Michael Hawcroft
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199228836
- eISBN:
- 9780191711251
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
Molière wrote, directed, and starred in comedies for public and court audiences in 17th-century France. He is perennially successful, but perennially subject to critical controversy: do his plays aim ...
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Molière wrote, directed, and starred in comedies for public and court audiences in 17th-century France. He is perennially successful, but perennially subject to critical controversy: do his plays aim to do more than make audiences laugh? This book focuses on a group of characters in the plays, the interpretation of whose role lies at the heart of any answer to this question. For over a century critics have called them raisonneurs. They are characters who engage with some of Molière's most foolish protagonists, but they have been variously interpreted as either exponents of wisdom or as bores who are subject to ridicule. This book argues that new light can be shed on the words and actions of these characters, and on the tenor of the plays as a whole by detailed contextual analysis of the structures of dramaturgy and comedy in which they are deployed. They emerge neither as the mouthpieces of common sense nor as pompous fools, but as thoughtful, witty, and resourceful friends of the foolish protagonists whom Molière himself played. The book takes into account what is known of the performance styles of Molière's troupe of actors as well as engaging closely with the text of the plays and the critical debate to date. Some of Molière's most teasingly problematic plays are held up to fresh scrutiny, including L'Ecole des femmes, Le Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, and Le Malade imaginaire.Less
Molière wrote, directed, and starred in comedies for public and court audiences in 17th-century France. He is perennially successful, but perennially subject to critical controversy: do his plays aim to do more than make audiences laugh? This book focuses on a group of characters in the plays, the interpretation of whose role lies at the heart of any answer to this question. For over a century critics have called them raisonneurs. They are characters who engage with some of Molière's most foolish protagonists, but they have been variously interpreted as either exponents of wisdom or as bores who are subject to ridicule. This book argues that new light can be shed on the words and actions of these characters, and on the tenor of the plays as a whole by detailed contextual analysis of the structures of dramaturgy and comedy in which they are deployed. They emerge neither as the mouthpieces of common sense nor as pompous fools, but as thoughtful, witty, and resourceful friends of the foolish protagonists whom Molière himself played. The book takes into account what is known of the performance styles of Molière's troupe of actors as well as engaging closely with the text of the plays and the critical debate to date. Some of Molière's most teasingly problematic plays are held up to fresh scrutiny, including L'Ecole des femmes, Le Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, and Le Malade imaginaire.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law ...
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The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law that have been observed for over a century. It develops a theory of reputation and uses it to analyse, evaluate and propose a revision of the law. Using the concept of reputation as the vehicle for a study of the history and theory of libel, slander and honour it becomes apparent that, contrary to the legal orthodoxy, defamation law did not aim and function to protect reputation until the early 19th century. Consequently, the historically derived tests for what is defamatory do not always protect reputation adequately or appropriately. The ‘shun and avoid’ and ‘ridicule’ tests should be discarded. The principal ‘lowering the estimation’ test is more appropriate but needs re-working. Christian tradition and Victorian moralism are embedded in the idea of ‘the right-thinking person’ that provides the test's conceptual foundations, but these are problematic in an era of moral diversity. Instead, ‘the right-thinking person’ should be associated with an inclusive liberal premise of equal moral worth and a shared commitment to moral diversity; any departure from this must be justified on sound, expressly stated ethical grounds. That demand serves to protect reputation appropriately and effectively in an age of moral diversity.Less
The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law that have been observed for over a century. It develops a theory of reputation and uses it to analyse, evaluate and propose a revision of the law. Using the concept of reputation as the vehicle for a study of the history and theory of libel, slander and honour it becomes apparent that, contrary to the legal orthodoxy, defamation law did not aim and function to protect reputation until the early 19th century. Consequently, the historically derived tests for what is defamatory do not always protect reputation adequately or appropriately. The ‘shun and avoid’ and ‘ridicule’ tests should be discarded. The principal ‘lowering the estimation’ test is more appropriate but needs re-working. Christian tradition and Victorian moralism are embedded in the idea of ‘the right-thinking person’ that provides the test's conceptual foundations, but these are problematic in an era of moral diversity. Instead, ‘the right-thinking person’ should be associated with an inclusive liberal premise of equal moral worth and a shared commitment to moral diversity; any departure from this must be justified on sound, expressly stated ethical grounds. That demand serves to protect reputation appropriately and effectively in an age of moral diversity.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap ...
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The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap in the common law by providing a principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This chapter proposes a new legal framework that aims to meet that goal. Only the principal test for what is defamatory should be retained because it is the only one that meaningfully protects reputation. However, the common law should dispose of the traditional, exclusive presumptions that form the content of ‘the right-thinking person’ and instead use inclusive presumptions that are premised upon an acceptance of equal moral worth. Any displacement of these presumptions should be controversial. A departure from the commitment to equal moral worth should be made only with great care and caution.Less
The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap in the common law by providing a principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This chapter proposes a new legal framework that aims to meet that goal. Only the principal test for what is defamatory should be retained because it is the only one that meaningfully protects reputation. However, the common law should dispose of the traditional, exclusive presumptions that form the content of ‘the right-thinking person’ and instead use inclusive presumptions that are premised upon an acceptance of equal moral worth. Any displacement of these presumptions should be controversial. A departure from the commitment to equal moral worth should be made only with great care and caution.
Richard Kalmin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306198.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter examines traditions that depict rabbis as sensitive to the fact that their statements appear, or might appear, to nonrabbis to fly in the face of common sense or to contradict the ...
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This chapter examines traditions that depict rabbis as sensitive to the fact that their statements appear, or might appear, to nonrabbis to fly in the face of common sense or to contradict the everyday functioning of the world or the meaning of scripture. It addresses the questions: what happens when rabbinic sources acknowledge that a rabbi says or does something that was or might be construed as ludicrous or far-fetched? Is the rabbi ridiculed, and if so, what is his reaction? Does the ridicule provoke anxiety, defensiveness, and/or a desire for revenge? It is shown that Palestinian rabbinic sources tended to be more attuned than Babylonian rabbinic sources to the reactions, whether real or anticipated, of nonrabbis to their statements. Palestinian rabbis tended to be more aware than Babylonian rabbis that their actions and opinions could or did provoke ridicule among nonrabbis. In a significant number of cases — all having to do with the rabbis' worries about their status in the eyes of nonrabbis, and/or rabbinic self-consciousness about nonrabbinic reaction to their statements — Palestinian rabbis revealed their insecurity and discomfort and attempted to demonstrate the reliability of their opinions and interpretations in the face of nonrabbinic ridicule. As a result, Palestinian rabbis, more than their Babylonian counterparts, told stories that vindicated rabbis who were the objects of nonrabbinic ridicule and depicted their antagonists receiving their just desserts.Less
This chapter examines traditions that depict rabbis as sensitive to the fact that their statements appear, or might appear, to nonrabbis to fly in the face of common sense or to contradict the everyday functioning of the world or the meaning of scripture. It addresses the questions: what happens when rabbinic sources acknowledge that a rabbi says or does something that was or might be construed as ludicrous or far-fetched? Is the rabbi ridiculed, and if so, what is his reaction? Does the ridicule provoke anxiety, defensiveness, and/or a desire for revenge? It is shown that Palestinian rabbinic sources tended to be more attuned than Babylonian rabbinic sources to the reactions, whether real or anticipated, of nonrabbis to their statements. Palestinian rabbis tended to be more aware than Babylonian rabbis that their actions and opinions could or did provoke ridicule among nonrabbis. In a significant number of cases — all having to do with the rabbis' worries about their status in the eyes of nonrabbis, and/or rabbinic self-consciousness about nonrabbinic reaction to their statements — Palestinian rabbis revealed their insecurity and discomfort and attempted to demonstrate the reliability of their opinions and interpretations in the face of nonrabbinic ridicule. As a result, Palestinian rabbis, more than their Babylonian counterparts, told stories that vindicated rabbis who were the objects of nonrabbinic ridicule and depicted their antagonists receiving their just desserts.
Lawrence S. Wrightsman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195368628
- eISBN:
- 9780199867554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368628.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Justices have complete power over the content of the oral argument. They can—and do—interrupt advocates only a few words into advocates’ opening statements. They can—and do—ask questions ranging from ...
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Justices have complete power over the content of the oral argument. They can—and do—interrupt advocates only a few words into advocates’ opening statements. They can—and do—ask questions ranging from the trivial (and even irrelevant) to the wildly hypothetical. Their questions and comments may be hostile, sympathetic, or neither. This chapter presents a classification, with examples from recent oral arguments, of eight motivations underlying the questions asked by justices.Less
Justices have complete power over the content of the oral argument. They can—and do—interrupt advocates only a few words into advocates’ opening statements. They can—and do—ask questions ranging from the trivial (and even irrelevant) to the wildly hypothetical. Their questions and comments may be hostile, sympathetic, or neither. This chapter presents a classification, with examples from recent oral arguments, of eight motivations underlying the questions asked by justices.
Jerome Neu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195314311
- eISBN:
- 9780199871780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314311.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Humor, like ritual, may sometimes license otherwise offensive insults. When and why? The special genre of insult humor, including roasts, is considered along with Freud's account of the role of ...
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Humor, like ritual, may sometimes license otherwise offensive insults. When and why? The special genre of insult humor, including roasts, is considered along with Freud's account of the role of collusion in tendentious humor broadly conceived. When is it wrong to laugh? Satire, teasing, and bullying sometimes take the ridicule in insult humor to the extremes of aggression.Less
Humor, like ritual, may sometimes license otherwise offensive insults. When and why? The special genre of insult humor, including roasts, is considered along with Freud's account of the role of collusion in tendentious humor broadly conceived. When is it wrong to laugh? Satire, teasing, and bullying sometimes take the ridicule in insult humor to the extremes of aggression.
Madeleine de Scudery
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226143989
- eISBN:
- 9780226144009
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226144009.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Ridiculed for her Saturday salon, her long romance novels, and her protofeminist ideas, Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701) has not been treated kindly by the literary establishment. Yet her multivolume ...
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Ridiculed for her Saturday salon, her long romance novels, and her protofeminist ideas, Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701) has not been treated kindly by the literary establishment. Yet her multivolume novels were popular bestsellers in her time, translated almost immediately into English, German, Italian, Spanish, and even Arabic. This book makes available in modern English a self-contained section from Scudéry's novel Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus, best known today as the favored reading material of the would-be salonnières that Molière satirized in Les précieuses ridicules. It tells of Sapho, a woman writer modeled on the Greek Sappho, who deems marriage slavery. Interspersed in the love story of Sapho and Phaon are a series of conversations like those that took place in Scudéry's own salon in which Sapho and her circle discuss the nature of love, the education of women, writing, and right conduct. This edition also includes a translation of an oration, or harangue, of Scudéry's in which Sapho extols the talents and abilities of women in order to persuade them to write.Less
Ridiculed for her Saturday salon, her long romance novels, and her protofeminist ideas, Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701) has not been treated kindly by the literary establishment. Yet her multivolume novels were popular bestsellers in her time, translated almost immediately into English, German, Italian, Spanish, and even Arabic. This book makes available in modern English a self-contained section from Scudéry's novel Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus, best known today as the favored reading material of the would-be salonnières that Molière satirized in Les précieuses ridicules. It tells of Sapho, a woman writer modeled on the Greek Sappho, who deems marriage slavery. Interspersed in the love story of Sapho and Phaon are a series of conversations like those that took place in Scudéry's own salon in which Sapho and her circle discuss the nature of love, the education of women, writing, and right conduct. This edition also includes a translation of an oration, or harangue, of Scudéry's in which Sapho extols the talents and abilities of women in order to persuade them to write.
David. Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207818
- eISBN:
- 9780191677809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207818.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter reviews a spate of physical assaults on one of London's most venerable civic monuments, the Cheapside Cross. It combines satiric and religious pamphlets from the early 1640s with earlier ...
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This chapter reviews a spate of physical assaults on one of London's most venerable civic monuments, the Cheapside Cross. It combines satiric and religious pamphlets from the early 1640s with earlier accounts of iconoclasm to explore a variety of sensitivities and passions. When the Cross was finally dismantled in 1643, with public ceremony, it was treated as heathen idol and as a sentient being that could also suffer pain and dishonour. The discussion shows how an agitated popular press brought life and death to an inanimate historical monument, until the structure was reduced to rubble. It follows the invective launched against the Cross, commentary on its condition, and arguments used in its defence, situating Cheapside Cross in the turbulent discourse of the early 1640s.Less
This chapter reviews a spate of physical assaults on one of London's most venerable civic monuments, the Cheapside Cross. It combines satiric and religious pamphlets from the early 1640s with earlier accounts of iconoclasm to explore a variety of sensitivities and passions. When the Cross was finally dismantled in 1643, with public ceremony, it was treated as heathen idol and as a sentient being that could also suffer pain and dishonour. The discussion shows how an agitated popular press brought life and death to an inanimate historical monument, until the structure was reduced to rubble. It follows the invective launched against the Cross, commentary on its condition, and arguments used in its defence, situating Cheapside Cross in the turbulent discourse of the early 1640s.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
This introductory chapter outlines the current legal framework and its shortcomings, and explains how the book uses reputation as the point of reference for analysing, evaluating, and proposing a ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the current legal framework and its shortcomings, and explains how the book uses reputation as the point of reference for analysing, evaluating, and proposing a revision of the law that governs determinations of what is defamatory. In spite of the axiom that defamation law aims to protect reputation, the common law has no principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This is so because there has not been sufficient attention paid to the nature of reputation or to the relationship between reputation and defamation. Without a satisfactory account of reputation, the law that seeks to protect it is bound to be inadequately conceived. The question posed takes a very particular form, with the premise itself being a critical issue: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law, then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory?Less
This introductory chapter outlines the current legal framework and its shortcomings, and explains how the book uses reputation as the point of reference for analysing, evaluating, and proposing a revision of the law that governs determinations of what is defamatory. In spite of the axiom that defamation law aims to protect reputation, the common law has no principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This is so because there has not been sufficient attention paid to the nature of reputation or to the relationship between reputation and defamation. Without a satisfactory account of reputation, the law that seeks to protect it is bound to be inadequately conceived. The question posed takes a very particular form, with the premise itself being a critical issue: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law, then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory?
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
This chapter evaluates the manner and extent to which reputation is protected under modern common law. Section I looks at the place moral judgment has occupied in the principal test for what is ...
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This chapter evaluates the manner and extent to which reputation is protected under modern common law. Section I looks at the place moral judgment has occupied in the principal test for what is defamatory. By examining the actionability of particular imputations and general statements of legal principle, it is possible to see how the legal standard of judgment gradually acquired a particular content, that being the traditional values of Christian morality. Section II addresses the quantitative dimension of diversity and it is suggested that the American ‘sectional standards’ test is to be preferred to the Anglo-Australian law that looks to the ‘general standards’ of the community. Section III moves to the substance of the views held in a jurisdiction. It looks at how qualitative distinctions have been drawn between different moral taxonomies to limit the legal protection of reputation in particular ways. Here, it is suggested that determinations of defamatory capacity depend upon processes of ‘ethical recognition’ of criteria for moral judgment.Less
This chapter evaluates the manner and extent to which reputation is protected under modern common law. Section I looks at the place moral judgment has occupied in the principal test for what is defamatory. By examining the actionability of particular imputations and general statements of legal principle, it is possible to see how the legal standard of judgment gradually acquired a particular content, that being the traditional values of Christian morality. Section II addresses the quantitative dimension of diversity and it is suggested that the American ‘sectional standards’ test is to be preferred to the Anglo-Australian law that looks to the ‘general standards’ of the community. Section III moves to the substance of the views held in a jurisdiction. It looks at how qualitative distinctions have been drawn between different moral taxonomies to limit the legal protection of reputation in particular ways. Here, it is suggested that determinations of defamatory capacity depend upon processes of ‘ethical recognition’ of criteria for moral judgment.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
This chapter examines how a publication is actionable under the ridicule test, and the extent to which the test protects reputation. The formation of the test from 1680-1936 shows no clear sense of ...
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This chapter examines how a publication is actionable under the ridicule test, and the extent to which the test protects reputation. The formation of the test from 1680-1936 shows no clear sense of why or in what circumstances ridicule could be the basis for a defamation action, even as the test came to have a wide scope and much room for flexibility in its application. In 1936, the American courts attempted to discern and articulate some rationale for the test Burton v Crowell. This marked an expansion of the law as publications would be actionable when they damaged a plaintiff's sense of self-worth regardless of whether their reputation was affected, and this became a settled part of the law in the later 20th century. The chapter argues that the flaws, exhibited most markedly where satire is concerned, require that the test be disposed of.Less
This chapter examines how a publication is actionable under the ridicule test, and the extent to which the test protects reputation. The formation of the test from 1680-1936 shows no clear sense of why or in what circumstances ridicule could be the basis for a defamation action, even as the test came to have a wide scope and much room for flexibility in its application. In 1936, the American courts attempted to discern and articulate some rationale for the test Burton v Crowell. This marked an expansion of the law as publications would be actionable when they damaged a plaintiff's sense of self-worth regardless of whether their reputation was affected, and this became a settled part of the law in the later 20th century. The chapter argues that the flaws, exhibited most markedly where satire is concerned, require that the test be disposed of.
F.P. Lock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541539
- eISBN:
- 9780191701238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541539.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Ideas
This chapter discusses the triumph and tribulation experienced by British politician Edmund Burke related to the publication of his book Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke was exposed to ...
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This chapter discusses the triumph and tribulation experienced by British politician Edmund Burke related to the publication of his book Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke was exposed to some ridicule because the book was prematurely advertised in early February when it was to be published in November 1790. Many of his opponents were ready for their criticisms and counterpoints. Thus, the immediate success of the book was both a relief and triumph for Burke. By the end of 1790, the book sold a total of 17,500 copies at five shillings each.Less
This chapter discusses the triumph and tribulation experienced by British politician Edmund Burke related to the publication of his book Reflections on the Revolution in France. Burke was exposed to some ridicule because the book was prematurely advertised in early February when it was to be published in November 1790. Many of his opponents were ready for their criticisms and counterpoints. Thus, the immediate success of the book was both a relief and triumph for Burke. By the end of 1790, the book sold a total of 17,500 copies at five shillings each.
Mary Beard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199696093
- eISBN:
- 9780191745744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696093.003.0013
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter explores the cult and rituals of Magna Mater (or Cybele) and Attis in imperial Rome. It briefly reviews the history and festivals of the goddess and the sacrifice of the taurobolium ...
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This chapter explores the cult and rituals of Magna Mater (or Cybele) and Attis in imperial Rome. It briefly reviews the history and festivals of the goddess and the sacrifice of the taurobolium (focusing on the controversial account by Prudentius), throwing light on some of the very processes by which we can (or cannot) access ancient rituals and festivals. But the main focus is on the eunuch priests (or galli) and the unresolved tension between the incorporation of the cult and its rejection. The paper argues that Roman reactions to these priests, the hostility and the ridicule, needs to be seen in the context of constructive debates on the nature of what is Roman in Roman religion—debates that lie at the heart of Roman religious culture.Less
This chapter explores the cult and rituals of Magna Mater (or Cybele) and Attis in imperial Rome. It briefly reviews the history and festivals of the goddess and the sacrifice of the taurobolium (focusing on the controversial account by Prudentius), throwing light on some of the very processes by which we can (or cannot) access ancient rituals and festivals. But the main focus is on the eunuch priests (or galli) and the unresolved tension between the incorporation of the cult and its rejection. The paper argues that Roman reactions to these priests, the hostility and the ridicule, needs to be seen in the context of constructive debates on the nature of what is Roman in Roman religion—debates that lie at the heart of Roman religious culture.
Pierre Destrée and Franco V. Trivigno (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190460549
- eISBN:
- 9780190460563
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190460549.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Ancient philosophers were very interested in the themes of laughter, humor, and comedy. They theorized about laughter and its causes, moralized about the appropriate uses of humor and what it is ...
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Ancient philosophers were very interested in the themes of laughter, humor, and comedy. They theorized about laughter and its causes, moralized about the appropriate uses of humor and what it is appropriate to laugh at, and wrote treatises on comedic composition. Further, they were often merciless in ridiculing their opponents’ positions, often borrowing comedic devices and techniques from comic poetry and drama to do so. The volume is organized around three themes or sets of questions. The first set concerns the psychology of laughter. What is going on in our minds when we laugh? What background conditions must be in place for laughter to occur? Is laughter necessarily hostile or derisive? The second set of questions concerns the ethical and social norms governing laughter and humor. When is it appropriate or inappropriate to laugh? Does laughter have a positive social function? Is there a virtue, or excellence, connected to laugher and humor? The third set of questions concerns the philosophical uses of humor and comedic technique. Do philosophers use humor exclusively in criticizing other rivals, or can it play a positive educational role as well? If it can, how does philosophical humor communicate its philosophical content? This volume aims not to settle these fascinating questions but more modestly to start a conversation about them, in the hope that the volume will be both a reference point for discussions of laughter, humor, and comedy in ancient philosophy and an engine for future research about them.Less
Ancient philosophers were very interested in the themes of laughter, humor, and comedy. They theorized about laughter and its causes, moralized about the appropriate uses of humor and what it is appropriate to laugh at, and wrote treatises on comedic composition. Further, they were often merciless in ridiculing their opponents’ positions, often borrowing comedic devices and techniques from comic poetry and drama to do so. The volume is organized around three themes or sets of questions. The first set concerns the psychology of laughter. What is going on in our minds when we laugh? What background conditions must be in place for laughter to occur? Is laughter necessarily hostile or derisive? The second set of questions concerns the ethical and social norms governing laughter and humor. When is it appropriate or inappropriate to laugh? Does laughter have a positive social function? Is there a virtue, or excellence, connected to laugher and humor? The third set of questions concerns the philosophical uses of humor and comedic technique. Do philosophers use humor exclusively in criticizing other rivals, or can it play a positive educational role as well? If it can, how does philosophical humor communicate its philosophical content? This volume aims not to settle these fascinating questions but more modestly to start a conversation about them, in the hope that the volume will be both a reference point for discussions of laughter, humor, and comedy in ancient philosophy and an engine for future research about them.
Ross Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691182551
- eISBN:
- 9780691220536
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182551.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
The relaxing of censorship in Britain at the turn of the eighteenth-century led to an explosion of satires, caricatures, and comic hoaxes. This new vogue for ridicule unleashed moral panic and ...
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The relaxing of censorship in Britain at the turn of the eighteenth-century led to an explosion of satires, caricatures, and comic hoaxes. This new vogue for ridicule unleashed moral panic and prompted warnings that it would corrupt public debate. But ridicule also had vocal defenders who saw it as a means to expose hypocrisy, unsettle the arrogant, and deflate the powerful. This book examines how leading thinkers of the period searched for a humane form of ridicule, one that served the causes of religious toleration, the abolition of the slave trade, and the dismantling of patriarchal power. It brings to life a tumultuous age in which the place of ridicule in public life was subjected to unparalleled scrutiny. It shows how the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, far from accepting ridicule as an unfortunate byproduct of free public debate, refashioned it into a check on pretension and authority. The book examines how David Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, and others who came after Shaftesbury debated the value of ridicule in the fight against intolerance, fanaticism, and hubris. Casting Enlightenment Britain in an entirely new light, the book demonstrates how the Age of Reason was also an Age of Ridicule, and speaks to our current anxieties about the lack of civility in public debate.Less
The relaxing of censorship in Britain at the turn of the eighteenth-century led to an explosion of satires, caricatures, and comic hoaxes. This new vogue for ridicule unleashed moral panic and prompted warnings that it would corrupt public debate. But ridicule also had vocal defenders who saw it as a means to expose hypocrisy, unsettle the arrogant, and deflate the powerful. This book examines how leading thinkers of the period searched for a humane form of ridicule, one that served the causes of religious toleration, the abolition of the slave trade, and the dismantling of patriarchal power. It brings to life a tumultuous age in which the place of ridicule in public life was subjected to unparalleled scrutiny. It shows how the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, far from accepting ridicule as an unfortunate byproduct of free public debate, refashioned it into a check on pretension and authority. The book examines how David Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, and others who came after Shaftesbury debated the value of ridicule in the fight against intolerance, fanaticism, and hubris. Casting Enlightenment Britain in an entirely new light, the book demonstrates how the Age of Reason was also an Age of Ridicule, and speaks to our current anxieties about the lack of civility in public debate.
Christopher R. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453694
- eISBN:
- 9780801455780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453694.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
This chapter examines how Henry Fielding makes surprise eminently visible in his novels. It shows that Fielding's fiction incorporates the gendered forms of surprise exemplified by both Robinson ...
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This chapter examines how Henry Fielding makes surprise eminently visible in his novels. It shows that Fielding's fiction incorporates the gendered forms of surprise exemplified by both Robinson Crusoe and Pamela: picaresque violence and eroticized shock. It argues that surprise in Fielding's fiction became almost synonymous with what Joseph Addison called the pleasures of the imagination. It also contends that surprise is an essential element in Fielding's rationale for comic ridicule; that his ethical defense of ridicule is bound up with an aesthetic justification for surprise; that he is interested not only in the narrative mechanism of surprise but also its rhetoric; and that in representing moments of astonishment, Fielding nostalgically harks back to the instantaneity of theatrical spectacle, even as he develops techniques that anticipate the narrative innovations of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy and gothic romance. Finally, the chapter explores how the two basic forms of surprise—the physical and the cognitive—are interrelated and inflected by differences of class and gender.Less
This chapter examines how Henry Fielding makes surprise eminently visible in his novels. It shows that Fielding's fiction incorporates the gendered forms of surprise exemplified by both Robinson Crusoe and Pamela: picaresque violence and eroticized shock. It argues that surprise in Fielding's fiction became almost synonymous with what Joseph Addison called the pleasures of the imagination. It also contends that surprise is an essential element in Fielding's rationale for comic ridicule; that his ethical defense of ridicule is bound up with an aesthetic justification for surprise; that he is interested not only in the narrative mechanism of surprise but also its rhetoric; and that in representing moments of astonishment, Fielding nostalgically harks back to the instantaneity of theatrical spectacle, even as he develops techniques that anticipate the narrative innovations of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy and gothic romance. Finally, the chapter explores how the two basic forms of surprise—the physical and the cognitive—are interrelated and inflected by differences of class and gender.
Lisa Pace Vetter
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479853342
- eISBN:
- 9781479867752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479853342.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The chapter explores the important yet neglected theoretical contributions of Sojourner Truth. Because she was illiterate, Truth left behind no writings in her own hand. Yet fragmentary evidence ...
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The chapter explores the important yet neglected theoretical contributions of Sojourner Truth. Because she was illiterate, Truth left behind no writings in her own hand. Yet fragmentary evidence remains from those who saw and wrote about her, including Frederick Douglass. Applying the analytical framework that emerges from previous chapters reveals that Truth’s most frequently deployed rhetorical tactic is ridicule, the weapon of choice of her contemporary Elizabeth Cady Stanton as well. Like Frances Wright and Lucretia Mott, Truth leads her audience through speech and deed to confront the persistent injustices against women and freed slaves that are deeply rooted in the American project itself. Like Mott and the Grimkés, Truth’s egalitarian political views were deeply influenced by her religious faith, which also relied on an inner voice. As a freed black woman of modest means, unhindered by race, gender, and class privilege, Truth embodies the very concept of intersectionality about which other reformers could only write and speak.Less
The chapter explores the important yet neglected theoretical contributions of Sojourner Truth. Because she was illiterate, Truth left behind no writings in her own hand. Yet fragmentary evidence remains from those who saw and wrote about her, including Frederick Douglass. Applying the analytical framework that emerges from previous chapters reveals that Truth’s most frequently deployed rhetorical tactic is ridicule, the weapon of choice of her contemporary Elizabeth Cady Stanton as well. Like Frances Wright and Lucretia Mott, Truth leads her audience through speech and deed to confront the persistent injustices against women and freed slaves that are deeply rooted in the American project itself. Like Mott and the Grimkés, Truth’s egalitarian political views were deeply influenced by her religious faith, which also relied on an inner voice. As a freed black woman of modest means, unhindered by race, gender, and class privilege, Truth embodies the very concept of intersectionality about which other reformers could only write and speak.
Mathijs Pelkmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501705137
- eISBN:
- 9781501708381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501705137.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how people position themselves in relation to atheism in order to determine what happened to Soviet scientific atheism more generally. It explores how atheism, which had ...
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This chapter examines how people position themselves in relation to atheism in order to determine what happened to Soviet scientific atheism more generally. It explores how atheism, which had vanished from public view in the early 1990s, came to be an object of ridicule and dismissal. Soviet atheism represented an extreme instance of the “hegemony of form” that had rendered ideological content redundant. The suggestion “hegemony of form” provides an important clue for why atheism could be easily dismissed. Focusing on contradictions in the architecture of atheism, the chapter argues that the absence of a utopian dimension in Soviet atheism prevented its authentic realization and failed to incite lasting commitment and conviction in most people. In turn, atheism was swiftly removed at the end of the Soviet period.Less
This chapter examines how people position themselves in relation to atheism in order to determine what happened to Soviet scientific atheism more generally. It explores how atheism, which had vanished from public view in the early 1990s, came to be an object of ridicule and dismissal. Soviet atheism represented an extreme instance of the “hegemony of form” that had rendered ideological content redundant. The suggestion “hegemony of form” provides an important clue for why atheism could be easily dismissed. Focusing on contradictions in the architecture of atheism, the chapter argues that the absence of a utopian dimension in Soviet atheism prevented its authentic realization and failed to incite lasting commitment and conviction in most people. In turn, atheism was swiftly removed at the end of the Soviet period.
Charles Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781949979374
- eISBN:
- 9781800341791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781949979374.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This essay provides suggestions for integrating the interdisciplinary field of peace studies and literary analysis by attending to rhetorical strategies in Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s nonfiction. ...
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This essay provides suggestions for integrating the interdisciplinary field of peace studies and literary analysis by attending to rhetorical strategies in Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s nonfiction. The field of peace studies often relies on the social sciences and data-driven analytics, borrowing from the humanities only for vague ideas like “inspiration” and “creativity.” Andrews argues that the Woolfs’ rhetorical form offers additional resources to peace-activist writers. With a nod to the “political formalist” turn of scholars such as Caroline Levine and Joseph North, Andrews examines the ways that the formal features of the Woolfs’ writing enact their antiwar politics. Leonard Woolf insisted that his strategies for antiwar internationalism were based in reason rather than utopianism, and his prose style displays that “reasonableness” by using the tropes of western, academic argumentation. By contrast, Virginia Woolf’s circular, elliptical, and repetitive style in Three Guineas resists the combative, western academic models in which opposing views are demolished through rhetorical assaults and stockpiles of evidence. The Woolfs were united in their use of ridicule, a device that sometimes seems antithetical to nonviolent speech. Ridicule, however, holds the potential to be the art of “making ridiculous,” of pointing out the absurdity and foolishness of over-inflated, self-serious political views or actors. In this capacity it is a rhetorical form that deflates and redirects political extremity without rising to the level of its violence. As Andrews shows, the Woolfs’ writing suggests a range of options for peace-activist writing today and their rhetorical sophistication extends our capacities for a pacifist imagination.Less
This essay provides suggestions for integrating the interdisciplinary field of peace studies and literary analysis by attending to rhetorical strategies in Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s nonfiction. The field of peace studies often relies on the social sciences and data-driven analytics, borrowing from the humanities only for vague ideas like “inspiration” and “creativity.” Andrews argues that the Woolfs’ rhetorical form offers additional resources to peace-activist writers. With a nod to the “political formalist” turn of scholars such as Caroline Levine and Joseph North, Andrews examines the ways that the formal features of the Woolfs’ writing enact their antiwar politics. Leonard Woolf insisted that his strategies for antiwar internationalism were based in reason rather than utopianism, and his prose style displays that “reasonableness” by using the tropes of western, academic argumentation. By contrast, Virginia Woolf’s circular, elliptical, and repetitive style in Three Guineas resists the combative, western academic models in which opposing views are demolished through rhetorical assaults and stockpiles of evidence. The Woolfs were united in their use of ridicule, a device that sometimes seems antithetical to nonviolent speech. Ridicule, however, holds the potential to be the art of “making ridiculous,” of pointing out the absurdity and foolishness of over-inflated, self-serious political views or actors. In this capacity it is a rhetorical form that deflates and redirects political extremity without rising to the level of its violence. As Andrews shows, the Woolfs’ writing suggests a range of options for peace-activist writing today and their rhetorical sophistication extends our capacities for a pacifist imagination.
Philip Gould
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199967896
- eISBN:
- 9780199346073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199967896.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, American Colonial Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
As the Continental Congress was remaking the colonial political landscape, the Loyalist Samuel Seabury and Alexander Hamilton engaged in an important series of pamphlets and rebuttals in New York in ...
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As the Continental Congress was remaking the colonial political landscape, the Loyalist Samuel Seabury and Alexander Hamilton engaged in an important series of pamphlets and rebuttals in New York in 1774–75. The political debate over Congressional authority functioned simultaneously as a literary contest over the demonstration of—and critical mastery over—the meaning of wit. This chapter reads the paper war in Revolutionary New York as a site in which both Loyalists and Patriots were renegotiating their “English” cultural identities at a moment of political change.Less
As the Continental Congress was remaking the colonial political landscape, the Loyalist Samuel Seabury and Alexander Hamilton engaged in an important series of pamphlets and rebuttals in New York in 1774–75. The political debate over Congressional authority functioned simultaneously as a literary contest over the demonstration of—and critical mastery over—the meaning of wit. This chapter reads the paper war in Revolutionary New York as a site in which both Loyalists and Patriots were renegotiating their “English” cultural identities at a moment of political change.
