Lukasz Gruszczynski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578924
- eISBN:
- 9780191722646
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The last sixty years witnessed an unprecedented expansion of international trade. The system created by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and later by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has ...
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The last sixty years witnessed an unprecedented expansion of international trade. The system created by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and later by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has proved to be an efficient tool for the elimination of trade tariff barriers. This process also coincided with the increased national risk regulatory controls. Governments, responding to the demands of their domestic constituencies, have adopted a wide range of regulatory measures aimed at protecting the environment and human health. Although for the most part, these new regulatory initiatives served legitimate objectives, it has also turned out that internal measures might become an attractive vehicle for protectionism, taking the place that was traditionally occupied by tariff barriers. The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) is an attempt by the international community to limit possible abuses while accepting a considerable margin of regulatory discretion of WTO Members. Does it optimally strike a balance between competing objectives of international free trade and regulatory freedom in the field of risk regulation? In answering this question, the book engages in a comprehensive and critical examination of the substantive provisions of the SPS Agreement and the corresponding case law. Special attention is paid to three specific issues: the appropriateness of the disciplines established by the SPS Agreement, the consistency of their interpretation by the WTO case law, and the normative content of those requirements that have not yet been addressed by SPS jurisprudence. The book concludes that despite some failures of the SPS system, the Agreement provides an operable and efficient mechanism for the supervision of domestic SPS measures.Less
The last sixty years witnessed an unprecedented expansion of international trade. The system created by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and later by the World Trade Organization (WTO) has proved to be an efficient tool for the elimination of trade tariff barriers. This process also coincided with the increased national risk regulatory controls. Governments, responding to the demands of their domestic constituencies, have adopted a wide range of regulatory measures aimed at protecting the environment and human health. Although for the most part, these new regulatory initiatives served legitimate objectives, it has also turned out that internal measures might become an attractive vehicle for protectionism, taking the place that was traditionally occupied by tariff barriers. The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) is an attempt by the international community to limit possible abuses while accepting a considerable margin of regulatory discretion of WTO Members. Does it optimally strike a balance between competing objectives of international free trade and regulatory freedom in the field of risk regulation? In answering this question, the book engages in a comprehensive and critical examination of the substantive provisions of the SPS Agreement and the corresponding case law. Special attention is paid to three specific issues: the appropriateness of the disciplines established by the SPS Agreement, the consistency of their interpretation by the WTO case law, and the normative content of those requirements that have not yet been addressed by SPS jurisprudence. The book concludes that despite some failures of the SPS system, the Agreement provides an operable and efficient mechanism for the supervision of domestic SPS measures.
Lukasz Gruszczynski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578924
- eISBN:
- 9780191722646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578924.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter offers a general discussion on risk and methods of its regulation. After a brief review of different definitions of risk, including technical and psychological perspectives, it briefly ...
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This chapter offers a general discussion on risk and methods of its regulation. After a brief review of different definitions of risk, including technical and psychological perspectives, it briefly addresses historical changes in its conceptualization. The second part of the chapter concentrates on the issue of risk regulation. Again, a short historical account is combined with a more extensive discussion on contemporary regulatory methods for dealing with risk. The chapter identifies a model of risk analysis, which is composed of risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication, as a dominant regulatory approach. In this context, it also discusses the issue of uncertainty in a probabilistic risk assessment and strategies that are conventionally used to address it.Less
This chapter offers a general discussion on risk and methods of its regulation. After a brief review of different definitions of risk, including technical and psychological perspectives, it briefly addresses historical changes in its conceptualization. The second part of the chapter concentrates on the issue of risk regulation. Again, a short historical account is combined with a more extensive discussion on contemporary regulatory methods for dealing with risk. The chapter identifies a model of risk analysis, which is composed of risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication, as a dominant regulatory approach. In this context, it also discusses the issue of uncertainty in a probabilistic risk assessment and strategies that are conventionally used to address it.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter uses a supply chain example to compare and contrast agent-based modeling and simulation with other modeling techniques, including systems dynamics, discrete-event simulation, ...
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This chapter uses a supply chain example to compare and contrast agent-based modeling and simulation with other modeling techniques, including systems dynamics, discrete-event simulation, participatory simulation, statistical modeling, risk analysis, and optimization. It also discusses why businesses and government agencies do modeling and simulation.Less
This chapter uses a supply chain example to compare and contrast agent-based modeling and simulation with other modeling techniques, including systems dynamics, discrete-event simulation, participatory simulation, statistical modeling, risk analysis, and optimization. It also discusses why businesses and government agencies do modeling and simulation.
Ursula K. Heise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335637
- eISBN:
- 9780199869022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335637.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter establishes connections between ecocriticism and risk theory. It gives a survey of theories of risk perception and the knowledge theoretical questions they have raised from the 1970s to ...
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This chapter establishes connections between ecocriticism and risk theory. It gives a survey of theories of risk perception and the knowledge theoretical questions they have raised from the 1970s to the present, as well as of theories about the connection between modernization, globalization and risk. These theories, the chapter argues, are crucial for environmentalist and ecocritical approaches that seek to transform public awareness of ecological crises, at the same time that the literary perspective promises to contribute significantly to research on risk perceptions through its emphasis on narrative and metaphoric templates. The chapter also explores risk theory as a new form of global imagination through the environmental justice movement and Ulrich Beck‘s theory of cosmopolitanism, and links back to the analysis of transnationalism in Ch. 1 through the concept of “ecocosmopolitanism,” which is here further elaborated in its connection with the rise of transnational communities of risk.Less
This chapter establishes connections between ecocriticism and risk theory. It gives a survey of theories of risk perception and the knowledge theoretical questions they have raised from the 1970s to the present, as well as of theories about the connection between modernization, globalization and risk. These theories, the chapter argues, are crucial for environmentalist and ecocritical approaches that seek to transform public awareness of ecological crises, at the same time that the literary perspective promises to contribute significantly to research on risk perceptions through its emphasis on narrative and metaphoric templates. The chapter also explores risk theory as a new form of global imagination through the environmental justice movement and Ulrich Beck‘s theory of cosmopolitanism, and links back to the analysis of transnationalism in Ch. 1 through the concept of “ecocosmopolitanism,” which is here further elaborated in its connection with the rise of transnational communities of risk.
Hrishikes Bhattacharya
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198074106
- eISBN:
- 9780199080861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074106.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Banks and financial institutions are faced with two apparently conflicting phenomena — interest rate deregulation on the one hand and capital adequacy requirements and prudential norms on the other. ...
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Banks and financial institutions are faced with two apparently conflicting phenomena — interest rate deregulation on the one hand and capital adequacy requirements and prudential norms on the other. In such a situation, these institutions need to work out a strategic framework which must evolve around the profit objective so as to build up quality loan-assets portfolios and to ensure adequate capital growth. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of lending strategies, credit appraisal, risk analysis, and lending decisions within the overall objectives of a lending organization. This revised edition takes into account recent global developments in the banking sector as well as changes in the notion of banking. It includes three new chapters in which the author discusses topical issues such as the impact of capital regulation on the risk attitude and profitability of banks, strategies to protect banks from a liquidity crisis, and the need of a portfolio approach in developing models for credit exposure and loan management within a risk–return framework.Less
Banks and financial institutions are faced with two apparently conflicting phenomena — interest rate deregulation on the one hand and capital adequacy requirements and prudential norms on the other. In such a situation, these institutions need to work out a strategic framework which must evolve around the profit objective so as to build up quality loan-assets portfolios and to ensure adequate capital growth. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of lending strategies, credit appraisal, risk analysis, and lending decisions within the overall objectives of a lending organization. This revised edition takes into account recent global developments in the banking sector as well as changes in the notion of banking. It includes three new chapters in which the author discusses topical issues such as the impact of capital regulation on the risk attitude and profitability of banks, strategies to protect banks from a liquidity crisis, and the need of a portfolio approach in developing models for credit exposure and loan management within a risk–return framework.
Ursula K. Heise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335637
- eISBN:
- 9780199869022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335637.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter, building on Ch. 4, analyzes the representation of local risk scenarios in two American novels that focus on exposure to chemical toxins, Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Richard Powers’s ...
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This chapter, building on Ch. 4, analyzes the representation of local risk scenarios in two American novels that focus on exposure to chemical toxins, Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Richard Powers’s Gain. DeLillo’s novel, which reflects on a wide range of chemical risks from industrial toxins all the way to psychopharmaceuticals, uses postmodern satire to shed light on the difficulties of telling reality apart from cultural perception in the context of ecological and technological hazards. It portrays a “risk society” in Ulrich Beck’s sense in which risk has become part of the fabric of everyday life for ordinary citizens. Powers’s Gain outlines a similar scenario but explores in depth the rise of transnational corporations and global economic networks that give rise to local risks. While his narrative, more so than DeLillo’s, seeks to highlight the way in which the inhabitation of the local is shaped by global forces, it is less successful than DeLillo’s in developing a narrative technique commensurate with this ambition; Powers’s omniscient narration does not allow for the indeterminacies of risk perception that DeLillo translates into narrative form.Less
This chapter, building on Ch. 4, analyzes the representation of local risk scenarios in two American novels that focus on exposure to chemical toxins, Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Richard Powers’s Gain. DeLillo’s novel, which reflects on a wide range of chemical risks from industrial toxins all the way to psychopharmaceuticals, uses postmodern satire to shed light on the difficulties of telling reality apart from cultural perception in the context of ecological and technological hazards. It portrays a “risk society” in Ulrich Beck’s sense in which risk has become part of the fabric of everyday life for ordinary citizens. Powers’s Gain outlines a similar scenario but explores in depth the rise of transnational corporations and global economic networks that give rise to local risks. While his narrative, more so than DeLillo’s, seeks to highlight the way in which the inhabitation of the local is shaped by global forces, it is less successful than DeLillo’s in developing a narrative technique commensurate with this ambition; Powers’s omniscient narration does not allow for the indeterminacies of risk perception that DeLillo translates into narrative form.
Jonathan M. Samet, Ronald H. White, and Thomas A. Burke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195187410
- eISBN:
- 9780199864997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187410.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an introduction to risk assessment, focusing on those aspects of risk assessment methodology most pertinent to epidemiologists and addressing the use of epidemiologic data in ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to risk assessment, focusing on those aspects of risk assessment methodology most pertinent to epidemiologists and addressing the use of epidemiologic data in risk assessment. In the United States, quantitative risk assessment has become widely used for translating the findings of epidemiologic and toxicologic research into public policy; this methodology is also being advanced in other countries. A trend of including risk assessment in legislation related to environment regulation predicts increasing use. Epidemiologic data may have a prominent role in risk assessment, by providing information relevant to hazard identification, exposure assessment, and dose response.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to risk assessment, focusing on those aspects of risk assessment methodology most pertinent to epidemiologists and addressing the use of epidemiologic data in risk assessment. In the United States, quantitative risk assessment has become widely used for translating the findings of epidemiologic and toxicologic research into public policy; this methodology is also being advanced in other countries. A trend of including risk assessment in legislation related to environment regulation predicts increasing use. Epidemiologic data may have a prominent role in risk assessment, by providing information relevant to hazard identification, exposure assessment, and dose response.
Thomas Kern and Leslie P. Willcocks
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241927
- eISBN:
- 9780191696985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241927.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Over the last decade the growth in significance and in the size of outsourcing deals has resulted in rising concern with the actual management of outsourcing arrangements, in particular with the twin ...
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Over the last decade the growth in significance and in the size of outsourcing deals has resulted in rising concern with the actual management of outsourcing arrangements, in particular with the twin issues of risk mitigation and relationship management. This chapter develops a risk analysis framework for helping to understand and analyse the critical components of client-supplier relationships. It shows that the juxtaposition of these two subjects — risks and relationships — is far from coincidental. Risk and relationships in IT outsourcing are undermanaged and understudied, and previous studies have never systematically linked the two issues. However, the case studies provide convincing evidence that managing the relationship dimension has also proven to be a major contributor to risk mitigation.Less
Over the last decade the growth in significance and in the size of outsourcing deals has resulted in rising concern with the actual management of outsourcing arrangements, in particular with the twin issues of risk mitigation and relationship management. This chapter develops a risk analysis framework for helping to understand and analyse the critical components of client-supplier relationships. It shows that the juxtaposition of these two subjects — risks and relationships — is far from coincidental. Risk and relationships in IT outsourcing are undermanaged and understudied, and previous studies have never systematically linked the two issues. However, the case studies provide convincing evidence that managing the relationship dimension has also proven to be a major contributor to risk mitigation.
W. Kip Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293637
- eISBN:
- 9780191596995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293631.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Regulatory policies create a variety of risk–risk trade‐offs. People may engage in more risk‐taking behaviour in response to regulations that reduce the risks of their behaviour, as seatbelt use may ...
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Regulatory policies create a variety of risk–risk trade‐offs. People may engage in more risk‐taking behaviour in response to regulations that reduce the risks of their behaviour, as seatbelt use may encourage drivers to go faster and safety caps may create a ‘lulling effect’ whereby people are lulled into a fall sense of security regarding product risks. Regulations also entail resource expenditures that in effect make society poorer, which will increase risk levels, given the positive linkage between wealth and health. The resulting risk–risk trade‐offs can be linked theoretically to the value of life, implying that expenditures with a cost per life saved of more than ten times the value of life may in fact decrease individual health.Less
Regulatory policies create a variety of risk–risk trade‐offs. People may engage in more risk‐taking behaviour in response to regulations that reduce the risks of their behaviour, as seatbelt use may encourage drivers to go faster and safety caps may create a ‘lulling effect’ whereby people are lulled into a fall sense of security regarding product risks. Regulations also entail resource expenditures that in effect make society poorer, which will increase risk levels, given the positive linkage between wealth and health. The resulting risk–risk trade‐offs can be linked theoretically to the value of life, implying that expenditures with a cost per life saved of more than ten times the value of life may in fact decrease individual health.
Ursula K Heise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335637
- eISBN:
- 9780199869022
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335637.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This book analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part I ...
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This book analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part I critically examines the emphasis on local identities and communities in North American environmentalism by establishing conceptual connections between environmentalism and ecocriticism, on one hand, and theories of globalization, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism, on the other. It proposes the concept of “eco-cosmopolitanism” as a shorthand for envisioning these connections and the cultural and aesthetic forms into which they translate. Part II focuses on conceptualizations of environmental danger and connects environmentalist and ecocritical thought with the interdisciplinary field of risk theory in the social sciences, arguing that environmental justice theory and ecocriticism stand to benefit from closer consideration of the theories of cosmopolitanism that have arisen in this field from the analysis of transnational communities at risk. Both parts of the book combine in-depth theoretical discussion with detailed analyses of novels, poems, films, computer software, and installation artworks from the United States and abroad that translate new connections between global, national, and local forms of awareness into innovative aesthetic forms combining allegory, epic, and views of the planet as a whole with modernist and postmodernist strategies of fragmentation, montage, collage, and zooming.Less
This book analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part I critically examines the emphasis on local identities and communities in North American environmentalism by establishing conceptual connections between environmentalism and ecocriticism, on one hand, and theories of globalization, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism, on the other. It proposes the concept of “eco-cosmopolitanism” as a shorthand for envisioning these connections and the cultural and aesthetic forms into which they translate. Part II focuses on conceptualizations of environmental danger and connects environmentalist and ecocritical thought with the interdisciplinary field of risk theory in the social sciences, arguing that environmental justice theory and ecocriticism stand to benefit from closer consideration of the theories of cosmopolitanism that have arisen in this field from the analysis of transnational communities at risk. Both parts of the book combine in-depth theoretical discussion with detailed analyses of novels, poems, films, computer software, and installation artworks from the United States and abroad that translate new connections between global, national, and local forms of awareness into innovative aesthetic forms combining allegory, epic, and views of the planet as a whole with modernist and postmodernist strategies of fragmentation, montage, collage, and zooming.
Ursula K. Heise
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335637
- eISBN:
- 9780199869022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335637.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter, building on Chs. 4 and 5, focuses on two German novels about the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Christa Wolf’s Accident: A Day’s News and Gabriele Wohmann’s Sound of the Flute. Both ...
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This chapter, building on Chs. 4 and 5, focuses on two German novels about the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Christa Wolf’s Accident: A Day’s News and Gabriele Wohmann’s Sound of the Flute. Both texts portray this transnational risk scenario in its impact on the local, ordinary lives of protagonists in East Germany and West Germany, respectively. Wolf emphasizes the way in which transnational technological risk of the kind instantiated by Chernobyl transcends disrupts and alters the experience of the local, which cannot offer adequate linguistic and cultural resources to imagine and describe this kind of hazard. Modernist literary innovations, in Wolf’s approach, become a way of bridging this gap. Wohmann, by contrast, emphasizes how even the most dangerous and large-scale risk scenarios are gradually integrated into the texture of everyday language and experience, challenging established modes of inhabitation but also giving rise to new ones. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of how Chernobyl itself has been normalized by becoming a popular tourist destination.Less
This chapter, building on Chs. 4 and 5, focuses on two German novels about the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Christa Wolf’s Accident: A Day’s News and Gabriele Wohmann’s Sound of the Flute. Both texts portray this transnational risk scenario in its impact on the local, ordinary lives of protagonists in East Germany and West Germany, respectively. Wolf emphasizes the way in which transnational technological risk of the kind instantiated by Chernobyl transcends disrupts and alters the experience of the local, which cannot offer adequate linguistic and cultural resources to imagine and describe this kind of hazard. Modernist literary innovations, in Wolf’s approach, become a way of bridging this gap. Wohmann, by contrast, emphasizes how even the most dangerous and large-scale risk scenarios are gradually integrated into the texture of everyday language and experience, challenging established modes of inhabitation but also giving rise to new ones. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of how Chernobyl itself has been normalized by becoming a popular tourist destination.
Michael E. Kraft
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036580
- eISBN:
- 9780262341585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036580.003.0005
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The concept of environmental risk is pervasive in contemporary environmental policy, and there are legions of experts, within and outside of government, who conduct, communicate, interpret, and ...
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The concept of environmental risk is pervasive in contemporary environmental policy, and there are legions of experts, within and outside of government, who conduct, communicate, interpret, and debate studies designed to influence decisions on myriad environmental risks that we face today. Such use of risk analysis is likely to continue for the indefinite future. The chapter focuses on the key conceptual innovations that lie behind ideas about environmental risk, the practical implications of using environmental risk assessment and risk evaluation in governmental decision making, and the role that environmental risk concepts may play in the future. As sustainable development becomes the long-term goal of environmental policy actions, citizens and policymakers will have to search for new ways to think about, measure, compare, and act on both new and old environmental risks. Less
The concept of environmental risk is pervasive in contemporary environmental policy, and there are legions of experts, within and outside of government, who conduct, communicate, interpret, and debate studies designed to influence decisions on myriad environmental risks that we face today. Such use of risk analysis is likely to continue for the indefinite future. The chapter focuses on the key conceptual innovations that lie behind ideas about environmental risk, the practical implications of using environmental risk assessment and risk evaluation in governmental decision making, and the role that environmental risk concepts may play in the future. As sustainable development becomes the long-term goal of environmental policy actions, citizens and policymakers will have to search for new ways to think about, measure, compare, and act on both new and old environmental risks.
Katharina Engelhardt, Amy Symstad, Anne-Helene Prieur-Richard, Matthew Thomas, and Daniel E. Bunker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547951
- eISBN:
- 9780191720345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Research on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning typically varies biodiversity levels by establishing communities that are subsets of the species in the high diversity ...
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Research on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning typically varies biodiversity levels by establishing communities that are subsets of the species in the high diversity community. This chapter examines what happens when biodiversity change is not limited to these subsets but instead is open to colonization from a larger species pool. The chapter first examines species traits that are responsible for successful colonization, establishment, and impact on ecosystem processes. The chapter then addresses how novel species may produce cascading and irreversible effects, drawing on known processes (selection effect or complementarity effect) that drive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Finally, the chapter explores how information on species traits and processes driving the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning may be used to enhance the economic evaluation of invasion risks to society.Less
Research on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning typically varies biodiversity levels by establishing communities that are subsets of the species in the high diversity community. This chapter examines what happens when biodiversity change is not limited to these subsets but instead is open to colonization from a larger species pool. The chapter first examines species traits that are responsible for successful colonization, establishment, and impact on ecosystem processes. The chapter then addresses how novel species may produce cascading and irreversible effects, drawing on known processes (selection effect or complementarity effect) that drive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Finally, the chapter explores how information on species traits and processes driving the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning may be used to enhance the economic evaluation of invasion risks to society.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk ...
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Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.Less
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.
Lev Ginzburg and Mark Colyvan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168167
- eISBN:
- 9780199790159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168167.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
There are practical consequences for the debate over the appropriate mathematical model of population growth. This chapter outlines a few of the possible applications of the inertial model. It ...
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There are practical consequences for the debate over the appropriate mathematical model of population growth. This chapter outlines a few of the possible applications of the inertial model. It suggests that some of the failures in conservation management may be due, in part, to a failure to appreciate the inertial nature of population growth and decline. The chapter also reflects on the relationship between theoretical and applied ecology.Less
There are practical consequences for the debate over the appropriate mathematical model of population growth. This chapter outlines a few of the possible applications of the inertial model. It suggests that some of the failures in conservation management may be due, in part, to a failure to appreciate the inertial nature of population growth and decline. The chapter also reflects on the relationship between theoretical and applied ecology.
Michael Power
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296034
- eISBN:
- 9780191685187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296034.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Organization Studies
This chapter addresses three general operational dimensions of the audit process where the social support for the authority of technical practices comes into view: sampling and risk analysis, ...
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This chapter addresses three general operational dimensions of the audit process where the social support for the authority of technical practices comes into view: sampling and risk analysis, reliance on other forms of expertise, the evaluation of internal control systems. The argument focuses on the systemic significance of these three dimensions and the manner in which ideas of effective auditing are constituted through them. It also considers the sub-programmes or meta-accounts of the technical efficacy of auditing. Moreover, all three cases demonstrate how crucial economic and cognitive problems for auditing are resolved while leaving the essential obscurity of the audit process untouched. All three also offer a ground for elaborating further detailed procedures, for making audits work in a systemic sense.Less
This chapter addresses three general operational dimensions of the audit process where the social support for the authority of technical practices comes into view: sampling and risk analysis, reliance on other forms of expertise, the evaluation of internal control systems. The argument focuses on the systemic significance of these three dimensions and the manner in which ideas of effective auditing are constituted through them. It also considers the sub-programmes or meta-accounts of the technical efficacy of auditing. Moreover, all three cases demonstrate how crucial economic and cognitive problems for auditing are resolved while leaving the essential obscurity of the audit process untouched. All three also offer a ground for elaborating further detailed procedures, for making audits work in a systemic sense.
David B. Audretsch and Albert N. Link
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730377
- eISBN:
- 9780199932795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730377.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter summarizes several valuation tools. These tools include forecasting, weighted averages, present value and capitalization, and risk analysis. Each tool is illustrated through a numerical ...
More
This chapter summarizes several valuation tools. These tools include forecasting, weighted averages, present value and capitalization, and risk analysis. Each tool is illustrated through a numerical example.Less
This chapter summarizes several valuation tools. These tools include forecasting, weighted averages, present value and capitalization, and risk analysis. Each tool is illustrated through a numerical example.
Thomas Kern and Leslie P. Willcocks
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241927
- eISBN:
- 9780191696985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241927.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The cross-case analysis in the previous chapter illustrated the adequacy of our framework in characterizing IT outsourcing relationships. Prior to that, the individual case analyses in Chapters 3–7 ...
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The cross-case analysis in the previous chapter illustrated the adequacy of our framework in characterizing IT outsourcing relationships. Prior to that, the individual case analyses in Chapters 3–7 elicited a number of strong links between the dimensions that, combined with Chapter 8's detailed analysis, provide a number of important pointers for outsourcing relationship management. This chapter makes use of the framework in a normative sense to determine a number of critical propositions for relationship management practice. It also suggests some small but important revisions of the framework, for future use by practitioners. The discussion follows closely the main dimensions of the framework, and, for coherence in the discussion, some repetition here of findings from the previous chapter is inevitable.Less
The cross-case analysis in the previous chapter illustrated the adequacy of our framework in characterizing IT outsourcing relationships. Prior to that, the individual case analyses in Chapters 3–7 elicited a number of strong links between the dimensions that, combined with Chapter 8's detailed analysis, provide a number of important pointers for outsourcing relationship management. This chapter makes use of the framework in a normative sense to determine a number of critical propositions for relationship management practice. It also suggests some small but important revisions of the framework, for future use by practitioners. The discussion follows closely the main dimensions of the framework, and, for coherence in the discussion, some repetition here of findings from the previous chapter is inevitable.
Torben Juul Andersen, Maxine Garvey, and Oliviero Roggi
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199687855
- eISBN:
- 9780191767333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687855.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter presents the extensive enterprise risk management processes at work. After discussing why proactive risk management is important for value generation, the chapter links the traditional ...
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This chapter presents the extensive enterprise risk management processes at work. After discussing why proactive risk management is important for value generation, the chapter links the traditional risk adjusted model framework to value generation from good risk management practices. An analytical tool for evaluating hedging decisions is presented. Then the chapter explains how companies can manage their risks. The enterprise risk management processes are explicated in detail including risk identification, risk assessment, risk treatment (with tools) and risk monitoring based on the value generation model. Risk management is linked to capital structure decisions and approaches to manage capital requirements are presented with the techniques to assess corporate financial stability. (109 words)Less
This chapter presents the extensive enterprise risk management processes at work. After discussing why proactive risk management is important for value generation, the chapter links the traditional risk adjusted model framework to value generation from good risk management practices. An analytical tool for evaluating hedging decisions is presented. Then the chapter explains how companies can manage their risks. The enterprise risk management processes are explicated in detail including risk identification, risk assessment, risk treatment (with tools) and risk monitoring based on the value generation model. Risk management is linked to capital structure decisions and approaches to manage capital requirements are presented with the techniques to assess corporate financial stability. (109 words)
W. Kip Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226780146
- eISBN:
- 9780226780160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226780160.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
Many instances of juror responses to what could be considered routine corporate product-safety decision making raise questions about how jurors think about punitive damages awards in products ...
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Many instances of juror responses to what could be considered routine corporate product-safety decision making raise questions about how jurors think about punitive damages awards in products liability cases. Trading off risk against cost is a common experience. To decide which risks to bear and which to avoid, we can attempt to get a sense of how consequential the risks are and whether there is some offsetting advantage that makes bearing the risk reasonable. In designing their products, corporations also must make similar judgments regarding the character of their products. To do so, they try to anticipate how their products will be used and what risks will be incurred in that usage. Another factor they must consider is consumer preferences, especially how much customers value safety as opposed to other product attributes, including its price. The formal mechanism for making safety trade-off judgments is a risk analysis that outlines the costs and benefits of different safety options. Such an analysis usually proceeds in a series of steps.Less
Many instances of juror responses to what could be considered routine corporate product-safety decision making raise questions about how jurors think about punitive damages awards in products liability cases. Trading off risk against cost is a common experience. To decide which risks to bear and which to avoid, we can attempt to get a sense of how consequential the risks are and whether there is some offsetting advantage that makes bearing the risk reasonable. In designing their products, corporations also must make similar judgments regarding the character of their products. To do so, they try to anticipate how their products will be used and what risks will be incurred in that usage. Another factor they must consider is consumer preferences, especially how much customers value safety as opposed to other product attributes, including its price. The formal mechanism for making safety trade-off judgments is a risk analysis that outlines the costs and benefits of different safety options. Such an analysis usually proceeds in a series of steps.
