Wolfgang Wurst and Nilima Prakash
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons play a key role in several human brain functions and are thus also involved in the pathophysiology of severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. The ...
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Meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons play a key role in several human brain functions and are thus also involved in the pathophysiology of severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. The prospect of regenerative therapies for some of these disorders has fueled the interest of developmental neurobiologists in deciphering the molecular cues and processes controlling the generation of the mdDA neurons in the vertebrate brain. Rodents, in particular the mouse, have served as the classical model organism due to their phylogenetic relationship to humans, their relatively well-characterized mdDA system on both the anatomical and physiological levels, and the propensity of the mouse to undergo genetic manipulation. This chapter focuses on in vivo data obtained from the analyses of mutant mice, as several reports have indicated that cell culture-based in vitro data do not always recapitulate the in vivo situation.Less
Meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons play a key role in several human brain functions and are thus also involved in the pathophysiology of severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. The prospect of regenerative therapies for some of these disorders has fueled the interest of developmental neurobiologists in deciphering the molecular cues and processes controlling the generation of the mdDA neurons in the vertebrate brain. Rodents, in particular the mouse, have served as the classical model organism due to their phylogenetic relationship to humans, their relatively well-characterized mdDA system on both the anatomical and physiological levels, and the propensity of the mouse to undergo genetic manipulation. This chapter focuses on in vivo data obtained from the analyses of mutant mice, as several reports have indicated that cell culture-based in vitro data do not always recapitulate the in vivo situation.
Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Jorgelina Marino, Dada Gottelli, and David W. Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515562
- eISBN:
- 9780191705632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0020
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), at about 20 kg, differs from such typical, medium-size canids as the coyote (Canis latrans) in its unusually long legs and a long muzzle. Restricted to ...
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The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), at about 20 kg, differs from such typical, medium-size canids as the coyote (Canis latrans) in its unusually long legs and a long muzzle. Restricted to rodent-rich Afroalpine habitat within the Ethiopian highlands, its diurnal habits and distinctive coat render this species conspicuous. Field studies of Ethiopian wolves began in 1988, with a focus on the Bale Mountains. Conservation and research activities continue in Bale and have recently expanded to other populations in Ethiopia. This chapter analyses data previously presented.Less
The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), at about 20 kg, differs from such typical, medium-size canids as the coyote (Canis latrans) in its unusually long legs and a long muzzle. Restricted to rodent-rich Afroalpine habitat within the Ethiopian highlands, its diurnal habits and distinctive coat render this species conspicuous. Field studies of Ethiopian wolves began in 1988, with a focus on the Bale Mountains. Conservation and research activities continue in Bale and have recently expanded to other populations in Ethiopia. This chapter analyses data previously presented.
Joseph L. Price
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
The chapter describes the structural organization of the orbital cortex (OFC), together with the medial prefrontal cortex. It reviews previous areal maps of this cortex, and provides a description of ...
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The chapter describes the structural organization of the orbital cortex (OFC), together with the medial prefrontal cortex. It reviews previous areal maps of this cortex, and provides a description of architectonic divisions of the cortex based on analysis of eight staining methods in nonhuman primates and humans. Twenty-two areas were recognized, most of which are subdivisions of previously described areas. Distinct subregions were found ranging from several agranular insular areas in the posterior orbital region, through a dysgranular zone in the central region (subdivisions of area 12 and 13), to a granular region in more rostral portions of cortex (subdivisions of areas 10 and 11). The comparable regions in humans are presented with reference to stereotaxic space. An analysis of the comparable regions in rodents is also provided.Less
The chapter describes the structural organization of the orbital cortex (OFC), together with the medial prefrontal cortex. It reviews previous areal maps of this cortex, and provides a description of architectonic divisions of the cortex based on analysis of eight staining methods in nonhuman primates and humans. Twenty-two areas were recognized, most of which are subdivisions of previously described areas. Distinct subregions were found ranging from several agranular insular areas in the posterior orbital region, through a dysgranular zone in the central region (subdivisions of area 12 and 13), to a granular region in more rostral portions of cortex (subdivisions of areas 10 and 11). The comparable regions in humans are presented with reference to stereotaxic space. An analysis of the comparable regions in rodents is also provided.
Michael Petrides and Scott Mackey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
The chapter describes the detailed topography of the orbitofrontal sulci and gyri in humans and nonhuman primates. Orbitofrontal gyri include the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyri, ...
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The chapter describes the detailed topography of the orbitofrontal sulci and gyri in humans and nonhuman primates. Orbitofrontal gyri include the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyri, and the gyrus rectus. The primary orbital sulci include the olfactory suclus, medial, lateral, and transverse transverse orbital sulci, although intermediate orbital, posterior orbital and fragmentosi sulci also arise in some subjects. Variations in sulcal and gyral patterns are described, along with the typical location of the gyri and sulci in stereotactic space. Finally, the location of cytoarchitectural regions is discussed in relationship to the topography of the orbitofrontal cortex.Less
The chapter describes the detailed topography of the orbitofrontal sulci and gyri in humans and nonhuman primates. Orbitofrontal gyri include the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyri, and the gyrus rectus. The primary orbital sulci include the olfactory suclus, medial, lateral, and transverse transverse orbital sulci, although intermediate orbital, posterior orbital and fragmentosi sulci also arise in some subjects. Variations in sulcal and gyral patterns are described, along with the typical location of the gyri and sulci in stereotactic space. Finally, the location of cytoarchitectural regions is discussed in relationship to the topography of the orbitofrontal cortex.
Matthew Roesch and Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for ...
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This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for OFC in affective processing as part of a circuit that includes the amygdala and other limbic structures. It is argued that the OFC allows associative information, particularly information about the value of likely outcomes, to be manipulated in representational memory and integrated with non-associative variables concerning subsequent behavior, current context and internal state. The resultant ‘expectancies’ then influence processing in downstream limbic areas as well as other prefrontal regions, thereby promoting voluntary, cognitive, and goal-directed behavior and facilitating new learning.Less
This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for OFC in affective processing as part of a circuit that includes the amygdala and other limbic structures. It is argued that the OFC allows associative information, particularly information about the value of likely outcomes, to be manipulated in representational memory and integrated with non-associative variables concerning subsequent behavior, current context and internal state. The resultant ‘expectancies’ then influence processing in downstream limbic areas as well as other prefrontal regions, thereby promoting voluntary, cognitive, and goal-directed behavior and facilitating new learning.
James Patton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098664
- eISBN:
- 9780520942592
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098664.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum ...
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This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum specimens coupled with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellite loci. The work also traces the spatial and temporal diversification of this group of desert-dwelling rodents, revising species boundaries and delineating subspecies considered valid.Less
This book details the evolutionary history of the desert woodrat complex (lepida group, genus Neotoma) of western North America. The analyses include standard multivariate morphometrics of museum specimens coupled with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellite loci. The work also traces the spatial and temporal diversification of this group of desert-dwelling rodents, revising species boundaries and delineating subspecies considered valid.
Julien Doyon and Leslie G. Ungerleider
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195140132
- eISBN:
- 9780199865307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140132.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the results of a large body of studies that examined the cerebral plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1) using neurophysiological approaches in monkeys and rodents, or ...
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This chapter reviews the results of a large body of studies that examined the cerebral plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1) using neurophysiological approaches in monkeys and rodents, or behavioral experiments using modern brain mapping techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in human adults. It describes the plastic changes that occur within M1 over the course of learning in order to determine their role in the acquisition, consolidation, and long-term retention of new motor skilled behaviors. It discusses the physiological and neurobiological correlates of such plasticity to give insights into the underlying mechanisms for the representational functional changes associated with the learning and retention of a motor skill.Less
This chapter reviews the results of a large body of studies that examined the cerebral plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1) using neurophysiological approaches in monkeys and rodents, or behavioral experiments using modern brain mapping techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in human adults. It describes the plastic changes that occur within M1 over the course of learning in order to determine their role in the acquisition, consolidation, and long-term retention of new motor skilled behaviors. It discusses the physiological and neurobiological correlates of such plasticity to give insights into the underlying mechanisms for the representational functional changes associated with the learning and retention of a motor skill.
J. Wayne Aldridge
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195162851
- eISBN:
- 9780199863891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162851.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter discusses grooming in rats. Topics covered include implications of syntactical grooming for nervous system function, neural substrates for coding of grooming syntax, and role of dopamine ...
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This chapter discusses grooming in rats. Topics covered include implications of syntactical grooming for nervous system function, neural substrates for coding of grooming syntax, and role of dopamine in sequential chain grooming.Less
This chapter discusses grooming in rats. Topics covered include implications of syntactical grooming for nervous system function, neural substrates for coding of grooming syntax, and role of dopamine in sequential chain grooming.
John P. O’Doherty and Bernard W. Balleine
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262018098
- eISBN:
- 9780262306003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018098.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
Considerable evidence suggests that the behavioral mechanisms for instrumental action selection are mediated by two distinct learning processes: a goal-directed process whereby actions are selected ...
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Considerable evidence suggests that the behavioral mechanisms for instrumental action selection are mediated by two distinct learning processes: a goal-directed process whereby actions are selected with reference to the incentive value and causal relationship between actions and associated outcomes, and a more reflexive habitual process in which actions are elicited by antecedent stimuli without any consideration of the associated outcome. This chapter reviews evidence from experiments in both rodents and humans which suggests that the behavioral dichotomy between these two modes of action selection are also reflected at the neural level, involving at least partly dissociable regions: a circuit involving the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum is implicated in goal-directed learning, whereas a region of posterior lateral dorsal striatum is implicated in habitual learning. Building on the arguments put forward by Winstanley et al. (this volume), it can be concluded that the specific neural circuits identified as contributing to goal-directed learning, but not those involved in habit learning, are a constituent element of the neural systems underlying cognitive search.Less
Considerable evidence suggests that the behavioral mechanisms for instrumental action selection are mediated by two distinct learning processes: a goal-directed process whereby actions are selected with reference to the incentive value and causal relationship between actions and associated outcomes, and a more reflexive habitual process in which actions are elicited by antecedent stimuli without any consideration of the associated outcome. This chapter reviews evidence from experiments in both rodents and humans which suggests that the behavioral dichotomy between these two modes of action selection are also reflected at the neural level, involving at least partly dissociable regions: a circuit involving the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial striatum is implicated in goal-directed learning, whereas a region of posterior lateral dorsal striatum is implicated in habitual learning. Building on the arguments put forward by Winstanley et al. (this volume), it can be concluded that the specific neural circuits identified as contributing to goal-directed learning, but not those involved in habit learning, are a constituent element of the neural systems underlying cognitive search.
Nicholas P. Money
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199732562
- eISBN:
- 9780199918515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732562.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Few mushroom species are regarded as poisonous, but there are cases of serious illness and lethal poisoning caused by nominally edible species. These include muscle wasting, and eventual heart ...
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Few mushroom species are regarded as poisonous, but there are cases of serious illness and lethal poisoning caused by nominally edible species. These include muscle wasting, and eventual heart failure, caused by the yellow knight mushroom. Regional differences in toxicity may explain these incidents. Wider concern is raised by experiments showing that rodents fed large doses of popular mushrooms show signs of tissue damage. It is possible that toxins may be common among mushrooms, but are usually produced in high concentrations only in the most notorious species. Poisoning by these species, including the death cap and a deadly webcap, are caused, usually, by errors in identification. Treatment options are very limited. The biological significance of mushroom toxins is unclear, but these compounds are probably active against predatory invertebrates. Mushroom toxicity has been utilized as a literary device by poets and as a hateful metaphor by fascists and Christian fundamentalists.Less
Few mushroom species are regarded as poisonous, but there are cases of serious illness and lethal poisoning caused by nominally edible species. These include muscle wasting, and eventual heart failure, caused by the yellow knight mushroom. Regional differences in toxicity may explain these incidents. Wider concern is raised by experiments showing that rodents fed large doses of popular mushrooms show signs of tissue damage. It is possible that toxins may be common among mushrooms, but are usually produced in high concentrations only in the most notorious species. Poisoning by these species, including the death cap and a deadly webcap, are caused, usually, by errors in identification. Treatment options are very limited. The biological significance of mushroom toxins is unclear, but these compounds are probably active against predatory invertebrates. Mushroom toxicity has been utilized as a literary device by poets and as a hateful metaphor by fascists and Christian fundamentalists.
Victoria Luine and Gary Dohanich
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311587
- eISBN:
- 9780199865048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311587.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This ...
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Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This chapter reviews cognitive function in rodents within this context of qualitative and quantitative sex differences in performance. It examines whether these sex differences impact day-to-day functioning, contribute to the successful evolution of a species, and can be accounted for by mechanisms underlying cognitive function.Less
Qualitative sexual dimorphisms in cognition and behavior may afford each sex with the requisite tools that provide an edge for their mutual survival and for the survival of their progeny. This chapter reviews cognitive function in rodents within this context of qualitative and quantitative sex differences in performance. It examines whether these sex differences impact day-to-day functioning, contribute to the successful evolution of a species, and can be accounted for by mechanisms underlying cognitive function.
Brenda M. Elliott and Neil E. Grunberg
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195183139
- eISBN:
- 9780199865147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183139.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter discusses knowledge gained from studies of the effects of prenatal nicotine and tobacco exposure on the behavior and development of the offspring. It focuses on rodents because most ...
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This chapter discusses knowledge gained from studies of the effects of prenatal nicotine and tobacco exposure on the behavior and development of the offspring. It focuses on rodents because most research on the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure has been done on these animals, and findings parallel research on humans.Less
This chapter discusses knowledge gained from studies of the effects of prenatal nicotine and tobacco exposure on the behavior and development of the offspring. It focuses on rodents because most research on the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure has been done on these animals, and findings parallel research on humans.
Pierre-Pascal J. Lenck-Santini and Gregory L. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199580286
- eISBN:
- 9780191739408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.003.0019
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews neurophysiological studies of the effects of seizures on cognition in nonhuman animals. Animal models have contributed extensively to our understanding of the consequences of ...
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This chapter reviews neurophysiological studies of the effects of seizures on cognition in nonhuman animals. Animal models have contributed extensively to our understanding of the consequences of both status epilepticus and recurrent seizures on cognitive abilities. Animal studies allow the investigator to control many variables including age, seizure duration, number and frequency of seizures, and therapy. While a variety of animals have been used, the preponderance of the research on seizure-related effects on memory has been confined to rodents. While the prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for working memory and the hippocampus is critical for reference memory, both effective working and reference memory are dependent upon the interplay between these structures. The majority of studies have demonstrated that either prolonged or frequent seizures result in a variety of cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. These studies have paralleled human studies and have provided insight into the pathological mechanisms responsible for seizure-induced cognitive deficits. While there are limitations to how much results from animal studies can be extrapolated to humans, biological changes responsible for these deficits are likely to play a role in the cognitive co-morbidities seen in humans with epilepsy.Less
This chapter reviews neurophysiological studies of the effects of seizures on cognition in nonhuman animals. Animal models have contributed extensively to our understanding of the consequences of both status epilepticus and recurrent seizures on cognitive abilities. Animal studies allow the investigator to control many variables including age, seizure duration, number and frequency of seizures, and therapy. While a variety of animals have been used, the preponderance of the research on seizure-related effects on memory has been confined to rodents. While the prefrontal cortex is primarily responsible for working memory and the hippocampus is critical for reference memory, both effective working and reference memory are dependent upon the interplay between these structures. The majority of studies have demonstrated that either prolonged or frequent seizures result in a variety of cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. These studies have paralleled human studies and have provided insight into the pathological mechanisms responsible for seizure-induced cognitive deficits. While there are limitations to how much results from animal studies can be extrapolated to humans, biological changes responsible for these deficits are likely to play a role in the cognitive co-morbidities seen in humans with epilepsy.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
It is not so much death itself as the actual process of dying that most men fear — but the reality when it comes is almost always painless and peaceful. Mental and physical pains usually recede ...
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It is not so much death itself as the actual process of dying that most men fear — but the reality when it comes is almost always painless and peaceful. Mental and physical pains usually recede during the few days before death and almost always in the last hours. Patients and their relations often need to be told this. In this chapter, Mr. B. had not been told that he was dying as he realized the truth gradually and the fear of death faded away as he finally approached it. Mr. B. went to hospital with a fairly advanced rodent ulcer of his face when he was in his late forties. Between 1938 and 1958, he had numerous courses of radiotherapy and diathermy excisions. His wife looked after him at home with the help of the district nurses till only a few months before his death.Less
It is not so much death itself as the actual process of dying that most men fear — but the reality when it comes is almost always painless and peaceful. Mental and physical pains usually recede during the few days before death and almost always in the last hours. Patients and their relations often need to be told this. In this chapter, Mr. B. had not been told that he was dying as he realized the truth gradually and the fear of death faded away as he finally approached it. Mr. B. went to hospital with a fairly advanced rodent ulcer of his face when he was in his late forties. Between 1938 and 1958, he had numerous courses of radiotherapy and diathermy excisions. His wife looked after him at home with the help of the district nurses till only a few months before his death.
Christopher J. Bell, Charles A. Repenning, and Anthony D. Barnosky
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240827
- eISBN:
- 9780520930858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240827.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The arvicolines are a taxonomically diverse assemblage of rodents that includes voles, lemmings, and muskrats and their extinct kin. This chapter presents a summary of the fossil arvicoline rodent ...
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The arvicolines are a taxonomically diverse assemblage of rodents that includes voles, lemmings, and muskrats and their extinct kin. This chapter presents a summary of the fossil arvicoline rodent specimens recovered from each locality in Porcupine Cave and explains the dental characteristics that were used to identify them. It describes the distribution of each taxon within Porcupine Cave, as well as the known geographic and temporal distribution. The chapter also discusses the biodiversity, biogeography, and chronologic significance of arvicoline rodents.Less
The arvicolines are a taxonomically diverse assemblage of rodents that includes voles, lemmings, and muskrats and their extinct kin. This chapter presents a summary of the fossil arvicoline rodent specimens recovered from each locality in Porcupine Cave and explains the dental characteristics that were used to identify them. It describes the distribution of each taxon within Porcupine Cave, as well as the known geographic and temporal distribution. The chapter also discusses the biodiversity, biogeography, and chronologic significance of arvicoline rodents.
Troy A. Pierce and Robert J. Geller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179477
- eISBN:
- 9780199864638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179477.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Insects, rodents, and other animals frequently cohabit indoor and outdoor human settings. They become pests when they put human health or property at risk. This chapter provides an overview of the ...
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Insects, rodents, and other animals frequently cohabit indoor and outdoor human settings. They become pests when they put human health or property at risk. This chapter provides an overview of the various pests found in school environments and their effects on the health of students and staff. It then reviews the health effects of pesticides, discusses concept of integrated pest management (IPM), and explains how it can be implemented in schools.Less
Insects, rodents, and other animals frequently cohabit indoor and outdoor human settings. They become pests when they put human health or property at risk. This chapter provides an overview of the various pests found in school environments and their effects on the health of students and staff. It then reviews the health effects of pesticides, discusses concept of integrated pest management (IPM), and explains how it can be implemented in schools.
Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190056780
- eISBN:
- 9780197523292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190056780.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses Lassa fever virus in detail. Lassa fever virus was first recognized in West Africa in 1969, but it has likely existed in that region for much longer. Lassa fever virus causes ...
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This chapter discusses Lassa fever virus in detail. Lassa fever virus was first recognized in West Africa in 1969, but it has likely existed in that region for much longer. Lassa fever virus causes persistent infection in its natural rodent host, that is, a long-term infection that does not directly kill. The rodent host carries these viruses in its blood and passes them in its urine and feces. It is by contact with such excretions from the rodent that humans become infected. The rodent-to-human transmission is augmented by human-to-human transmission, which spreads the viruses via contaminated blood, excreta, or saliva. After the virus enters its host, a 4- to 12-day incubation period passes; then the symptoms of disease suddenly begin. Usually, a flu-like syndrome of fever, chills, and malaise with muscle and headaches is followed by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The terminal stage adds poor coagulation, increased vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and neurologic symptoms. Those progressing to death have extremely large amounts of virus in their blood. Currently, a very modest amount of research is under way in the West African countries where Lassa fever virus is endemic.Less
This chapter discusses Lassa fever virus in detail. Lassa fever virus was first recognized in West Africa in 1969, but it has likely existed in that region for much longer. Lassa fever virus causes persistent infection in its natural rodent host, that is, a long-term infection that does not directly kill. The rodent host carries these viruses in its blood and passes them in its urine and feces. It is by contact with such excretions from the rodent that humans become infected. The rodent-to-human transmission is augmented by human-to-human transmission, which spreads the viruses via contaminated blood, excreta, or saliva. After the virus enters its host, a 4- to 12-day incubation period passes; then the symptoms of disease suddenly begin. Usually, a flu-like syndrome of fever, chills, and malaise with muscle and headaches is followed by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The terminal stage adds poor coagulation, increased vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and neurologic symptoms. Those progressing to death have extremely large amounts of virus in their blood. Currently, a very modest amount of research is under way in the West African countries where Lassa fever virus is endemic.
Gennaro Auletta
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199608485
- eISBN:
- 9780191729539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608485.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Soft Matter / Biological Physics
After some introductory remarks and an exposition of the general features of learning, associative and conditioned learning are introduced. Next, the difficult issue of learning casual relations is ...
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After some introductory remarks and an exposition of the general features of learning, associative and conditioned learning are introduced. Next, the difficult issue of learning casual relations is treated. Old mammals, like rodents, are already able to do that. The next step is the examination of learning through categories, especially focusing on primates’ understanding of analogies and whether they are able to treat categories as true models of the world.Less
After some introductory remarks and an exposition of the general features of learning, associative and conditioned learning are introduced. Next, the difficult issue of learning casual relations is treated. Old mammals, like rodents, are already able to do that. The next step is the examination of learning through categories, especially focusing on primates’ understanding of analogies and whether they are able to treat categories as true models of the world.
Ariane S. Etienne
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198515241
- eISBN:
- 9780191687914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515241.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines how path integration acts in concert with other navigational processes. It specifically investigates the interplay between motion cues and other sensory cues. It then turns to ...
More
This chapter examines how path integration acts in concert with other navigational processes. It specifically investigates the interplay between motion cues and other sensory cues. It then turns to the way in which location-based cues (mainly visual) and path integration can cooperate in orienting the animal. The first part of this chapter specifically deals with route-based navigation in itself. The second part discusses how rodents complement route-based direction and position information with location-based references from the familiar environment. In addition, it describes how the internal compass and path integration offers the subject with a directional and positional reference frame for the selection and use of local cues. It ends with current data and hypotheses on the role of path integration and the internal sense of direction in building up and using a map of the environment, and, conversely, how the internal representation of space may facilitate the performance of a journey that is planned through path integration. The data generally confirm that in mammals, navigation is controlled by an integrated system.Less
This chapter examines how path integration acts in concert with other navigational processes. It specifically investigates the interplay between motion cues and other sensory cues. It then turns to the way in which location-based cues (mainly visual) and path integration can cooperate in orienting the animal. The first part of this chapter specifically deals with route-based navigation in itself. The second part discusses how rodents complement route-based direction and position information with location-based references from the familiar environment. In addition, it describes how the internal compass and path integration offers the subject with a directional and positional reference frame for the selection and use of local cues. It ends with current data and hypotheses on the role of path integration and the internal sense of direction in building up and using a map of the environment, and, conversely, how the internal representation of space may facilitate the performance of a journey that is planned through path integration. The data generally confirm that in mammals, navigation is controlled by an integrated system.
Emma R. Wood
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198515241
- eISBN:
- 9780191687914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515241.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter explores whether hippocampal place cells in rodents have properties that might be consistent with a role for the hippocampus in episodic or ‘episodic-like’ memory. It then discusses ...
More
This chapter explores whether hippocampal place cells in rodents have properties that might be consistent with a role for the hippocampus in episodic or ‘episodic-like’ memory. It then discusses several examples from single-unit recording studies showing that, under many circumstances, the activity of hippocampal place cells is influenced by the animal's experiences and actions, the occurrence of particular stimuli, or the behavioural and cognitive demands of an ongoing task. In addition, it offers data showing that the activity of hippocampal neurons is also affected by prior events, or by the animal's expectations of future events. Data illustrate that place cell activity seems to reflect the three essential components of episodic memory.Less
This chapter explores whether hippocampal place cells in rodents have properties that might be consistent with a role for the hippocampus in episodic or ‘episodic-like’ memory. It then discusses several examples from single-unit recording studies showing that, under many circumstances, the activity of hippocampal place cells is influenced by the animal's experiences and actions, the occurrence of particular stimuli, or the behavioural and cognitive demands of an ongoing task. In addition, it offers data showing that the activity of hippocampal neurons is also affected by prior events, or by the animal's expectations of future events. Data illustrate that place cell activity seems to reflect the three essential components of episodic memory.
