Gerhard Dannemann
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533114
- eISBN:
- 9780191705526
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533114.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Law of Obligations
This book provides a description of the German law of unjustified enrichment. It explains how German law generally allows restitution for transfers made without legal ground (rather than on the basis ...
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This book provides a description of the German law of unjustified enrichment. It explains how German law generally allows restitution for transfers made without legal ground (rather than on the basis of individual unjust factors), an approach which the late Peter Birks proposed for English law to adopt, and which the House of Lords was careful not to rule out for the future in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell v Inland Revenue. Part I explains the workings of German unjustified enrichment law within the particular context of German contract, tort, and property law. It shows how the German general unjust enrichment clause is controlled by limiting its scope to intentional transfers, and complemented by specific grounds of unjust enrichment. This part also explains defences against and measure of enrichment claims. Part II places German law in the comparative context of three different fundamental approaches towards unjustified enrichment, shows some unexpected similarities between English and German law, and discusses whether English law could and should adopt the German approach. The book gives equal prominence to structural issues and legal doctrine on the one hand, and practical application of the law on the other. It provides leading German cases and relevant statutory provisions in English translation.Less
This book provides a description of the German law of unjustified enrichment. It explains how German law generally allows restitution for transfers made without legal ground (rather than on the basis of individual unjust factors), an approach which the late Peter Birks proposed for English law to adopt, and which the House of Lords was careful not to rule out for the future in Deutsche Morgan Grenfell v Inland Revenue. Part I explains the workings of German unjustified enrichment law within the particular context of German contract, tort, and property law. It shows how the German general unjust enrichment clause is controlled by limiting its scope to intentional transfers, and complemented by specific grounds of unjust enrichment. This part also explains defences against and measure of enrichment claims. Part II places German law in the comparative context of three different fundamental approaches towards unjustified enrichment, shows some unexpected similarities between English and German law, and discusses whether English law could and should adopt the German approach. The book gives equal prominence to structural issues and legal doctrine on the one hand, and practical application of the law on the other. It provides leading German cases and relevant statutory provisions in English translation.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter describes a framework for macroeconometric modelling, which draws out the links with economic theory relating to the long run and with theory relating to the short run. It elaborates a ...
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This chapter describes a framework for macroeconometric modelling, which draws out the links with economic theory relating to the long run and with theory relating to the short run. It elaborates a modelling strategy that can be employed to accommodate directly the theory of the long run, and notes the ways in which short-run theory can also be accommodated in national and global models. Recent literature on modelling short-run dynamics is reviewed, highlighting the difficulties in obtaining consensus on appropriate short-run restrictions and commenting on the approaches taken in the literature in examining policy shocks in general, and monetary policy in particular.Less
This chapter describes a framework for macroeconometric modelling, which draws out the links with economic theory relating to the long run and with theory relating to the short run. It elaborates a modelling strategy that can be employed to accommodate directly the theory of the long run, and notes the ways in which short-run theory can also be accommodated in national and global models. Recent literature on modelling short-run dynamics is reviewed, highlighting the difficulties in obtaining consensus on appropriate short-run restrictions and commenting on the approaches taken in the literature in examining policy shocks in general, and monetary policy in particular.
Virginia Yans-McLaughlin (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195055108
- eISBN:
- 9780199854219
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195055108.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Providing an interdisciplinary and global perspective on immigration to the United States, this book represents an important step forward in the development of immigration studies. The book aims to ...
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Providing an interdisciplinary and global perspective on immigration to the United States, this book represents an important step forward in the development of immigration studies. The book aims to help redirect thinking on the subject of immigration by giving a summary of the current state of immigration studies and a coherent new perspective that emphasizes the international dimensions of the immigrant experience from the time of the slave trade to present-day movements of Asian and Latin American peoples. This book challenges ethnocentric American or European perspectives on immigration, disputes the classical assimilation model of a linear progression of immigrant cultures toward a dominant American national character, questions human capital theory as an explanation of ethnic group achievement, reveals conflicting ethnic and racial attitudes toward immigration restriction, and examines the revival of interest in oral history, immigrant autobiographies, and other subjective documents.Less
Providing an interdisciplinary and global perspective on immigration to the United States, this book represents an important step forward in the development of immigration studies. The book aims to help redirect thinking on the subject of immigration by giving a summary of the current state of immigration studies and a coherent new perspective that emphasizes the international dimensions of the immigrant experience from the time of the slave trade to present-day movements of Asian and Latin American peoples. This book challenges ethnocentric American or European perspectives on immigration, disputes the classical assimilation model of a linear progression of immigrant cultures toward a dominant American national character, questions human capital theory as an explanation of ethnic group achievement, reveals conflicting ethnic and racial attitudes toward immigration restriction, and examines the revival of interest in oral history, immigrant autobiographies, and other subjective documents.
John Hawthorne and David Manley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693672
- eISBN:
- 9780191739002
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693672.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language, Philosophy of Mind
This book critically examines some widespread views about the semantic phenomenon of reference and the cognitive phenomenon of singular thought. It begins by denying that either is tied to a special ...
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This book critically examines some widespread views about the semantic phenomenon of reference and the cognitive phenomenon of singular thought. It begins by denying that either is tied to a special relation of causal or epistemic acquaintance. It goes on to challenge the alleged semantic rift between definite and indefinite descriptions on the one hand, and names and demonstratives on the other—a division that has been motivated in part by appeals to considerations of acquaintance. Drawing on recent work in semantics, a more unified account of all four types of expression is explored, according to which none of them paradigmatically fits the profile of a referential term. The authors argue that all four involve existential quantification but admit of uses that exhibit many of the traits associated with reference—a phenomenon that is due to the presence of what we call a ‘singular restriction’ on the existentially quantified domain. The Afterword draws out some implications of the proposed semantic picture for the traditional categories of reference and singular thought.Less
This book critically examines some widespread views about the semantic phenomenon of reference and the cognitive phenomenon of singular thought. It begins by denying that either is tied to a special relation of causal or epistemic acquaintance. It goes on to challenge the alleged semantic rift between definite and indefinite descriptions on the one hand, and names and demonstratives on the other—a division that has been motivated in part by appeals to considerations of acquaintance. Drawing on recent work in semantics, a more unified account of all four types of expression is explored, according to which none of them paradigmatically fits the profile of a referential term. The authors argue that all four involve existential quantification but admit of uses that exhibit many of the traits associated with reference—a phenomenon that is due to the presence of what we call a ‘singular restriction’ on the existentially quantified domain. The Afterword draws out some implications of the proposed semantic picture for the traditional categories of reference and singular thought.
GARY TAYLOR and JOHN JOWETT
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122562
- eISBN:
- 9780191671470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122562.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
As an author's work may be reshaped either by the author himself or by other people, we realize that the Shakespeare canon has undergone both types of reshaping, and these are not easily ...
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As an author's work may be reshaped either by the author himself or by other people, we realize that the Shakespeare canon has undergone both types of reshaping, and these are not easily differentiated. Even if textual critics may either associate textual variants to the revisions of Shakespeare's works or the interference of other parties, we should be able to arrive at a consensus. Some of Shakespeare's works might have been reshaped by political interventions such as how the Master of Revels had to give license to the performed plays. The crucial factors that brought about significant effects on some of the revivals of these plays include the adding of large numbers of actors, the introducing of actresses and the proscenium arch, and improvements in both lighting and stage scenery. Textual scholars have attempted to evaluate thoroughly the compositors and scribes who have transmitted early texts of such works. This book deals with essays that explain the use of act-divisions, restricting profanity, and the interpolation of un-Shakespearian texts.Less
As an author's work may be reshaped either by the author himself or by other people, we realize that the Shakespeare canon has undergone both types of reshaping, and these are not easily differentiated. Even if textual critics may either associate textual variants to the revisions of Shakespeare's works or the interference of other parties, we should be able to arrive at a consensus. Some of Shakespeare's works might have been reshaped by political interventions such as how the Master of Revels had to give license to the performed plays. The crucial factors that brought about significant effects on some of the revivals of these plays include the adding of large numbers of actors, the introducing of actresses and the proscenium arch, and improvements in both lighting and stage scenery. Textual scholars have attempted to evaluate thoroughly the compositors and scribes who have transmitted early texts of such works. This book deals with essays that explain the use of act-divisions, restricting profanity, and the interpolation of un-Shakespearian texts.
Tim Mulgan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282203
- eISBN:
- 9780191603624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928220X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future ...
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This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future generations, as it cannot accommodate either reproductive freedom or parental obligations. The Hybrid View fails because it cannot appreciate the collective moral significance of reproduction. This failure is shared by all other theories that retain the individualist focus of Simple Consequentialism, and thus motivates the exploration of collective forms of Consequentialism, which begins in Chapter 5.Less
This chapter applies Samuel Scheffler’s ‘Hybrid View’ to the morality of reproduction. It concludes that the Hybrid View does not provide a satisfactory account of our obligations to future generations, as it cannot accommodate either reproductive freedom or parental obligations. The Hybrid View fails because it cannot appreciate the collective moral significance of reproduction. This failure is shared by all other theories that retain the individualist focus of Simple Consequentialism, and thus motivates the exploration of collective forms of Consequentialism, which begins in Chapter 5.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark ...
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This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark univariate models of the variables. The description of the modelling work not only provides one of the first examples of the use of the long-run structural cointegrating VAR techniques in an applied context, but it also includes a discussion of bootstrap experiments designed to investigate the small-sample properties of the tests employed.Less
This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark univariate models of the variables. The description of the modelling work not only provides one of the first examples of the use of the long-run structural cointegrating VAR techniques in an applied context, but it also includes a discussion of bootstrap experiments designed to investigate the small-sample properties of the tests employed.
Jonathan L. Kvanvig
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282593
- eISBN:
- 9780191603587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282595.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend ...
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This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend that the claim that all truths are knowable must be restricted in some way to express an anti-realist commitment. All examples of such an approach are rejected, and it is argued that even if there was a successful restriction strategy, the paradox would remain untouched.Less
This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend that the claim that all truths are knowable must be restricted in some way to express an anti-realist commitment. All examples of such an approach are rejected, and it is argued that even if there was a successful restriction strategy, the paradox would remain untouched.
David Cummiskey
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195094534
- eISBN:
- 9780199833146
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195094530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Kantians and Consequentialists alike have presumed that Kantian ethics is incompatible with all forms of consequentialism, and that it instead justifies a system of agent‐centered restrictions, or ...
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Kantians and Consequentialists alike have presumed that Kantian ethics is incompatible with all forms of consequentialism, and that it instead justifies a system of agent‐centered restrictions, or deontological constraints, on the maximization of the good. Unlike all forms of utilitarian theories, Kant's ethical theory is supposed to justify basic human rights, respect for which constrains the maximization of the good. Kantian Consequentialism argues that Kant's basic rationalist, internalist approach to the justification of normative principles, his conception of morality as a system of categorical imperatives, his account of the nature of the goodwill and the motive of duty, and his principle of universalizability are all compatible with normative consequentialism. In addition, the core moral ideal of the dignity of humanity, and the related conception of respect for persons, which is based on the intrinsic value of rational nature as an end‐in‐itself, support the widespread intuition that our rational nature is the basis of values that are higher than mere happiness. The result is a novel and compelling form of consequentialism that is based on, and that gives priority to, the unique and special value of rational nature itself.Less
Kantians and Consequentialists alike have presumed that Kantian ethics is incompatible with all forms of consequentialism, and that it instead justifies a system of agent‐centered restrictions, or deontological constraints, on the maximization of the good. Unlike all forms of utilitarian theories, Kant's ethical theory is supposed to justify basic human rights, respect for which constrains the maximization of the good. Kantian Consequentialism argues that Kant's basic rationalist, internalist approach to the justification of normative principles, his conception of morality as a system of categorical imperatives, his account of the nature of the goodwill and the motive of duty, and his principle of universalizability are all compatible with normative consequentialism. In addition, the core moral ideal of the dignity of humanity, and the related conception of respect for persons, which is based on the intrinsic value of rational nature as an end‐in‐itself, support the widespread intuition that our rational nature is the basis of values that are higher than mere happiness. The result is a novel and compelling form of consequentialism that is based on, and that gives priority to, the unique and special value of rational nature itself.
Francesca Carnevali
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257393
- eISBN:
- 9780191603846
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257396.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter continues the positive reassessment of the role played by small firms in French economic growth by looking at their permanence after 1945. It focuses on the policies enacted by the ...
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This chapter continues the positive reassessment of the role played by small firms in French economic growth by looking at their permanence after 1945. It focuses on the policies enacted by the French government to ensure their survival, and on the role played by the different types of banks. Particular attention is paid to Popular banks and their role in reducing the impact of credit restrictions on small firms.Less
This chapter continues the positive reassessment of the role played by small firms in French economic growth by looking at their permanence after 1945. It focuses on the policies enacted by the French government to ensure their survival, and on the role played by the different types of banks. Particular attention is paid to Popular banks and their role in reducing the impact of credit restrictions on small firms.
Francesca Carnevali
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257393
- eISBN:
- 9780191603846
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257396.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter considers the reasons behind successive Italian governments’ decision to continue their support of small firms after 1945, and how this has shaped the structure of the economy. The ...
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This chapter considers the reasons behind successive Italian governments’ decision to continue their support of small firms after 1945, and how this has shaped the structure of the economy. The relationship between local banks and small firms is analysed further, considering the claim made by the literature that Italy’s banks present high levels of inefficiency.Less
This chapter considers the reasons behind successive Italian governments’ decision to continue their support of small firms after 1945, and how this has shaped the structure of the economy. The relationship between local banks and small firms is analysed further, considering the claim made by the literature that Italy’s banks present high levels of inefficiency.
Jason Stanley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288038
- eISBN:
- 9780191603679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288038.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter considers a range of context-dependent constructions, and concludes that there are sufficiently significant disanalogies between all of them and the behavior of epistemic predicates such ...
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This chapter considers a range of context-dependent constructions, and concludes that there are sufficiently significant disanalogies between all of them and the behavior of epistemic predicates such as ‘know that the bank is open’ to cast doubt upon contextualism in epistemology. It is argued that even if knowledge ascriptions were context-sensitive, this fact about them would not have the explanatory value accorded to it by the contextualist.Less
This chapter considers a range of context-dependent constructions, and concludes that there are sufficiently significant disanalogies between all of them and the behavior of epistemic predicates such as ‘know that the bank is open’ to cast doubt upon contextualism in epistemology. It is argued that even if knowledge ascriptions were context-sensitive, this fact about them would not have the explanatory value accorded to it by the contextualist.
Thomas J. McKay
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278145
- eISBN:
- 9780191707971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278145.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter considers the significance of the context sensitivity of definite descriptions (singular and plural) and suggests some ways of understanding it. It argues that many uses of definite ...
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This chapter considers the significance of the context sensitivity of definite descriptions (singular and plural) and suggests some ways of understanding it. It argues that many uses of definite descriptions are ‘incomplete’. That is, the explicit definite description does not uniquely specify an individual or, in the plural case, some maximally inclusive individuals; we rely on context to provide the additional resources that make the description uniquely applicable. Two processes of contextual supplementation are important here. One is predicate supplementation: a brief definite description stands proxy for a longer definite description that can be constructed by adding predicates that are explicit in the discourse context. The other is domain restriction: the context restricts the domain for the definite description, with uniqueness achieved within that smaller domain.Less
This chapter considers the significance of the context sensitivity of definite descriptions (singular and plural) and suggests some ways of understanding it. It argues that many uses of definite descriptions are ‘incomplete’. That is, the explicit definite description does not uniquely specify an individual or, in the plural case, some maximally inclusive individuals; we rely on context to provide the additional resources that make the description uniquely applicable. Two processes of contextual supplementation are important here. One is predicate supplementation: a brief definite description stands proxy for a longer definite description that can be constructed by adding predicates that are explicit in the discourse context. The other is domain restriction: the context restricts the domain for the definite description, with uniqueness achieved within that smaller domain.
Joanna L. Grossman and Lawrence M. Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149820
- eISBN:
- 9781400839773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149820.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter explores the rise and fall of marriage restrictions rooted in racism and eugenics, as well as the persistence of other, more enduring, impediments to marriage—like bigamy, incest, and ...
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This chapter explores the rise and fall of marriage restrictions rooted in racism and eugenics, as well as the persistence of other, more enduring, impediments to marriage—like bigamy, incest, and youth. Central to the story of state marriage regulation is the establishment, beginning in the 1960s, of constitutional protection for the “right” to marry, which limited, at least at the margins, the freedom of states to impose certain restrictions on marriage. But also central, in a system dominated by state law, are the rules of interstate marriage recognition, which dictate whether marriages travel across state lines. In broad brush, this chapter tells a story of increasing marital freedom, reined in only by a handful of seemingly immoveable social norms.Less
This chapter explores the rise and fall of marriage restrictions rooted in racism and eugenics, as well as the persistence of other, more enduring, impediments to marriage—like bigamy, incest, and youth. Central to the story of state marriage regulation is the establishment, beginning in the 1960s, of constitutional protection for the “right” to marry, which limited, at least at the margins, the freedom of states to impose certain restrictions on marriage. But also central, in a system dominated by state law, are the rules of interstate marriage recognition, which dictate whether marriages travel across state lines. In broad brush, this chapter tells a story of increasing marital freedom, reined in only by a handful of seemingly immoveable social norms.
Paul Baird and John C. Wood
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198503620
- eISBN:
- 9780191708435
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503620.003.0012
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Pure Mathematics
This chapter shows that a harmonic morphism from a manifold of dimension n+1 to a manifold of dimension n is, locally or globally, a principal bundle with a certain metric. When n = 3, in a ...
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This chapter shows that a harmonic morphism from a manifold of dimension n+1 to a manifold of dimension n is, locally or globally, a principal bundle with a certain metric. When n = 3, in a neighbourhood of a critical point, a harmonic morphism behaves like the Hopf polynomial map; when n > 3, there can be no critical points. A factorization theorem and a circle action are obtained in all cases, leading to topological restrictions. Given a nowhere-zero Killing field V, it is shown how to find harmonic morphisms with fibres tangent to V. Harmonic morphisms of warped product type are discussed; these are related to isoparametric functions. These two types are the only types that can occur on a space form or on an Einstein manifold when n > 3. When n = 3, a third type of harmonic morphism is found related to the Beltrami fields equation of hydrodynamics.Less
This chapter shows that a harmonic morphism from a manifold of dimension n+1 to a manifold of dimension n is, locally or globally, a principal bundle with a certain metric. When n = 3, in a neighbourhood of a critical point, a harmonic morphism behaves like the Hopf polynomial map; when n > 3, there can be no critical points. A factorization theorem and a circle action are obtained in all cases, leading to topological restrictions. Given a nowhere-zero Killing field V, it is shown how to find harmonic morphisms with fibres tangent to V. Harmonic morphisms of warped product type are discussed; these are related to isoparametric functions. These two types are the only types that can occur on a space form or on an Einstein manifold when n > 3. When n = 3, a third type of harmonic morphism is found related to the Beltrami fields equation of hydrodynamics.
Cybelle Fox
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152233
- eISBN:
- 9781400842582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the ...
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This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the WPA was first authorized in 1935, there were no citizenship or legal status restrictions for access to the program. Just as with Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), New Deal officials expressly forbade local WPA administrators from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, or non-citizenship. Because of these non-discrimination provisions, blacks and Mexican Americans gained unprecedented access to WPA employment. Over time, however, Congress imposed successively harsher restrictions against aliens, barring the employment of illegal aliens on WPA projects in 1936 and imposing a full ban for legal non-citizens by 1939. While these citizenship restrictions constituted the greatest challenge to aliens' access to the welfare state during this period, its impact was short-lived and its effects fell disproportionately on Mexican non-citizens.Less
This chapter discusses the subsequent battle over citizenship and legal status restrictions in the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the local implementation of those restrictions. When the WPA was first authorized in 1935, there were no citizenship or legal status restrictions for access to the program. Just as with Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), New Deal officials expressly forbade local WPA administrators from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, or non-citizenship. Because of these non-discrimination provisions, blacks and Mexican Americans gained unprecedented access to WPA employment. Over time, however, Congress imposed successively harsher restrictions against aliens, barring the employment of illegal aliens on WPA projects in 1936 and imposing a full ban for legal non-citizens by 1939. While these citizenship restrictions constituted the greatest challenge to aliens' access to the welfare state during this period, its impact was short-lived and its effects fell disproportionately on Mexican non-citizens.
Duana Fullwiley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691123165
- eISBN:
- 9781400840410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691123165.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter chronicles how, in the 1950s, sickle hemoglobin was tested in the blood of various Senegalese ethnic groups to determine the bounded nature of population-based race and ethnic groupings ...
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This chapter chronicles how, in the 1950s, sickle hemoglobin was tested in the blood of various Senegalese ethnic groups to determine the bounded nature of population-based race and ethnic groupings within the geopolitical terrain of French West Africa (l'Afrique Occidentale Française, the “AOF”). These colonial uses of sickle cell DNA markers to scientifically define group belonging were later interrupted by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technology starting in the late 1970s. RFLPs allowed researchers to pinpoint DNA variants around the sickle cell gene and thus provided new ways of measuring and lumping human physiological distinction in terms of unified “national” genetic difference, which were based thereafter on haplotype patterns. In addition, this chapter chronicles how discourses of ethnic population purity continue to drive Parisian scientists' interests in new sickle cell research for which they hope to enlist Senegalese collaborators in the here and now.Less
This chapter chronicles how, in the 1950s, sickle hemoglobin was tested in the blood of various Senegalese ethnic groups to determine the bounded nature of population-based race and ethnic groupings within the geopolitical terrain of French West Africa (l'Afrique Occidentale Française, the “AOF”). These colonial uses of sickle cell DNA markers to scientifically define group belonging were later interrupted by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technology starting in the late 1970s. RFLPs allowed researchers to pinpoint DNA variants around the sickle cell gene and thus provided new ways of measuring and lumping human physiological distinction in terms of unified “national” genetic difference, which were based thereafter on haplotype patterns. In addition, this chapter chronicles how discourses of ethnic population purity continue to drive Parisian scientists' interests in new sickle cell research for which they hope to enlist Senegalese collaborators in the here and now.
Mauro Fabrizio and Morro Angelo
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527008
- eISBN:
- 9780191713316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527008.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
The laws of thermodynamics play a central role in two respects: they characterize the admissible constitutive equations and single out function spaces where the mathematical problems find a natural ...
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The laws of thermodynamics play a central role in two respects: they characterize the admissible constitutive equations and single out function spaces where the mathematical problems find a natural setting. This chapter gives an overview of the laws of thermodynamics for thermoelectromagnetic processes. A detailed derivation is provided of the restrictions placed by the second law on linear electromagnetic systems with memory. Motivated by the intrinsic nonuniqueness, specific forms are also determined for free enthalpies and free energies of dielectrics and conductors (with memory). A model and the thermodynamic restrictions are given for dissipative interfaces.Less
The laws of thermodynamics play a central role in two respects: they characterize the admissible constitutive equations and single out function spaces where the mathematical problems find a natural setting. This chapter gives an overview of the laws of thermodynamics for thermoelectromagnetic processes. A detailed derivation is provided of the restrictions placed by the second law on linear electromagnetic systems with memory. Motivated by the intrinsic nonuniqueness, specific forms are also determined for free enthalpies and free energies of dielectrics and conductors (with memory). A model and the thermodynamic restrictions are given for dissipative interfaces.
Stephen J. Simpson and David Raubenheimer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145655
- eISBN:
- 9781400842803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter examines the relationships between nutrition, life span, and sex. It considers the view that dietary restriction without severe malnutrition prolongs life. It is generally believed that ...
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This chapter examines the relationships between nutrition, life span, and sex. It considers the view that dietary restriction without severe malnutrition prolongs life. It is generally believed that the benefits of dietary restriction arise from eating fewer calories. However, Geometric Framework experiments on insects in which the effects of macronutrients have been separated indicate that, rather than calories, a key determinant of the relationship between diet and longevity is the balance of protein to nonprotein (fat and/or carbohydrate) energy in the diet. Meanwhile, the presumption in much of life history theory that life span and reproduction trade off against each other for limiting resources is shown to be too simplistic. These two life-history variables certainly have differing nutritional optima, but they can be dissociated and do not inevitably trade off. Reproductive senescence and aging may proceed at different rates in males and females, as predicted by sexual selection theory.Less
This chapter examines the relationships between nutrition, life span, and sex. It considers the view that dietary restriction without severe malnutrition prolongs life. It is generally believed that the benefits of dietary restriction arise from eating fewer calories. However, Geometric Framework experiments on insects in which the effects of macronutrients have been separated indicate that, rather than calories, a key determinant of the relationship between diet and longevity is the balance of protein to nonprotein (fat and/or carbohydrate) energy in the diet. Meanwhile, the presumption in much of life history theory that life span and reproduction trade off against each other for limiting resources is shown to be too simplistic. These two life-history variables certainly have differing nutritional optima, but they can be dissociated and do not inevitably trade off. Reproductive senescence and aging may proceed at different rates in males and females, as predicted by sexual selection theory.
Roy M. Anderson, Christophe Fraser, Azra C. Ghani, Christl A. Donnelly, Steven Riley, Neil M. Ferguson, Gabriel M. Leung, Tai H. Lam, and Anthony J. Hedley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the ...
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This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the impact of different control interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) responded quickly and effectively to the 2003 SARS crisis. However, there are certain aspects of the biology of the SARS and the politics of Asia that contributed greatly to the effectiveness of isolation, quarantine, and travel restrictions as modes of control. Specifically, the agent was poorly transmissible, especially before patients were symptomatic. Equally important, draconian public health measures were very effective in the Asian regions where the epidemic originated. If SARS had spread into more litigious populations, such measures might have been impossible to impose.Less
This chapter examines the key determinants of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of directly infectious viruses in general, and of the SARS virus in particular, presenting analyses of the impact of different control interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) responded quickly and effectively to the 2003 SARS crisis. However, there are certain aspects of the biology of the SARS and the politics of Asia that contributed greatly to the effectiveness of isolation, quarantine, and travel restrictions as modes of control. Specifically, the agent was poorly transmissible, especially before patients were symptomatic. Equally important, draconian public health measures were very effective in the Asian regions where the epidemic originated. If SARS had spread into more litigious populations, such measures might have been impossible to impose.
