J. Kevin O’Regan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199775224
- eISBN:
- 9780199919031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199775224.003.0083
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps ...
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This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps provide an explanation for consciousness in a biological or physical system. Far from being simply a philosophical stance, the sensorimotor approach makes empirically verifiable predictions and opens new research programs in topics such as visual attention, sensory substitution, color and tactile perception, and robotics.Less
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps provide an explanation for consciousness in a biological or physical system. Far from being simply a philosophical stance, the sensorimotor approach makes empirically verifiable predictions and opens new research programs in topics such as visual attention, sensory substitution, color and tactile perception, and robotics.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and ...
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This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and accounting, numerical control, integrated computer manufacturing, CAD/CAM, Computer Aided Manufacturing, robotics, and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It concludes with a description of supply chains and extent of deployment of all uses in manufacturing.Less
This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and accounting, numerical control, integrated computer manufacturing, CAD/CAM, Computer Aided Manufacturing, robotics, and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It concludes with a description of supply chains and extent of deployment of all uses in manufacturing.
Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374049
- eISBN:
- 9780199871889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The development of military robots deployed on the battlefield and service robots in the home underscore the need for artificial moral agents. However, autonomous bots within existing computer ...
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The development of military robots deployed on the battlefield and service robots in the home underscore the need for artificial moral agents. However, autonomous bots within existing computer systems are already making decisions that affect humans for good or for bad. The topic of (ro)bot (a spelling that represents both robots and software bots within computer systems) morality has been explored in science fiction by authors such as Isaac Asimov with his three laws of robotics, in television shows such as Star Trek, and in various Hollywood movies. However, the project of this book is not science fiction. Rather, current developments in computer science and robotics necessitate the project of building artificial moral agents. The preface places machine morality in the context of philosophical ethics and other sources of moral principles, and outlines the chapters for the remainder of the book.Less
The development of military robots deployed on the battlefield and service robots in the home underscore the need for artificial moral agents. However, autonomous bots within existing computer systems are already making decisions that affect humans for good or for bad. The topic of (ro)bot (a spelling that represents both robots and software bots within computer systems) morality has been explored in science fiction by authors such as Isaac Asimov with his three laws of robotics, in television shows such as Star Trek, and in various Hollywood movies. However, the project of this book is not science fiction. Rather, current developments in computer science and robotics necessitate the project of building artificial moral agents. The preface places machine morality in the context of philosophical ethics and other sources of moral principles, and outlines the chapters for the remainder of the book.
Robert M. Geraci
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393026
- eISBN:
- 9780199777136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393026.003.0000
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Apocalyptic AI is a powerful reconciliation of religion and science. The sacred categories of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions have thoroughly penetrated the futuristic musings of ...
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Apocalyptic AI is a powerful reconciliation of religion and science. The sacred categories of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions have thoroughly penetrated the futuristic musings of important researchers in robotics and artificial intelligence. Those categories have serious political effects in robotics research, virtual reality/online gaming, and contemporary disputes over the nature of consciousness and personhood, public policy, and theology (all of which subsequently drive Apocalyptic AI deep into legal and social concerns). Robots, as portrayed in Apocalyptic AI, link these disparate elements of society. To study intelligent robots is to study our culture.Less
Apocalyptic AI is a powerful reconciliation of religion and science. The sacred categories of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic traditions have thoroughly penetrated the futuristic musings of important researchers in robotics and artificial intelligence. Those categories have serious political effects in robotics research, virtual reality/online gaming, and contemporary disputes over the nature of consciousness and personhood, public policy, and theology (all of which subsequently drive Apocalyptic AI deep into legal and social concerns). Robots, as portrayed in Apocalyptic AI, link these disparate elements of society. To study intelligent robots is to study our culture.
Robert M. Geraci
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393026
- eISBN:
- 9780199777136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393026.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and ...
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Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and justifying funding spent on robotics and AI. Science fiction often uses religious imagery and language to explore culture and several authors have engaged the idea that human beings might upload their minds into machines. The influence of science fiction is widely accepted among roboticists, who gain inspiration from it, as almost certainly happened for Hans Moravec, the pioneer of Apocalyptic AI thinking. Popular science authors in robotics and AI fuse religious and scientific work into a meaningful worldview in order to gain the benefits of both. Such role-hybridization increases the prestige of the researchers and plays a part in military, government and private investment in robotics and AI.Less
Apocalyptic AI is transmitted to roboticists and AI researchers through science fiction and is expressed in pop science as a means of raising the cultural prestige of research and researchers and justifying funding spent on robotics and AI. Science fiction often uses religious imagery and language to explore culture and several authors have engaged the idea that human beings might upload their minds into machines. The influence of science fiction is widely accepted among roboticists, who gain inspiration from it, as almost certainly happened for Hans Moravec, the pioneer of Apocalyptic AI thinking. Popular science authors in robotics and AI fuse religious and scientific work into a meaningful worldview in order to gain the benefits of both. Such role-hybridization increases the prestige of the researchers and plays a part in military, government and private investment in robotics and AI.
Frederic Danion, PhD and Mark Latash, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from ...
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Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.Less
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.
JEAN-MARC FELLOUS and MICHAEL A. ARBIB
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195166194
- eISBN:
- 9780199847020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166194.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist ...
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This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist suggested that it would be useful to have a list of definitions of key terms on the subject of emotion that takes into account logical alternative views. The theoretical neurobiologist argued that there is a linguistic risk in defining terms such as emotions, and that even if definitions were established there would still be possible problems in achieving consensus.Less
This chapter presents the text of the conversion between a roboticist and a theoretical neurobiologist about the issue of emotion. The roboticist suggested that it would be useful to have a list of definitions of key terms on the subject of emotion that takes into account logical alternative views. The theoretical neurobiologist argued that there is a linguistic risk in defining terms such as emotions, and that even if definitions were established there would still be possible problems in achieving consensus.
Jacqueline Nadel and Darwin Muir (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198528845
- eISBN:
- 9780191689567
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on ...
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From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on development. We know that emotions play a key role in adaptation. We know that traumatic emotional events can scar individuals. The processes through which these emotional changes occur are complex however, and have recently become the subject of considerable interest in the cognitive sciences. In this volume a group of scientists considers emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. It also includes studies of emotional development in both normal and clinical populations.Less
From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on development. We know that emotions play a key role in adaptation. We know that traumatic emotional events can scar individuals. The processes through which these emotional changes occur are complex however, and have recently become the subject of considerable interest in the cognitive sciences. In this volume a group of scientists considers emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. It also includes studies of emotional development in both normal and clinical populations.
Benoît Masquida, Boris François, Andreas Werner, and Eric Westhof
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520979
- eISBN:
- 9780191706295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520979.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
The number of RNA crystal structures has increased in an exponential manner mainly due to the fact that RNA is increasingly viewed as a predominant part of biological processes such as translation, ...
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The number of RNA crystal structures has increased in an exponential manner mainly due to the fact that RNA is increasingly viewed as a predominant part of biological processes such as translation, ribozyme catalysis, and gene regulation, riboswitches, and mRNA-protein interactions, for which the gap in structural knowledge is still deep despite the determination of the crystal structure of the ribosome. Structural studies of the ubiquitous roles of RNA at all levels of cellular processes are starting to be supported by technological developments which enable high-throughput crystallography (HTC). Recently, robotics has entered the field of crystallization. Despite the high cost of these robots, they are highly valuable because they significantly shorten the time to set up experiments as well as multiply the number of possible tests by a 100-fold, just by going to the nanolitre scale in terms of liquid sample handling. They also allow samples to be tested that are too scarce for the usual microlitre-scale techniques. Furthermore, they reduce handling time, which can then be spent on more valuable tasks such as macromolecule purification or structure solving. This chapter presents guidelines to purify and set up RNA oligonucleotides crystallization experiments using a robot. An overview of crystallization robots available on the market will also be given with their advantages and drawbacks.Less
The number of RNA crystal structures has increased in an exponential manner mainly due to the fact that RNA is increasingly viewed as a predominant part of biological processes such as translation, ribozyme catalysis, and gene regulation, riboswitches, and mRNA-protein interactions, for which the gap in structural knowledge is still deep despite the determination of the crystal structure of the ribosome. Structural studies of the ubiquitous roles of RNA at all levels of cellular processes are starting to be supported by technological developments which enable high-throughput crystallography (HTC). Recently, robotics has entered the field of crystallization. Despite the high cost of these robots, they are highly valuable because they significantly shorten the time to set up experiments as well as multiply the number of possible tests by a 100-fold, just by going to the nanolitre scale in terms of liquid sample handling. They also allow samples to be tested that are too scarce for the usual microlitre-scale techniques. Furthermore, they reduce handling time, which can then be spent on more valuable tasks such as macromolecule purification or structure solving. This chapter presents guidelines to purify and set up RNA oligonucleotides crystallization experiments using a robot. An overview of crystallization robots available on the market will also be given with their advantages and drawbacks.
Lynette A. Jones and Susan J. Lederman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173154
- eISBN:
- 9780199786749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173154.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter draws some conclusions about human hand function from the research reviewed in the book and argues that the categorization of hand function along the sensorimotor continuum has provided ...
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This chapter draws some conclusions about human hand function from the research reviewed in the book and argues that the categorization of hand function along the sensorimotor continuum has provided a useful framework for analyzing manual performance. Future directions of research are proposed and these include the need for more detailed histological studies of human hands, analyses of space-time interactions and of the frames of reference used to perceive spatial patterns in the hand, further studies of highly skilled manual activities, such as microsurgery, that test the limits of manual dexterity, and additional research on understanding how multiple sources of sensory information are integrated to perceive an object and its properties.Less
This chapter draws some conclusions about human hand function from the research reviewed in the book and argues that the categorization of hand function along the sensorimotor continuum has provided a useful framework for analyzing manual performance. Future directions of research are proposed and these include the need for more detailed histological studies of human hands, analyses of space-time interactions and of the frames of reference used to perceive spatial patterns in the hand, further studies of highly skilled manual activities, such as microsurgery, that test the limits of manual dexterity, and additional research on understanding how multiple sources of sensory information are integrated to perceive an object and its properties.
Denis Mareschal, Mark H. Johnson, Sylvain Sirois, Michael Spratling, Michael S. C. Thomas, and Gert Westermann
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198529910
- eISBN:
- 9780191689710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529910.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand ...
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What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand development necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating data from cognitive studies, computational work, and neuroimaging. This book is the first volume in a two-volume publication that presents an integrative new framework for considering development. The chapters give reviews of up-to-to date findings from neurobiology, brain imaging, child development, and computer and robotic modelling to consider why children's thinking develops the way it does. They propose a new synthesis of development that is based on five key principles found to operate at many levels of descriptions. These principles explain what causes a number of key developmental phenomena, including infants' interaction with objects, early social cognitive interactions, and the causes of dyslexia. The ‘neuroconstructivist’ framework also shows how developmental disorders arise from developmental processes that operate under atypical constraints. How these principles work is illustrated in several case studies ranging from perceptual to social and reading development. Finally, the book uses neuroimaging, behavioural analyses, computational simulations and robotic models to provide a way of understanding the mechanisms and processes that cause development to occur.Less
What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand development necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating data from cognitive studies, computational work, and neuroimaging. This book is the first volume in a two-volume publication that presents an integrative new framework for considering development. The chapters give reviews of up-to-to date findings from neurobiology, brain imaging, child development, and computer and robotic modelling to consider why children's thinking develops the way it does. They propose a new synthesis of development that is based on five key principles found to operate at many levels of descriptions. These principles explain what causes a number of key developmental phenomena, including infants' interaction with objects, early social cognitive interactions, and the causes of dyslexia. The ‘neuroconstructivist’ framework also shows how developmental disorders arise from developmental processes that operate under atypical constraints. How these principles work is illustrated in several case studies ranging from perceptual to social and reading development. Finally, the book uses neuroimaging, behavioural analyses, computational simulations and robotic models to provide a way of understanding the mechanisms and processes that cause development to occur.
Denis Mareschal, Sylvain Sirois, Gert Westermann, and Mark H. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198529934
- eISBN:
- 9780191689727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529934.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand ...
More
What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand development necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating data from cognitive studies, computational work, and neuroimaging — an approach till now seldom taken in the study of child development. This book seeks to redress this balance, presenting an integrative new framework for considering development. Computer and robotic models provide concrete tools for investigating the processes and mechanisms involved in learning and development. This book illustrates the principles of neuroconstructivist development, with contributions from nine different labs across the world. Each of the contributions illustrates how models play a central role in understanding development. The models presented include standard connectionist neural network models as well as multi-agent models. Also included are robotic models emphasizing the need to take embodiment and brain-system interactions seriously. A model of autism and one of specific language impairment also illustrate how atypical development can be understood in terms of the typical processes of development but operating under restricted conditions.Less
What are the processes, from conception to adulthood, that enable a single cell to grow into a sentient adult? The processes that occur along the way are so complex that any attempt to understand development necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating data from cognitive studies, computational work, and neuroimaging — an approach till now seldom taken in the study of child development. This book seeks to redress this balance, presenting an integrative new framework for considering development. Computer and robotic models provide concrete tools for investigating the processes and mechanisms involved in learning and development. This book illustrates the principles of neuroconstructivist development, with contributions from nine different labs across the world. Each of the contributions illustrates how models play a central role in understanding development. The models presented include standard connectionist neural network models as well as multi-agent models. Also included are robotic models emphasizing the need to take embodiment and brain-system interactions seriously. A model of autism and one of specific language impairment also illustrate how atypical development can be understood in terms of the typical processes of development but operating under restricted conditions.
Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374049
- eISBN:
- 9780199871889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter surveys bottom‐up approaches to the development of artificial moral agents. These approaches apply methods from machine learning, Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and techniques ...
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This chapter surveys bottom‐up approaches to the development of artificial moral agents. These approaches apply methods from machine learning, Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and techniques from artificial life (Alife) and evolutionary robotics, such as evolution through genetic algorithms, to the goal of facilitating the emergence of moral capacities from general aspects of intelligence. Such approaches hold out the prospect that moral behavior is a self‐organizing phenomenon in which cooperation and a shared set of moral instincts (if not a “moral grammar”) might emerge – this despite the logic of game theory which seems to suggest only self‐interested rationality can prevail in an evolutionary contest. A primary challenge for bottom‐up approaches is how to provide sufficient safeguards against learning or evolving bad behaviors as well as good.Less
This chapter surveys bottom‐up approaches to the development of artificial moral agents. These approaches apply methods from machine learning, Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and techniques from artificial life (Alife) and evolutionary robotics, such as evolution through genetic algorithms, to the goal of facilitating the emergence of moral capacities from general aspects of intelligence. Such approaches hold out the prospect that moral behavior is a self‐organizing phenomenon in which cooperation and a shared set of moral instincts (if not a “moral grammar”) might emerge – this despite the logic of game theory which seems to suggest only self‐interested rationality can prevail in an evolutionary contest. A primary challenge for bottom‐up approaches is how to provide sufficient safeguards against learning or evolving bad behaviors as well as good.
Matthew Schlesinger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195300598
- eISBN:
- 9780199867165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300598.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter provides an optimistic forecast for the future of connectionism and dynamic systems theory (DST). In particular, it focuses on the idea that regardless of how similar or dissimilar ...
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This chapter provides an optimistic forecast for the future of connectionism and dynamic systems theory (DST). In particular, it focuses on the idea that regardless of how similar or dissimilar connectionism and DST appear to be at this moment in their development, there are numerous signs that hybridization of the two approaches is not only possible, but also has begun to occur. The chapter begins by reviewing three major, crosscutting themes that are shared by connectionism and DST. It then highlights the evidence for an optimistic outlook by describing recent work in the field of adaptive behavior and robotics, which is illustrated by numerous examples of models that blend elements of connectionism and DST. Finally, it returns to the crosscutting themes and elaborates on each in light of the progress that robotics researchers have made toward a hybrid approach.Less
This chapter provides an optimistic forecast for the future of connectionism and dynamic systems theory (DST). In particular, it focuses on the idea that regardless of how similar or dissimilar connectionism and DST appear to be at this moment in their development, there are numerous signs that hybridization of the two approaches is not only possible, but also has begun to occur. The chapter begins by reviewing three major, crosscutting themes that are shared by connectionism and DST. It then highlights the evidence for an optimistic outlook by describing recent work in the field of adaptive behavior and robotics, which is illustrated by numerous examples of models that blend elements of connectionism and DST. Finally, it returns to the crosscutting themes and elaborates on each in light of the progress that robotics researchers have made toward a hybrid approach.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
Finding initial crystallization conditions for a new macromolecule can be like searching for a needle in a haystack. The first step is to set up screening trials, exposing the macromolecule to ...
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Finding initial crystallization conditions for a new macromolecule can be like searching for a needle in a haystack. The first step is to set up screening trials, exposing the macromolecule to numerous different agents in order to find ‘hits’ or ‘leads’ that point to conditions that may be conducive to crystallization. Once a lead is identified the crystallization conditions are fine tuned in order to obtain crystals. This chapter describes a variety of screening strategies and their automation and miniaturization. Screening application to high‐throughput experiments as well as monitoring and analysis of the numerous trials is also discussed.Less
Finding initial crystallization conditions for a new macromolecule can be like searching for a needle in a haystack. The first step is to set up screening trials, exposing the macromolecule to numerous different agents in order to find ‘hits’ or ‘leads’ that point to conditions that may be conducive to crystallization. Once a lead is identified the crystallization conditions are fine tuned in order to obtain crystals. This chapter describes a variety of screening strategies and their automation and miniaturization. Screening application to high‐throughput experiments as well as monitoring and analysis of the numerous trials is also discussed.
Kenny R. Coventry, Thora Tenbrink, and John Bateman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554201
- eISBN:
- 9780191721236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554201.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This book considers how people talk about the location of objects and places. Spatial language has occupied many researchers across diverse fields, such as linguistics, psychology, GIScience, ...
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This book considers how people talk about the location of objects and places. Spatial language has occupied many researchers across diverse fields, such as linguistics, psychology, GIScience, architecture, and neuroscience. However, the vast majority of work in this area has examined spatial language in monologue situations, and often in highly artificial and restricted settings. Yet there is a growing recognition in the language research community that dialogue rather than monologue should be a starting point for language understanding. Hence, the current zeitgeist in both language research and robotics/AI demands an integrated examination of spatial language in dialogue settings. This book provides such integration and reports on the latest developments in this important field.Less
This book considers how people talk about the location of objects and places. Spatial language has occupied many researchers across diverse fields, such as linguistics, psychology, GIScience, architecture, and neuroscience. However, the vast majority of work in this area has examined spatial language in monologue situations, and often in highly artificial and restricted settings. Yet there is a growing recognition in the language research community that dialogue rather than monologue should be a starting point for language understanding. Hence, the current zeitgeist in both language research and robotics/AI demands an integrated examination of spatial language in dialogue settings. This book provides such integration and reports on the latest developments in this important field.
Cynthia Breazeal and Rosalind Picard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0018
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for ...
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This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for building robots with social-emotional-inspired capabilities is to develop “relational robots” and their associated applications in diverse areas such as health, education, or work productivity where the human user derives performance benefit from establishing a kind of social rapport with the robot. The chapter describes some of the future applications for such robots, provides a brief summary of the current capabilities of state-of-the-art socially interactive robots, presents recent findings in human-computer interaction, and concludes with a few challenges that should be addressed in future research.Less
This chapter summarizes ongoing work in developing and embedding affective technologies in learning interactions with automated systems, such robotic learning companions. The primary motivation for building robots with social-emotional-inspired capabilities is to develop “relational robots” and their associated applications in diverse areas such as health, education, or work productivity where the human user derives performance benefit from establishing a kind of social rapport with the robot. The chapter describes some of the future applications for such robots, provides a brief summary of the current capabilities of state-of-the-art socially interactive robots, presents recent findings in human-computer interaction, and concludes with a few challenges that should be addressed in future research.
Robert Riener
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the musculoskeletal system. Topics discussed include pathologies of the human motor system, natural and artificial mechanisms of movement restoration, neurorehabilitation robotics, automated gait-training devices, automated training devices for the upper extremities, and neuroprosthetics.Less
This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the musculoskeletal system. Topics discussed include pathologies of the human motor system, natural and artificial mechanisms of movement restoration, neurorehabilitation robotics, automated gait-training devices, automated training devices for the upper extremities, and neuroprosthetics.
Luc Steels and Martin Loetzsch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199554201
- eISBN:
- 9780191721236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554201.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are ...
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This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are necessary and sufficient to achieve successful spatial language, and why and how perspective alignment can take place, either implicitly or based on explicit marking.Less
This chapter investigates the role of perspective alignment in the planning and interpretation of spatial language in a series of robotic experiments. It shows which cognitive mechanisms are necessary and sufficient to achieve successful spatial language, and why and how perspective alignment can take place, either implicitly or based on explicit marking.
Dylan Evans and Walter de Back
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586073
- eISBN:
- 9780191731358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0025
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Robotics has been heavily influenced by cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology, but evolutionary psychology, has not yet had such a big impact on the field. In this essay we describe how ...
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Robotics has been heavily influenced by cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology, but evolutionary psychology, has not yet had such a big impact on the field. In this essay we describe how evolutionary psychology may come to have a greater impact on robotics in the near future. We first describe the role that cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology have played in the development of robotics, and describe the few lessons that have been drawn so far by roboticists from evolutionary psychology itself. We go on to propose a new research program in robotics which we term “synthetic evolutionary psychology.” Finally, we also explore some of the lessons which roboticists might draw from evolutionary psychology when designing robots intended for rich psychological interactions with humans.Less
Robotics has been heavily influenced by cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology, but evolutionary psychology, has not yet had such a big impact on the field. In this essay we describe how evolutionary psychology may come to have a greater impact on robotics in the near future. We first describe the role that cognitive psychology and evolutionary biology have played in the development of robotics, and describe the few lessons that have been drawn so far by roboticists from evolutionary psychology itself. We go on to propose a new research program in robotics which we term “synthetic evolutionary psychology.” Finally, we also explore some of the lessons which roboticists might draw from evolutionary psychology when designing robots intended for rich psychological interactions with humans.
