Wesley A. Kort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143423
- eISBN:
- 9780199834389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143426.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
The argument of this book is that a primary goal in the work of C. S. Lewis is to articulate a Christian worldview. Lewis based this project on his positive view of culture, nature, and human ...
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The argument of this book is that a primary goal in the work of C. S. Lewis is to articulate a Christian worldview. Lewis based this project on his positive view of culture, nature, and human relations. He addresses deficiencies in modern culture and the largely distorted relations of modernity to nature in order to restore culture as a supportive base for a Christian worldview. The book offers discussions of seven interests in Lewis's work: retrieval, reenchantment, houses, culture, character, pleasure, and celebration. The topics provide not only an analysis of Lewis's work but also a basis upon which readers who want to construct a worldview here and now can draw inspiration and direction from him.Less
The argument of this book is that a primary goal in the work of C. S. Lewis is to articulate a Christian worldview. Lewis based this project on his positive view of culture, nature, and human relations. He addresses deficiencies in modern culture and the largely distorted relations of modernity to nature in order to restore culture as a supportive base for a Christian worldview. The book offers discussions of seven interests in Lewis's work: retrieval, reenchantment, houses, culture, character, pleasure, and celebration. The topics provide not only an analysis of Lewis's work but also a basis upon which readers who want to construct a worldview here and now can draw inspiration and direction from him.
David Paganin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567288
- eISBN:
- 9780191717963
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567288.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book offers a grounding in the field of coherent X-ray optics, which in the closing years of the 20th century experienced something of a renaissance with the availability of third-generation ...
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This book offers a grounding in the field of coherent X-ray optics, which in the closing years of the 20th century experienced something of a renaissance with the availability of third-generation synchrotron sources. It begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of X-ray diffraction for both coherent and partially coherent radiation, together with the interactions of X-rays with matter. X-ray sources, optical elements, and detectors are then discussed, with an emphasis on their role in coherent X-ray optics. Various aspects of coherent X-ray imaging are then considered, including holography, interferometry, self imaging, phase contrast, and phase retrieval. The foundations of the new field of singular X-ray optics are examined, focusing on the topic of X-ray phase vortices. Most topics in the book are developed from first principles using a chain of logic which ultimately derives from the Maxwell equations, with numerous references to the contemporary and historical research literature.Less
This book offers a grounding in the field of coherent X-ray optics, which in the closing years of the 20th century experienced something of a renaissance with the availability of third-generation synchrotron sources. It begins with a treatment of the fundamentals of X-ray diffraction for both coherent and partially coherent radiation, together with the interactions of X-rays with matter. X-ray sources, optical elements, and detectors are then discussed, with an emphasis on their role in coherent X-ray optics. Various aspects of coherent X-ray imaging are then considered, including holography, interferometry, self imaging, phase contrast, and phase retrieval. The foundations of the new field of singular X-ray optics are examined, focusing on the topic of X-ray phase vortices. Most topics in the book are developed from first principles using a chain of logic which ultimately derives from the Maxwell equations, with numerous references to the contemporary and historical research literature.
Werner Hüllen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553235
- eISBN:
- 9780191720352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553235.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Lexicography
The didactic potential of all thesauri is seen in the fact that their arrangement is more amenable to natural retrieval techniques than the alphabet. This is the case even though the latter seems to ...
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The didactic potential of all thesauri is seen in the fact that their arrangement is more amenable to natural retrieval techniques than the alphabet. This is the case even though the latter seems to guarantee faster access in everyday use. The macrostructure which is explicitly given and the pragmatic structures which are implied can be used as recurring parts of word definitions. In addition, there is the headword index. Learning to work with a thesaurus is more challenging than being the subject of the alphabet and can develop the linguistic resources of the individual.Less
The didactic potential of all thesauri is seen in the fact that their arrangement is more amenable to natural retrieval techniques than the alphabet. This is the case even though the latter seems to guarantee faster access in everyday use. The macrostructure which is explicitly given and the pragmatic structures which are implied can be used as recurring parts of word definitions. In addition, there is the headword index. Learning to work with a thesaurus is more challenging than being the subject of the alphabet and can develop the linguistic resources of the individual.
Eddy J. Davelaar and Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262018098
- eISBN:
- 9780262306003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018098.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
The importance of understanding human memory search is hard to exaggerate: we build and live our lives based on what we remember. This chapter explores the characteristics of memory search, with ...
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The importance of understanding human memory search is hard to exaggerate: we build and live our lives based on what we remember. This chapter explores the characteristics of memory search, with special emphasis on the use of retrieval cues. We introduce the dependent measures that are obtained during memory search, such as accuracy and search time, and discuss how these have contributed to our understanding of human memory search. The three phases of memory search (initiation, progression, and termination) are discussed in relation to the strategies employed by the human retriever. Finally, the experimental paradigms used in the memory literature are compared to examples of animal foraging behavior to identify points of contact for developing a general cross-domain understanding of search processes.Less
The importance of understanding human memory search is hard to exaggerate: we build and live our lives based on what we remember. This chapter explores the characteristics of memory search, with special emphasis on the use of retrieval cues. We introduce the dependent measures that are obtained during memory search, such as accuracy and search time, and discuss how these have contributed to our understanding of human memory search. The three phases of memory search (initiation, progression, and termination) are discussed in relation to the strategies employed by the human retriever. Finally, the experimental paradigms used in the memory literature are compared to examples of animal foraging behavior to identify points of contact for developing a general cross-domain understanding of search processes.
W. K. Estes
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195073355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867899
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073355.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Based on the author's important Fitts Lectures, this book details a set of psychological concepts and principles that offers a unified interpretation of a wide variety of memory, categorization, and ...
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Based on the author's important Fitts Lectures, this book details a set of psychological concepts and principles that offers a unified interpretation of a wide variety of memory, categorization, and decision-making phenomena. These phenomena are explained via two families of models established by the book: a storage-retrieval model and an adaptive network model. The book considers whether the models are competing or complementary, offering cogent and instructive arguments for both perspectives. The book's theory is then applied to two large-scale series of studies on category learning and recognition, providing an integrated understanding of seemingly disparate phenomena. This book is the culmination of more than ten years research in the field.Less
Based on the author's important Fitts Lectures, this book details a set of psychological concepts and principles that offers a unified interpretation of a wide variety of memory, categorization, and decision-making phenomena. These phenomena are explained via two families of models established by the book: a storage-retrieval model and an adaptive network model. The book considers whether the models are competing or complementary, offering cogent and instructive arguments for both perspectives. The book's theory is then applied to two large-scale series of studies on category learning and recognition, providing an integrated understanding of seemingly disparate phenomena. This book is the culmination of more than ten years research in the field.
Michael D. Rugg
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198524168
- eISBN:
- 9780191706639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524168.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter reviews event-related potential (ERP) studies of human memory. Topics covered include the relationship between ERPs and cognitive processing, studies of memory coding, and studies of ...
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This chapter reviews event-related potential (ERP) studies of human memory. Topics covered include the relationship between ERPs and cognitive processing, studies of memory coding, and studies of memory retrieval (repetition effects and recognition memory).Less
This chapter reviews event-related potential (ERP) studies of human memory. Topics covered include the relationship between ERPs and cognitive processing, studies of memory coding, and studies of memory retrieval (repetition effects and recognition memory).
Silvia A. Bunge and Michael J. Souza
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314274
- eISBN:
- 9780199786695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
To understand how humans use rules to determine actions, it is critical to learn more about how they select responses on the basis of associations in long‐term memory. This chapter discusses what has ...
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To understand how humans use rules to determine actions, it is critical to learn more about how they select responses on the basis of associations in long‐term memory. This chapter discusses what has been learned thus far about the neural substrates of rule storage, retrieval, and maintenance. This chapter presents evidence that rule knowledge associated with environmental cues is stored in areas of the posterior temporal lobes, such as the middle temporal gyrus. It also provides evidence that ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is engaged in the effortful retrieval of rule meanings from long‐term memory. During initial rule retrieval, there is some evidence that different brain structures are recruited, depending on the type of rule retrieved. In contrast, during rule maintenance, brain activation in prefrontal cortex and other brain regions appears to be sensitive to the amount of information to be held in mind, rather than the type of rule or instructional cue.Less
To understand how humans use rules to determine actions, it is critical to learn more about how they select responses on the basis of associations in long‐term memory. This chapter discusses what has been learned thus far about the neural substrates of rule storage, retrieval, and maintenance. This chapter presents evidence that rule knowledge associated with environmental cues is stored in areas of the posterior temporal lobes, such as the middle temporal gyrus. It also provides evidence that ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is engaged in the effortful retrieval of rule meanings from long‐term memory. During initial rule retrieval, there is some evidence that different brain structures are recruited, depending on the type of rule retrieved. In contrast, during rule maintenance, brain activation in prefrontal cortex and other brain regions appears to be sensitive to the amount of information to be held in mind, rather than the type of rule or instructional cue.
Geoffrey Hall
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521822
- eISBN:
- 9780191706677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521822.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter continues the discussion of latent inhibition, dealing with features of the phenomenon that cannot be accommodated by the attentional theories discussed in Chapter 3. Chief among these ...
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This chapter continues the discussion of latent inhibition, dealing with features of the phenomenon that cannot be accommodated by the attentional theories discussed in Chapter 3. Chief among these is the observation that latent inhibition is specific to the context in which stimulus exposure occurs, an observation best understood in terms of the proposal that contextual cues can help in the retrieval of associative information. These considerations lead to the development of a hybrid theory of latent inhibition, which postulates the operation of both attentional and associative processes.Less
This chapter continues the discussion of latent inhibition, dealing with features of the phenomenon that cannot be accommodated by the attentional theories discussed in Chapter 3. Chief among these is the observation that latent inhibition is specific to the context in which stimulus exposure occurs, an observation best understood in terms of the proposal that contextual cues can help in the retrieval of associative information. These considerations lead to the development of a hybrid theory of latent inhibition, which postulates the operation of both attentional and associative processes.
Geoffrey Hall
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521822
- eISBN:
- 9780191706677
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521822.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter summarizes the way in which the evidence described in previous chapters has necessitated modifications and extensions to the standard associative model described in Chapter 2. It ...
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This chapter summarizes the way in which the evidence described in previous chapters has necessitated modifications and extensions to the standard associative model described in Chapter 2. It describes how these have allowed the (revised) model to deal with a range of perceptual learning effects. It ends with the conclusion that it is inappropriate to make a rigid distinction between perceptual learning and associative learning. The finding of central importance is that the nature of the central representation of a stimulus can be changed by experience, and that associative mechanisms can play an important role in producing this sort of change.Less
This chapter summarizes the way in which the evidence described in previous chapters has necessitated modifications and extensions to the standard associative model described in Chapter 2. It describes how these have allowed the (revised) model to deal with a range of perceptual learning effects. It ends with the conclusion that it is inappropriate to make a rigid distinction between perceptual learning and associative learning. The finding of central importance is that the nature of the central representation of a stimulus can be changed by experience, and that associative mechanisms can play an important role in producing this sort of change.
Wesley A. Kort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143423
- eISBN:
- 9780199834389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143426.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Lewis advocated a positive relation of contemporary culture with its religious, literary, and philosophical past. This relation should be appreciative without being subservient. His own conversion ...
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Lewis advocated a positive relation of contemporary culture with its religious, literary, and philosophical past. This relation should be appreciative without being subservient. His own conversion epitomizes this relation to the past as retrieval.Less
Lewis advocated a positive relation of contemporary culture with its religious, literary, and philosophical past. This relation should be appreciative without being subservient. His own conversion epitomizes this relation to the past as retrieval.
Nelson Cowan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195119107
- eISBN:
- 9780199870097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195119107.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish between memory with less versus more attention devoted at the time of encoding. If little attention is devoted, one retains only implicit memory, showing up in indirect tests of memory and as procedural memory (knowing how to do something as opposed to knowing things about it) or a sense of familiarity with the material. These processes are encoded and retrieved with relative automaticity. With more attention comes the additional availability of explicit memory and recollection (including episodic memory, or memory for events one has experienced). Jacoby proposed a well-known model in which familiarity and recollection are independent but the present chapter challenges that view in favor of an alternative suggestion that the recollected material is a subset of familiar materials.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of attention for long-term memory encoding and retrieval. Some attention is probably needed to perceive items adequately. Beyond that, one can distinguish between memory with less versus more attention devoted at the time of encoding. If little attention is devoted, one retains only implicit memory, showing up in indirect tests of memory and as procedural memory (knowing how to do something as opposed to knowing things about it) or a sense of familiarity with the material. These processes are encoded and retrieved with relative automaticity. With more attention comes the additional availability of explicit memory and recollection (including episodic memory, or memory for events one has experienced). Jacoby proposed a well-known model in which familiarity and recollection are independent but the present chapter challenges that view in favor of an alternative suggestion that the recollected material is a subset of familiar materials.
Wai-Tat Fu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262018098
- eISBN:
- 9780262306003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018098.003.0018
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
Generally speaking, two conditions make cognitive search possible: (a) symbolic structures must be present in the environment and (b) these structures must be detectable by a searcher, whose behavior ...
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Generally speaking, two conditions make cognitive search possible: (a) symbolic structures must be present in the environment and (b) these structures must be detectable by a searcher, whose behavior changes based on the structures detected. In this chapter, information search on the Internet is used to illustrate how a theoretical framework of these two conditions can assist our understanding of cognitive search. Discussion begins with information foraging theory (IFT), which predicts how general symbolic structures may exist in an information environment and how the searcher may use these structures to search for information. A computational model called SNIF-ACT (developed based on IFT) is then presented and provides a good match to online information search for specific target information. Because a further component important to cognitive search is the ability to detect and learn useful structures in the environment, discussion follows on how IFT can be extended to explain search behavior that involves incremental learning of the search environment. Illustration is provided on how different forms of semantic structures may exist in the World Wide Web, and how human searchers can learn from these structures to improve their search. Finally, the SNIFACT model is extended to characterize directed and exploratory information foraging behavior in information environments.Less
Generally speaking, two conditions make cognitive search possible: (a) symbolic structures must be present in the environment and (b) these structures must be detectable by a searcher, whose behavior changes based on the structures detected. In this chapter, information search on the Internet is used to illustrate how a theoretical framework of these two conditions can assist our understanding of cognitive search. Discussion begins with information foraging theory (IFT), which predicts how general symbolic structures may exist in an information environment and how the searcher may use these structures to search for information. A computational model called SNIF-ACT (developed based on IFT) is then presented and provides a good match to online information search for specific target information. Because a further component important to cognitive search is the ability to detect and learn useful structures in the environment, discussion follows on how IFT can be extended to explain search behavior that involves incremental learning of the search environment. Illustration is provided on how different forms of semantic structures may exist in the World Wide Web, and how human searchers can learn from these structures to improve their search. Finally, the SNIFACT model is extended to characterize directed and exploratory information foraging behavior in information environments.
Marie Noonan Sabin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143591
- eISBN:
- 9780199834600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143590.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Searches for the origins of Mark in Early Judaism, taking up the questions of its authorship, provenance, and genre. In the process, Sabin discusses the Papias fragment that links Mark with Peter, ...
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Searches for the origins of Mark in Early Judaism, taking up the questions of its authorship, provenance, and genre. In the process, Sabin discusses the Papias fragment that links Mark with Peter, the Aramaic and semitisms of Mark's language, and the relevance of midrashic methods of composition to the shape of Mark's Gospel. She connects her conclusions to the Christian tradition, evident in the church fathers, of seeking to preserve the gospel's Jewish roots. She presents her own hermeneutical method as one of retrieval and dialog: retrieval of what the text might have meant to its original author and audience, and dialog with that meaning in relation to the present Christian community. In the rest of the book she proposes to reconstruct the reading‐frame of first‐century Judaism and place the consequent interpretation of Mark in conversation with other reading‐frames that have been used by Christians over the centuries.Less
Searches for the origins of Mark in Early Judaism, taking up the questions of its authorship, provenance, and genre. In the process, Sabin discusses the Papias fragment that links Mark with Peter, the Aramaic and semitisms of Mark's language, and the relevance of midrashic methods of composition to the shape of Mark's Gospel. She connects her conclusions to the Christian tradition, evident in the church fathers, of seeking to preserve the gospel's Jewish roots. She presents her own hermeneutical method as one of retrieval and dialog: retrieval of what the text might have meant to its original author and audience, and dialog with that meaning in relation to the present Christian community. In the rest of the book she proposes to reconstruct the reading‐frame of first‐century Judaism and place the consequent interpretation of Mark in conversation with other reading‐frames that have been used by Christians over the centuries.
Roger Ratcliff and Gail McKoon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262195805
- eISBN:
- 9780262272353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262195805.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the ...
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Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the cognitive literature. However, in some cases, computationally complex processes can be replaced with simple passive processes. Cue-dependent retrieval from memory provides a straightforward example of how encoding, memory, and retrieval can interact. Three other examples are reviewed: inference in text processing, compound cue models for priming, and implicit memory. In each case, the research benefits from a focus on retrieval and decision processes. For implicit memory, consideration of these kinds of processes leads to a view of implicit memory different than hypothesizing new specialized memory systems. Finally, how behavioral data from simple decisions and the models that explain the behavior can be related to neuroscience research on neural firing rates are discussed.Less
Research for which the idea that many basic cognitive processes can be described as fast, parallel, and automatic is reviewed. Memory retrieval/decision processes have often been ignored in the cognitive literature. However, in some cases, computationally complex processes can be replaced with simple passive processes. Cue-dependent retrieval from memory provides a straightforward example of how encoding, memory, and retrieval can interact. Three other examples are reviewed: inference in text processing, compound cue models for priming, and implicit memory. In each case, the research benefits from a focus on retrieval and decision processes. For implicit memory, consideration of these kinds of processes leads to a view of implicit memory different than hypothesizing new specialized memory systems. Finally, how behavioral data from simple decisions and the models that explain the behavior can be related to neuroscience research on neural firing rates are discussed.
Arthur B. Markman, Kristin L. Wood, Julie S. Linsey, Jeremy T. Murphy, and Jeffrey P. Laux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195381634
- eISBN:
- 9780199870264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381634.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the role of the reuse of knowledge to support idea generation. Expert designers often solve problems by taking known solutions and adapting them to a new situation. In many ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of the reuse of knowledge to support idea generation. Expert designers often solve problems by taking known solutions and adapting them to a new situation. In many cases, truly novel solutions emerge from reusing solutions from one domain in a second domain in which they had not been applied before. This type of knowledge use requires analogy from one domain to another. This chapter discusses the processes involved in analogical problem-solving and present the results of experiments that demonstrate how knowledgeable designers use analogy. This chapter then discusses methods for improving the use of analogy in design.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of the reuse of knowledge to support idea generation. Expert designers often solve problems by taking known solutions and adapting them to a new situation. In many cases, truly novel solutions emerge from reusing solutions from one domain in a second domain in which they had not been applied before. This type of knowledge use requires analogy from one domain to another. This chapter discusses the processes involved in analogical problem-solving and present the results of experiments that demonstrate how knowledgeable designers use analogy. This chapter then discusses methods for improving the use of analogy in design.
Thomas B. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195381634
- eISBN:
- 9780199870264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195381634.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Evidence from anecdotal accounts and laboratory studies converges on the finding that, when people develop new products within domains, their thinking tends to follow a path-of-least-resistance ...
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Evidence from anecdotal accounts and laboratory studies converges on the finding that, when people develop new products within domains, their thinking tends to follow a path-of-least-resistance within the conceptual structures of those domains. That is, the majority of individuals retrieve highly representative, basic level exemplars from the domain and use them as starting points in developing the idea for new product. Their resulting products are less original than those developed by individuals who retrieve information at more abstract levels, but recent evidence indicates that they may also be more practical or useful. This balance between originality and utility based on the level of abstraction in information retrieved suggests that useful innovation might be facilitated by tools that allow people to systematically manage conceptual information at different levels. The types of tools described in this chapter, ConcetNets, based on existing systems such as WordNet, would allow individuals to manage access to knowledge by representing hierarchical and other types of links among concepts related to the domain. ConceptNets would allow users to traverse links connecting concepts at different levels so that they could easily access more abstract information from more specific levels as well as retrieve specific instantiations of more abstract concepts. In addition ConceptNets would contain multiple, polysemous senses of words to facilitate divergent thinking about problems. They would also allow users to actively traverse the connections or passively receive prompts about novel connections. To be most useful, specialized ConceptNets would need to be developed to represent knowledge in particular domains of innovation, in contrast to the more general knowledge represented in WordNet.Less
Evidence from anecdotal accounts and laboratory studies converges on the finding that, when people develop new products within domains, their thinking tends to follow a path-of-least-resistance within the conceptual structures of those domains. That is, the majority of individuals retrieve highly representative, basic level exemplars from the domain and use them as starting points in developing the idea for new product. Their resulting products are less original than those developed by individuals who retrieve information at more abstract levels, but recent evidence indicates that they may also be more practical or useful. This balance between originality and utility based on the level of abstraction in information retrieved suggests that useful innovation might be facilitated by tools that allow people to systematically manage conceptual information at different levels. The types of tools described in this chapter, ConcetNets, based on existing systems such as WordNet, would allow individuals to manage access to knowledge by representing hierarchical and other types of links among concepts related to the domain. ConceptNets would allow users to traverse links connecting concepts at different levels so that they could easily access more abstract information from more specific levels as well as retrieve specific instantiations of more abstract concepts. In addition ConceptNets would contain multiple, polysemous senses of words to facilitate divergent thinking about problems. They would also allow users to actively traverse the connections or passively receive prompts about novel connections. To be most useful, specialized ConceptNets would need to be developed to represent knowledge in particular domains of innovation, in contrast to the more general knowledge represented in WordNet.
CAMERON J. CAMP and JEANNE M. MATTERN
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195111552
- eISBN:
- 9780199865734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111552.003.0012
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter reviews interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It begins with an overview of AD, including its stages and risk factors. It then discusses innovative interventions including ...
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This chapter reviews interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It begins with an overview of AD, including its stages and risk factors. It then discusses innovative interventions including spaced-retrieval focused on individuals with AD; question-asking reading, an intervention for small groups of persons with AD; and an Intergenerational Montessori-based program for dyads of persons with AD and preschool children.Less
This chapter reviews interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It begins with an overview of AD, including its stages and risk factors. It then discusses innovative interventions including spaced-retrieval focused on individuals with AD; question-asking reading, an intervention for small groups of persons with AD; and an Intergenerational Montessori-based program for dyads of persons with AD and preschool children.
Arthur P. Shimamura
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to ...
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This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to on-line control of memory activations. That is, extraneous information at the time of recollection can significantly interfere with episodic retrieval and source recollection. Such interference effects appear more significant for source recollection than for the recollection of item information. Boosting or supporting executive control can improve source memory performance in patients with frontal lobe lesions.Less
This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to on-line control of memory activations. That is, extraneous information at the time of recollection can significantly interfere with episodic retrieval and source recollection. Such interference effects appear more significant for source recollection than for the recollection of item information. Boosting or supporting executive control can improve source memory performance in patients with frontal lobe lesions.
Thorsten Pachur, Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers, Eddy J. Davelaar, Nathaniel D. Daw, Michael R. Dougherty, Bernhard Hommel, Michael D. Lee, Sean M. Polyn, K. Richard Ridderinkhof, Peter M. Todd, and Jeremy M. Wolfe
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262018098
- eISBN:
- 9780262306003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018098.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter discusses commonalities and differences in the cognitive mechanisms underlying different search tasks, such as spatial search, visual search, memory retrieval, action search, problem ...
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This chapter discusses commonalities and differences in the cognitive mechanisms underlying different search tasks, such as spatial search, visual search, memory retrieval, action search, problem solving, and decision making. Three key issues relevant across all types of search are distinguished: (a) the initiation of search, (b) the maintenance and adaptive modification of the search process, and (c) the termination of search. As to search initiation, research is summarized concerning the effect of the number of cues on difficulty for executing search, and which factors structure the cue hierarchy. Discussion follows on how knowledge about metacognitive processes in memory might be used for better understanding the processes in maintenance of search, and heuristic principles for stopping search, possibly shared across different search tasks, are identified. Finally, consideration is given to how search processes might change as a function of experience and aging.Less
This chapter discusses commonalities and differences in the cognitive mechanisms underlying different search tasks, such as spatial search, visual search, memory retrieval, action search, problem solving, and decision making. Three key issues relevant across all types of search are distinguished: (a) the initiation of search, (b) the maintenance and adaptive modification of the search process, and (c) the termination of search. As to search initiation, research is summarized concerning the effect of the number of cues on difficulty for executing search, and which factors structure the cue hierarchy. Discussion follows on how knowledge about metacognitive processes in memory might be used for better understanding the processes in maintenance of search, and heuristic principles for stopping search, possibly shared across different search tasks, are identified. Finally, consideration is given to how search processes might change as a function of experience and aging.
John M. C. Hutchinson, David W. Stephens, Melissa Bateson, Iain Couzin, Reuven Dukas, Luc-Alain Giraldeau, Thomas T. Hills, Frederic Méry, and Bruce Winterhalder
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262018098
- eISBN:
- 9780262306003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262018098.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter reports the discussion of a group of mostly behavioral biologists, who attempt to put research on search from their own discipline into a framework that might help identify parallels ...
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This chapter reports the discussion of a group of mostly behavioral biologists, who attempt to put research on search from their own discipline into a framework that might help identify parallels with cognitive search. Essential components of search are a functional goal, uncertainty about goal location, the adaptive varying of position, and often a stopping rule. The chapter considers a diversity of cases where search is in domains other than spatial and lists other important dimensions in which search problems differ. One dimension examined in detail is social interactions between searchers and searchers, targets and targets, and targets and searchers. The producer-scrounger game is presented as an example; despite the extensive empirical and theoretical work on the equilibrium between the strategies, it is largely an open problem how animals decide when to adopt each strategy, and thus how real equilibria are attained. Another dimension that explains some of the diversity of search behavior is the modality of the information utilized (e.g., visual, auditory, olfactory). The chapter concludes by highlighting further parallels between search in the external environment and cognitive search. These suggest some novel avenues of research.Less
This chapter reports the discussion of a group of mostly behavioral biologists, who attempt to put research on search from their own discipline into a framework that might help identify parallels with cognitive search. Essential components of search are a functional goal, uncertainty about goal location, the adaptive varying of position, and often a stopping rule. The chapter considers a diversity of cases where search is in domains other than spatial and lists other important dimensions in which search problems differ. One dimension examined in detail is social interactions between searchers and searchers, targets and targets, and targets and searchers. The producer-scrounger game is presented as an example; despite the extensive empirical and theoretical work on the equilibrium between the strategies, it is largely an open problem how animals decide when to adopt each strategy, and thus how real equilibria are attained. Another dimension that explains some of the diversity of search behavior is the modality of the information utilized (e.g., visual, auditory, olfactory). The chapter concludes by highlighting further parallels between search in the external environment and cognitive search. These suggest some novel avenues of research.
