on clinical and pathologic information. An overview chart is presented first, followed by charts of one or two individual roots. The latter permit the examiner to select a group of muscles with a significant contribution from the indicated root. A major contribution is indicated by a capital X, and minor involvement by a lowercase x. Minimal involvement is signified by an x in parentheses. This same information is repeated in the second (newer) charts. The latter charts, however, include the electromyographic data, signified by capital O.
