Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed. Here, the cultural theory framework ...
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In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed. Here, the cultural theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (this chapter), egalitarian (Ch. 6), and fatalist (Ch. 7). What can loosely be called individualist approaches to public management start from the assumption that the world is populated by rational egoists who are bent on outsmarting one another to get something for nothing—rivalry and competition are central to the individualist view of what the world of public management is and should be like. The individualist bias embodies at least four basic propositions that contradict the underlying assumptions of hierarchism and of the egalitarian bias: first, an individualist bias does not automatically begin with a view of public management from the apex of the state, it rejects the viewpoint of the chancellory or presidential palace and is not disposed to examine public management in the context of power play among states, and instead is more predisposed to start bottom up; second, instead of assuming that the interests of the rulers and those of the ruled can go together in a positive‐sum game, an individualist bias is more likely to start from the assumption that rulers will tend to look after themselves at the expense of the ruled unless the institutions and incentive structures are very carefully engineered; third, instead of assuming that economic development and social order require hands on state administration guided by an enlightened technocratic elite, individualists will tend to assume that markets will ordinarily produce better results than bureaucratic hierarchies; and fourth, instead of assuming people that are only corrupted by evil institutions, individualists will tend to work on what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘pig principle’—the assumption that human beings, from the highest to the lowest, are inherently rational, calculative, opportunistic, and self‐seeking. These four assumptions taken together make a relatively coherent philosophy of institutional design for government; it is the first two assumptions that mainly distinguish the individualist bias in public management from the hierarchist approach considered in the last chapter, and the second two that mainly distinguish it from the egalitarian approach to be considered in the next.Less
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed. Here, the cultural theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (this chapter), egalitarian (Ch. 6), and fatalist (Ch. 7). What can loosely be called individualist approaches to public management start from the assumption that the world is populated by rational egoists who are bent on outsmarting one another to get something for nothing—rivalry and competition are central to the individualist view of what the world of public management is and should be like. The individualist bias embodies at least four basic propositions that contradict the underlying assumptions of hierarchism and of the egalitarian bias: first, an individualist bias does not automatically begin with a view of public management from the apex of the state, it rejects the viewpoint of the chancellory or presidential palace and is not disposed to examine public management in the context of power play among states, and instead is more predisposed to start bottom up; second, instead of assuming that the interests of the rulers and those of the ruled can go together in a positive‐sum game, an individualist bias is more likely to start from the assumption that rulers will tend to look after themselves at the expense of the ruled unless the institutions and incentive structures are very carefully engineered; third, instead of assuming that economic development and social order require hands on state administration guided by an enlightened technocratic elite, individualists will tend to assume that markets will ordinarily produce better results than bureaucratic hierarchies; and fourth, instead of assuming people that are only corrupted by evil institutions, individualists will tend to work on what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘pig principle’—the assumption that human beings, from the highest to the lowest, are inherently rational, calculative, opportunistic, and self‐seeking. These four assumptions taken together make a relatively coherent philosophy of institutional design for government; it is the first two assumptions that mainly distinguish the individualist bias in public management from the hierarchist approach considered in the last chapter, and the second two that mainly distinguish it from the egalitarian approach to be considered in the next.
Kataryna Wolczuk
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244089
- eISBN:
- 9780191600364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244081.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes Ukraine's protracted and discontinued constitution‐making process. Wolczuk explains that the Ukrainian leaders’ initial decision to preserve the Constitution was due to the broad range of ...
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Describes Ukraine's protracted and discontinued constitution‐making process. Wolczuk explains that the Ukrainian leaders’ initial decision to preserve the Constitution was due to the broad range of contentious issues, going far beyond institutional choices and involving issues of nationhood and territorial integrity. The sheer range of contested issues and the degree of disagreement account for the ad hoc manner in which the final institutional choices were constitutionalized. The chapter analyses the impact of the new constitution on the function of the political system. The result was that institutional rivalry between the parliament and the president continued. Thus, while the passage of the 1996 constitution was a pivotal state‐building document, it failed to bring about political stability.Less
Describes Ukraine's protracted and discontinued constitution‐making process. Wolczuk explains that the Ukrainian leaders’ initial decision to preserve the Constitution was due to the broad range of contentious issues, going far beyond institutional choices and involving issues of nationhood and territorial integrity. The sheer range of contested issues and the degree of disagreement account for the ad hoc manner in which the final institutional choices were constitutionalized. The chapter analyses the impact of the new constitution on the function of the political system. The result was that institutional rivalry between the parliament and the president continued. Thus, while the passage of the 1996 constitution was a pivotal state‐building document, it failed to bring about political stability.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing ...
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This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.Less
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.
Philippe Contamine (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In the five hundred years covered by this volume there was scarcely a year which passed without either war or some open demonstration of hostility between the many sovereign powers which governed ...
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In the five hundred years covered by this volume there was scarcely a year which passed without either war or some open demonstration of hostility between the many sovereign powers which governed Europe. States and peoples lived under the shadow of war, were ceaselessly prompted to consider the possibility of war, and had to find ways of dealing with the consequences of war. This book focuses on the crucial role of war in the formation of state systems. It starts from the assumption that interstate rivalries and conflicts were at the heart not only of the demarcation of territories, but also of the ever-growing need to mobilize resources for warfare. Institutionalization was consequently highly dependent on such competition. It was for military reasons, and with military aims, that the state secured control of time and space, both at sea and on land.Less
In the five hundred years covered by this volume there was scarcely a year which passed without either war or some open demonstration of hostility between the many sovereign powers which governed Europe. States and peoples lived under the shadow of war, were ceaselessly prompted to consider the possibility of war, and had to find ways of dealing with the consequences of war. This book focuses on the crucial role of war in the formation of state systems. It starts from the assumption that interstate rivalries and conflicts were at the heart not only of the demarcation of territories, but also of the ever-growing need to mobilize resources for warfare. Institutionalization was consequently highly dependent on such competition. It was for military reasons, and with military aims, that the state secured control of time and space, both at sea and on land.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
The fact that inputs from two eyes feed into a common mechanism gives rise to several interesting problems. Signals from the two eyes that arise from the same object must be distinguished from ...
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The fact that inputs from two eyes feed into a common mechanism gives rise to several interesting problems. Signals from the two eyes that arise from the same object must be distinguished from signals that arise from spurious superimposition of non-matching stimuli. Matching signals falling on neighbouring points on the two retinas project to the same region in the visual cortex and fuse to create the impression of one image. Non-matching images falling on the same region in the two eyes rival for access to the visual system. This chapter deals with these issues. The discussions cover binocular fusion; dichoptic colour mixture; binocular rivalry; the spatial zones of rivalry; the generality of binocular suppression; aftereffects from suppressed images; rivalry and stereopsis; cognition and binocular rivalry; models of binocular rivalry; and the neurology of binocular rivalry.Less
The fact that inputs from two eyes feed into a common mechanism gives rise to several interesting problems. Signals from the two eyes that arise from the same object must be distinguished from signals that arise from spurious superimposition of non-matching stimuli. Matching signals falling on neighbouring points on the two retinas project to the same region in the visual cortex and fuse to create the impression of one image. Non-matching images falling on the same region in the two eyes rival for access to the visual system. This chapter deals with these issues. The discussions cover binocular fusion; dichoptic colour mixture; binocular rivalry; the spatial zones of rivalry; the generality of binocular suppression; aftereffects from suppressed images; rivalry and stereopsis; cognition and binocular rivalry; models of binocular rivalry; and the neurology of binocular rivalry.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764150
- eISBN:
- 9780199949366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764150.003.0037
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Psychology
Similar stimuli falling on corresponding points on the two retinas fuse to create the impression of one image. This chapter starts with a discussion of stimulus features, such as contrast, color, and ...
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Similar stimuli falling on corresponding points on the two retinas fuse to create the impression of one image. This chapter starts with a discussion of stimulus features, such as contrast, color, and orientation that affect binocular fusion. Dissimilar images falling on corresponding points rival for access to the visual system. The rate of binocular rivalry and the spatial extent over which one image suppresses another image depend on factors such as the relative contrast, color, and movement of the images. Under certain circumstances, a suppressed image can influence an effect produced by the dominant image. These issues are discussed, and the chapter ends with a review of the physiology of binocular rivalry and theoretical models of rivalry.Less
Similar stimuli falling on corresponding points on the two retinas fuse to create the impression of one image. This chapter starts with a discussion of stimulus features, such as contrast, color, and orientation that affect binocular fusion. Dissimilar images falling on corresponding points rival for access to the visual system. The rate of binocular rivalry and the spatial extent over which one image suppresses another image depend on factors such as the relative contrast, color, and movement of the images. Under certain circumstances, a suppressed image can influence an effect produced by the dominant image. These issues are discussed, and the chapter ends with a review of the physiology of binocular rivalry and theoretical models of rivalry.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is ...
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Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is described in detail. A post-mortem revealed the extent and severity of the wounds inflicted on the victim. Consideration of the background to this case leads to the conclusion that there were two causes: sexual rivalry and political ambition by the most aggressive attacker.Less
Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is described in detail. A post-mortem revealed the extent and severity of the wounds inflicted on the victim. Consideration of the background to this case leads to the conclusion that there were two causes: sexual rivalry and political ambition by the most aggressive attacker.
Emmanuela Bakola
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569359
- eISBN:
- 9780191722332
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569359.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Cratinus, one of the great lost poets of fifth-century Athenian comedy and a canonical author of the classical world, had a formative influence on the comic genre, including Aristophanes himself. In ...
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Cratinus, one of the great lost poets of fifth-century Athenian comedy and a canonical author of the classical world, had a formative influence on the comic genre, including Aristophanes himself. In what is the first major monograph in the best part of a century devoted to this author, Emmanuela Bakola offers a modern, comprehensive overview of Cratinus and his position within the genre of Greek comedy using a methodologically innovative approach. Unlike traditional ways of addressing fragmentary drama, this book does not merely reconstruct plays or texts, but by drawing on a range of hermeneutic frameworks, it adopts a thematic approach which allows her to explore Cratinus' poetics. Major issues which this book addresses include the creation of a poetic persona within a performative tradition of vigorous interpoetic rivalry; comedy's interaction with lyric poetry, iambos, and the literary-critical debates reflected by these genres; the play with the boundaries of the comic genre and the interaction with satyr drama and tragedy, especially Aeschylus; the multiple levels of comic plot-construction and characterization; comedy's reflection on its immediate political, social, and intellectual context; stagecraft and dramaturgy; comedy and ritual. Whilst being firmly based on principles of rigorous textual analysis, philology, and papyrology, by taking a broad and diverse outlook this study offers not just an insight into Cratinus, but a way of opening up and enriching our understanding of fifth-century Athenian comedy in a dynamic evolving environment.Less
Cratinus, one of the great lost poets of fifth-century Athenian comedy and a canonical author of the classical world, had a formative influence on the comic genre, including Aristophanes himself. In what is the first major monograph in the best part of a century devoted to this author, Emmanuela Bakola offers a modern, comprehensive overview of Cratinus and his position within the genre of Greek comedy using a methodologically innovative approach. Unlike traditional ways of addressing fragmentary drama, this book does not merely reconstruct plays or texts, but by drawing on a range of hermeneutic frameworks, it adopts a thematic approach which allows her to explore Cratinus' poetics. Major issues which this book addresses include the creation of a poetic persona within a performative tradition of vigorous interpoetic rivalry; comedy's interaction with lyric poetry, iambos, and the literary-critical debates reflected by these genres; the play with the boundaries of the comic genre and the interaction with satyr drama and tragedy, especially Aeschylus; the multiple levels of comic plot-construction and characterization; comedy's reflection on its immediate political, social, and intellectual context; stagecraft and dramaturgy; comedy and ritual. Whilst being firmly based on principles of rigorous textual analysis, philology, and papyrology, by taking a broad and diverse outlook this study offers not just an insight into Cratinus, but a way of opening up and enriching our understanding of fifth-century Athenian comedy in a dynamic evolving environment.
Laurence Broers
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474450522
- eISBN:
- 9781474476546
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450522.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial ...
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The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial issues left over from the 1990s and the strategic rivalry that has built up around them since then. Unstable and overlapping conceptions of homeland have characterised the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics since their first emergence in 1918. Seventy years of incorporation into the Soviet Union did not resolve these issues. As they emerged from the Soviet collapse in 1991, Armenians and Azerbaijanis fought for sovereignty over Nagorny Karabakh, leading to its secession from Azerbaijan, the deaths of more than 25,000 people and the forced displacement of more than a million more. Since then, the conflict has evolved into an ‘enduring rivalry’, a particularly intractable form of long-term militarised competition between two states. Combining perspectives rarely found in a single volume, the study shows how these outcomes became intractably embedded within the regime politics, strategic interactions and international linkages of post-war Armenia and Azerbaijan. Far from ‘frozen’, this book demonstrates how more than two decades of dynamic conceptions of territory, shifting power relations, international diffusion and unsuccessful mediation efforts have contributed to the resilience of this stubbornly unresolved dispute – one of the most intractable of our times.Less
The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial issues left over from the 1990s and the strategic rivalry that has built up around them since then. Unstable and overlapping conceptions of homeland have characterised the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics since their first emergence in 1918. Seventy years of incorporation into the Soviet Union did not resolve these issues. As they emerged from the Soviet collapse in 1991, Armenians and Azerbaijanis fought for sovereignty over Nagorny Karabakh, leading to its secession from Azerbaijan, the deaths of more than 25,000 people and the forced displacement of more than a million more. Since then, the conflict has evolved into an ‘enduring rivalry’, a particularly intractable form of long-term militarised competition between two states. Combining perspectives rarely found in a single volume, the study shows how these outcomes became intractably embedded within the regime politics, strategic interactions and international linkages of post-war Armenia and Azerbaijan. Far from ‘frozen’, this book demonstrates how more than two decades of dynamic conceptions of territory, shifting power relations, international diffusion and unsuccessful mediation efforts have contributed to the resilience of this stubbornly unresolved dispute – one of the most intractable of our times.
Philip Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195146165
- eISBN:
- 9780199834341
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195146166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
We are living through one of the greatest transformations in the history of religion worldwide. Over the last century, Christianity has enjoyed explosive growth in the global South–in Africa, Asia, ...
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We are living through one of the greatest transformations in the history of religion worldwide. Over the last century, Christianity has enjoyed explosive growth in the global South–in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Within a few decades, Christianity will be overwhelmingly a non-European, non-white religion. Philip Jenkins argues that what we are seeing is no less than the creation of a new Christendom, which, for better or worse, will play a major role in world affairs. This book offers the first in-depth examination of the globalization of Christianity and discusses the implications for Christian worship, liturgy, culture, and political life. In addition, the denominations that are triumphing all over the global south are strongly traditional and even reactionary by the standards of economically advanced nations, and their message tends to be charismatic, visionary, and apocalyptic. This newly militant Christianity may give rise to renewed religious rivalry, especially since Islam is expanding in the same areas as Christianity. The resulting confrontations have already given rise to deadly conflicts in places such as Nigeria, Malaysia, and Indonesia. An unprecedented and potentially dangerous global change is underway. This book is an important first step toward understanding its challenges and its threats.Less
We are living through one of the greatest transformations in the history of religion worldwide. Over the last century, Christianity has enjoyed explosive growth in the global South–in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Within a few decades, Christianity will be overwhelmingly a non-European, non-white religion. Philip Jenkins argues that what we are seeing is no less than the creation of a new Christendom, which, for better or worse, will play a major role in world affairs. This book offers the first in-depth examination of the globalization of Christianity and discusses the implications for Christian worship, liturgy, culture, and political life. In addition, the denominations that are triumphing all over the global south are strongly traditional and even reactionary by the standards of economically advanced nations, and their message tends to be charismatic, visionary, and apocalyptic. This newly militant Christianity may give rise to renewed religious rivalry, especially since Islam is expanding in the same areas as Christianity. The resulting confrontations have already given rise to deadly conflicts in places such as Nigeria, Malaysia, and Indonesia. An unprecedented and potentially dangerous global change is underway. This book is an important first step toward understanding its challenges and its threats.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195084764
- eISBN:
- 9780199871049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084764.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of binocular fusion. It then discusses dichoptic color mixture, stimulus determinants of rivalry, binocular suppression selectivity, rivalry and stereopsis, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of binocular fusion. It then discusses dichoptic color mixture, stimulus determinants of rivalry, binocular suppression selectivity, rivalry and stereopsis, binocular suppression, models of binocular rivalry, and cognition and binocular rivalry.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of binocular fusion. It then discusses dichoptic color mixture, stimulus determinants of rivalry, binocular suppression selectivity, rivalry and stereopsis, binocular suppression, models of binocular rivalry, and cognition and binocular rivalry.
Philip N. Mulder
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131635
- eISBN:
- 9780199834525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195131630.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
With the Revolutionary trauma and Anglican Church swept away, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists could turn their full attention to each other as they competed for converts and ascendancy in the ...
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With the Revolutionary trauma and Anglican Church swept away, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists could turn their full attention to each other as they competed for converts and ascendancy in the religiously free nation. The insular Presbyterians and Baptists struggled to keep pace with the Methodists by experimenting with some of their tactics, including warm, extemporaneous preaching, lively music, and itinerancy, yet ultimately they relied on their traditional distinctions in appeals for converts. Methodists forged ahead with their universal designs and waves of quarterly and annual meetings that fostered outdoor preaching events and camp meetings, but as they encountered their competitors, they had to define their distinctive message, and, doing so, they addressed their Calvinist rivals on the enemies’ terms: the controversial spirit that the Methodists had hoped to convert.Less
With the Revolutionary trauma and Anglican Church swept away, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists could turn their full attention to each other as they competed for converts and ascendancy in the religiously free nation. The insular Presbyterians and Baptists struggled to keep pace with the Methodists by experimenting with some of their tactics, including warm, extemporaneous preaching, lively music, and itinerancy, yet ultimately they relied on their traditional distinctions in appeals for converts. Methodists forged ahead with their universal designs and waves of quarterly and annual meetings that fostered outdoor preaching events and camp meetings, but as they encountered their competitors, they had to define their distinctive message, and, doing so, they addressed their Calvinist rivals on the enemies’ terms: the controversial spirit that the Methodists had hoped to convert.
T. G. Otte
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199211098
- eISBN:
- 9780191705731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211098.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Asian History
After the 1894–5 war, China's financial weakness was a major source of regional instability. Above all, it fuelled international imperial rivalries. Rosebery and Kimberley, and, after 1895, Salisbury ...
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After the 1894–5 war, China's financial weakness was a major source of regional instability. Above all, it fuelled international imperial rivalries. Rosebery and Kimberley, and, after 1895, Salisbury used loans as financial tools for political purposes, here principally to ward off Franco-Russian challenges to British strategic interests in China. By 1897–8, foreign concession hunting turned into a scramble for territory. The German and Russian seizures of naval bases in Northern China at Kiaochow and Port Arthur heightened a sense of British vulnerability. This was especially prevalent among an influential group of ministers critical of Salisbury's policy of aloofness. Using new archival evidence, this chapter reveals an attempt by Salisbury to negotiate a far-reaching Anglo-Russian settlement. When this failed, Britain sought a counterpoise to the German and Russian bases by acquiring the Weihaiwei naval station.Less
After the 1894–5 war, China's financial weakness was a major source of regional instability. Above all, it fuelled international imperial rivalries. Rosebery and Kimberley, and, after 1895, Salisbury used loans as financial tools for political purposes, here principally to ward off Franco-Russian challenges to British strategic interests in China. By 1897–8, foreign concession hunting turned into a scramble for territory. The German and Russian seizures of naval bases in Northern China at Kiaochow and Port Arthur heightened a sense of British vulnerability. This was especially prevalent among an influential group of ministers critical of Salisbury's policy of aloofness. Using new archival evidence, this chapter reveals an attempt by Salisbury to negotiate a far-reaching Anglo-Russian settlement. When this failed, Britain sought a counterpoise to the German and Russian bases by acquiring the Weihaiwei naval station.
Alexander V. Prusin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199297535
- eISBN:
- 9780191594328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297535.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The Introduction summarizes the subject of the book: the history of the borderlands that once constituted the frontiers between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires. The patterns of ...
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The Introduction summarizes the subject of the book: the history of the borderlands that once constituted the frontiers between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires. The patterns of conflicts and violence in the borderlands suggest a particular case study worthy of examination. This book aims to examine the causes and mechanisms of conflict in the borderlands and partially subscribes to the notion that socio-economic cleavages and ethnic rivalries—most common patterns of the East European landscape—were at its root. Finally, the terms ‘borderlands’ and ‘nationalism’ are defined.Less
The Introduction summarizes the subject of the book: the history of the borderlands that once constituted the frontiers between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires. The patterns of conflicts and violence in the borderlands suggest a particular case study worthy of examination. This book aims to examine the causes and mechanisms of conflict in the borderlands and partially subscribes to the notion that socio-economic cleavages and ethnic rivalries—most common patterns of the East European landscape—were at its root. Finally, the terms ‘borderlands’ and ‘nationalism’ are defined.
John A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153261
- eISBN:
- 9781400847495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153261.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the toxic relations between empires, nations, and states in the period between 1875 and 1945 that brought disaster to the modern world. One cause of international tensions at ...
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This chapter explores the toxic relations between empires, nations, and states in the period between 1875 and 1945 that brought disaster to the modern world. One cause of international tensions at the end of the nineteenth century lay in international trade rivalries resulting from dumping practices—themselves the result of every state determining to be autonomous in the production of steel, the base for military independence. However, the picture as a whole is best characterized as the marriage of nationalism and imperialism. Two basic factors tend to explain escalation to the extremes in a system of states. The first is that of heterogeneity in the system as a whole, the presence of different values making mutual understanding difficult. The second is that of the character of the states involved, that is, establishing whether they had the capacity—so often presumed by realism to exist—to calculate rationally.Less
This chapter explores the toxic relations between empires, nations, and states in the period between 1875 and 1945 that brought disaster to the modern world. One cause of international tensions at the end of the nineteenth century lay in international trade rivalries resulting from dumping practices—themselves the result of every state determining to be autonomous in the production of steel, the base for military independence. However, the picture as a whole is best characterized as the marriage of nationalism and imperialism. Two basic factors tend to explain escalation to the extremes in a system of states. The first is that of heterogeneity in the system as a whole, the presence of different values making mutual understanding difficult. The second is that of the character of the states involved, that is, establishing whether they had the capacity—so often presumed by realism to exist—to calculate rationally.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Chapter 9 explores the medical marketplace of early nineteenth‐century Britain, with particular reference to tropical invalids and others deemed to have similar complaints. The chapter focuses on the ...
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Chapter 9 explores the medical marketplace of early nineteenth‐century Britain, with particular reference to tropical invalids and others deemed to have similar complaints. The chapter focuses on the spa resort of Cheltenham which grew rapidly in the early nineteenth century to accommodate large numbers of invalids returning from the tropical colonies. Former colonial practitioners made a good living in the town and some became proprietors of spas. However, competition between them was intense because of the return of many military and naval practitioners to civilian life at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. For some observers, resorts such as Cheltenham epitomized all that was wrong with British society. They were seen as resorts for the feckless and lazy, and as the stamping‐ground of charlatans and quacks. However, they served a vital role in domesticating the Empire and offered hope to invalids returning from tropical service.Less
Chapter 9 explores the medical marketplace of early nineteenth‐century Britain, with particular reference to tropical invalids and others deemed to have similar complaints. The chapter focuses on the spa resort of Cheltenham which grew rapidly in the early nineteenth century to accommodate large numbers of invalids returning from the tropical colonies. Former colonial practitioners made a good living in the town and some became proprietors of spas. However, competition between them was intense because of the return of many military and naval practitioners to civilian life at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. For some observers, resorts such as Cheltenham epitomized all that was wrong with British society. They were seen as resorts for the feckless and lazy, and as the stamping‐ground of charlatans and quacks. However, they served a vital role in domesticating the Empire and offered hope to invalids returning from tropical service.
Paul L. Nunez and Ramesh Srinivasan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195050387
- eISBN:
- 9780199865673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195050387.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
This chapter applies the methods of Fourier analysis (including coherence estimates) and high resolution EEG to human alpha rhythm data. Two distinct high resolution algorithms (the New Orleans ...
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This chapter applies the methods of Fourier analysis (including coherence estimates) and high resolution EEG to human alpha rhythm data. Two distinct high resolution algorithms (the New Orleans spline Laplacian and Melbourne dura imaging) are compared and are found to produce very similar estimates of cortical potential distribution. Robust differences in spatial patterns of EEG coherence are found when comparing cognitive states (mental calculation) to resting states. During states of mental calculation, coherence in theta and upper alpha bands may generally increase, while overall coherence in lower the alpha band decreases. In a binocular rivalry experiment, steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) reveal increased cross-hemispheric coherence at the driving frequency when subjects perceive a single image. That is, a more integrated scalp coherence pattern is found to occur with conscious perception of the stimulus flickering at the matching frequency. Several physical aspects of EEG and SSVEP are also estimated.Less
This chapter applies the methods of Fourier analysis (including coherence estimates) and high resolution EEG to human alpha rhythm data. Two distinct high resolution algorithms (the New Orleans spline Laplacian and Melbourne dura imaging) are compared and are found to produce very similar estimates of cortical potential distribution. Robust differences in spatial patterns of EEG coherence are found when comparing cognitive states (mental calculation) to resting states. During states of mental calculation, coherence in theta and upper alpha bands may generally increase, while overall coherence in lower the alpha band decreases. In a binocular rivalry experiment, steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) reveal increased cross-hemispheric coherence at the driving frequency when subjects perceive a single image. That is, a more integrated scalp coherence pattern is found to occur with conscious perception of the stimulus flickering at the matching frequency. Several physical aspects of EEG and SSVEP are also estimated.
Ranald C. Michie
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242559
- eISBN:
- 9780191596643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242550.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Financial Economics
The first section of this chapter looks at the internationalization of the London securities market over the period from 1850 to 1914. This was influenced both by transferable securities becoming ...
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The first section of this chapter looks at the internationalization of the London securities market over the period from 1850 to 1914. This was influenced both by transferable securities becoming commonplace for governments and businesses around the world, and by the transformation of communications with the development of the telegraph and then the telephone. These developments necessitated increased capacity to cope with the growing volume of securities traded, which included expansion of the trading floor, increasing membership, and the attraction of new people into the profession of stockbroking. The second section looks at the accompanying changes in the organizational and physical structure of the London Stock Exchange. The remaining sections look specifically at the expansion of membership, relationships and rivalry within the Stock Exchange, and the relationship of the Exchange to the money and capital (securities) markets.Less
The first section of this chapter looks at the internationalization of the London securities market over the period from 1850 to 1914. This was influenced both by transferable securities becoming commonplace for governments and businesses around the world, and by the transformation of communications with the development of the telegraph and then the telephone. These developments necessitated increased capacity to cope with the growing volume of securities traded, which included expansion of the trading floor, increasing membership, and the attraction of new people into the profession of stockbroking. The second section looks at the accompanying changes in the organizational and physical structure of the London Stock Exchange. The remaining sections look specifically at the expansion of membership, relationships and rivalry within the Stock Exchange, and the relationship of the Exchange to the money and capital (securities) markets.
William D. Nordhaus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
The distinction between public and private goods follows from concerns about the concepts of market efficiency. This chapter fits in with the appraisal of polar cases of fact from an epistemological ...
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The distinction between public and private goods follows from concerns about the concepts of market efficiency. This chapter fits in with the appraisal of polar cases of fact from an epistemological appraisal point of view. It argues that a public good for which the cost of extending the service to an additional person is zero, is a polar case of an externality. Externality, non-rivalry, and non-excludability are budding research programs which will be of great concern for the 21st century because private markets generally do not guarantee efficient outcomes. The ‘stock externalities’ concern for public goods, particularly with regards to nuclear energy and greenhouse gases, has a firm hold in 21st century policy issues, as well as implications for the course for the future course of international laws.Less
The distinction between public and private goods follows from concerns about the concepts of market efficiency. This chapter fits in with the appraisal of polar cases of fact from an epistemological appraisal point of view. It argues that a public good for which the cost of extending the service to an additional person is zero, is a polar case of an externality. Externality, non-rivalry, and non-excludability are budding research programs which will be of great concern for the 21st century because private markets generally do not guarantee efficient outcomes. The ‘stock externalities’ concern for public goods, particularly with regards to nuclear energy and greenhouse gases, has a firm hold in 21st century policy issues, as well as implications for the course for the future course of international laws.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764150
- eISBN:
- 9780199949366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Psychology
Volume 2 deals with stereoscopic vision in cats, monkeys and humans. It starts with a review of physiological mechanisms of stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic vision depends on inputs from the two ...
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Volume 2 deals with stereoscopic vision in cats, monkeys and humans. It starts with a review of physiological mechanisms of stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic vision depends on inputs from the two eyes converging in the visual cortex. The mechanisms of binocular rivalry and of other ways in which binocular images interact are reviewed. The images of objects on the horopter are combined so that corresponding parts are brought into register. Once the images are in register, differences between the images are used to code depth. An account is provided of the nature of these differences, the precision with which they are detected (stereoacuity), and the use to which they are put. Two chapters describe how impressions of depth created by binocular disparity are modified by depth contrast, figure-ground interactions, motion, and attention. The book ends with a review of stereoscopic techniques used to create three-dimensional displays and the practical applications of stereoscopic devices.Less
Volume 2 deals with stereoscopic vision in cats, monkeys and humans. It starts with a review of physiological mechanisms of stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic vision depends on inputs from the two eyes converging in the visual cortex. The mechanisms of binocular rivalry and of other ways in which binocular images interact are reviewed. The images of objects on the horopter are combined so that corresponding parts are brought into register. Once the images are in register, differences between the images are used to code depth. An account is provided of the nature of these differences, the precision with which they are detected (stereoacuity), and the use to which they are put. Two chapters describe how impressions of depth created by binocular disparity are modified by depth contrast, figure-ground interactions, motion, and attention. The book ends with a review of stereoscopic techniques used to create three-dimensional displays and the practical applications of stereoscopic devices.
