David Marsden
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294221
- eISBN:
- 9780191596612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294220.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Following the logic of the employment relationship, workers are paid for making their labour available to the employer as much as for the amount of effort expended. Hence, the ‘price of labour’ is ...
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Following the logic of the employment relationship, workers are paid for making their labour available to the employer as much as for the amount of effort expended. Hence, the ‘price of labour’ is better understood as a rule rather than a particular sum of money, part of the obligations exchanged by firms and workers. This is reflected in the complexity of most reward systems, as in the measurement of labour cost. Different types of reward systems and pay hierarchies are then related to the four types of employment systems with different ways of linking pay to performance and a contrast between ‘hierarchical’ and ‘occupational’ reward structures.Less
Following the logic of the employment relationship, workers are paid for making their labour available to the employer as much as for the amount of effort expended. Hence, the ‘price of labour’ is better understood as a rule rather than a particular sum of money, part of the obligations exchanged by firms and workers. This is reflected in the complexity of most reward systems, as in the measurement of labour cost. Different types of reward systems and pay hierarchies are then related to the four types of employment systems with different ways of linking pay to performance and a contrast between ‘hierarchical’ and ‘occupational’ reward structures.
Kristian Thorn and Lauritz B. Holm‐Nielsen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The chapter focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the ...
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High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The chapter focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures, and access to state-of-the-art equipment.Less
High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The chapter focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures, and access to state-of-the-art equipment.
Phillipa K. Chong
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691167466
- eISBN:
- 9780691186030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691167466.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter shows how critics confront the reality that what they put in their reviews has consequences not only for the book under review but also for the critics themselves. This is in part ...
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This chapter shows how critics confront the reality that what they put in their reviews has consequences not only for the book under review but also for the critics themselves. This is in part attributable to the switch-role reward structure, as many reviewers are themselves working writers reviewing other working writer. Throughout, the chapter demonstrates that despite a temptation to write negative reviews of parties they may very well view as competition, critics are hesitant to be overtly negative in their reviews and choose instead to “play nice,” in part driven by a blend of both sympathy for and fear of reprisal from others in the literary field. The key here is that critics imagine various implications for what they write—especially when it comes to negative reviews—and the potential (uncertainty) for retribution or causing pain informs how they behave in the present. The reason they have for imagining the future in the particular ways that they do is anchored in the switch-role reward structure of the reviewing apparatus.Less
This chapter shows how critics confront the reality that what they put in their reviews has consequences not only for the book under review but also for the critics themselves. This is in part attributable to the switch-role reward structure, as many reviewers are themselves working writers reviewing other working writer. Throughout, the chapter demonstrates that despite a temptation to write negative reviews of parties they may very well view as competition, critics are hesitant to be overtly negative in their reviews and choose instead to “play nice,” in part driven by a blend of both sympathy for and fear of reprisal from others in the literary field. The key here is that critics imagine various implications for what they write—especially when it comes to negative reviews—and the potential (uncertainty) for retribution or causing pain informs how they behave in the present. The reason they have for imagining the future in the particular ways that they do is anchored in the switch-role reward structure of the reviewing apparatus.
Pradeep Shenoy and Angela J. Yu
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262016438
- eISBN:
- 9780262298490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016438.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses a rational decision-making framework for inhibitory control in the stop signal task. It also demonstrates the influence of the reward structure and the global and local ...
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This chapter discusses a rational decision-making framework for inhibitory control in the stop signal task. It also demonstrates the influence of the reward structure and the global and local stop-trial prevalence on stopping behavior. The relationship between the race model and the rational decision-making model is also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses a rational decision-making framework for inhibitory control in the stop signal task. It also demonstrates the influence of the reward structure and the global and local stop-trial prevalence on stopping behavior. The relationship between the race model and the rational decision-making model is also discussed.
