W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The electrical membrane potential is an important property for the functioning of living cells. Temporal variations of this potential generated by synaptic interactions and expressed as nerve ...
More
The electrical membrane potential is an important property for the functioning of living cells. Temporal variations of this potential generated by synaptic interactions and expressed as nerve impulses are central for signaling within nervous systems. Because neuronal signaling has this electrical basis, electrophysiology underlies neurophysiology. The primary objective of the NeuroDynamix II text is to provide a deep introduction to neurophysiology. The approach is to introduce the elements of electrical circuits, batteries, resistors and capacitors, and to build on that foundation to reconstruct the parallel conductance model that Hodgkin and Huxley employed for resting potentials and nerve impulses. The text presents brief historical sketches of, and introduces students to the fundamental concepts of neurophysiology. Following each didactic presentation, modeling exercises-hands-on simulations-serve to deepen the reader's understanding of basic neurophysiological techniques, including intracellular recording and voltage-clamp recording. The computer models present experimental results dynamically; that is, results are displayed as they are generated, providing a sense of experimental verisimilitude. NeuroDynamix II embodies a tight interdependence between the didactic text and the free, online NDX II software. Section I provides explicit, illustrated introductions to electrical concepts, the properties of ion channels, resting and action potentials, synaptic interactions, and neuronal circuits. Each didactic chapter concludes with detailed “Lessons” that preconfigure NDX II models to illustrate and explore neurophysiological principles. Section II provides brief descriptions of seven integrated models, with complete glossaries of variable and parameter names and units. Section III presents a detailed description of the equations for each computer simulation, whereas Section IV summarizes numerical methods for solving the differential equations. The text concludes with a brief guide for accessing the online NDX II modeling program and a bibliography.Less
The electrical membrane potential is an important property for the functioning of living cells. Temporal variations of this potential generated by synaptic interactions and expressed as nerve impulses are central for signaling within nervous systems. Because neuronal signaling has this electrical basis, electrophysiology underlies neurophysiology. The primary objective of the NeuroDynamix II text is to provide a deep introduction to neurophysiology. The approach is to introduce the elements of electrical circuits, batteries, resistors and capacitors, and to build on that foundation to reconstruct the parallel conductance model that Hodgkin and Huxley employed for resting potentials and nerve impulses. The text presents brief historical sketches of, and introduces students to the fundamental concepts of neurophysiology. Following each didactic presentation, modeling exercises-hands-on simulations-serve to deepen the reader's understanding of basic neurophysiological techniques, including intracellular recording and voltage-clamp recording. The computer models present experimental results dynamically; that is, results are displayed as they are generated, providing a sense of experimental verisimilitude. NeuroDynamix II embodies a tight interdependence between the didactic text and the free, online NDX II software. Section I provides explicit, illustrated introductions to electrical concepts, the properties of ion channels, resting and action potentials, synaptic interactions, and neuronal circuits. Each didactic chapter concludes with detailed “Lessons” that preconfigure NDX II models to illustrate and explore neurophysiological principles. Section II provides brief descriptions of seven integrated models, with complete glossaries of variable and parameter names and units. Section III presents a detailed description of the equations for each computer simulation, whereas Section IV summarizes numerical methods for solving the differential equations. The text concludes with a brief guide for accessing the online NDX II modeling program and a bibliography.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane ...
More
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane conductances are voltage dependent. This chapter describes the equations underlying the resting potential, based on the fundamental Nernst equation, which gives the relationship between ionic concentrations and electrical potential.Less
The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane conductances are voltage dependent. This chapter describes the equations underlying the resting potential, based on the fundamental Nernst equation, which gives the relationship between ionic concentrations and electrical potential.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ...
More
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.Less
The Soma model simulates the origin of the resting potential in nerve cells. Because this model demonstrates steady-state conditions, or slow changes in the steady state, the membrane capacitance is ignored. In addition, there are no voltage- or time-dependent membrane conductances in this model. The equilibrium (Nernst) potentials for sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions are calculated from the relevant ionic concentrations. The relationship between temperature and equilibrium potentials can be explored by altering the simulated temperature. This model also includes an electrogenic pump, which generates a net outflow of positive ions and therefore acts to hyperpolarize the membrane.
W. Otto Friesen and Jonathon A. Friesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371833
- eISBN:
- 9780199865178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371833.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Thanks to the pioneering experiments of the Italian physician Luigi Galvani, it has long been understood that electricity plays a vital role in the functioning of the nervous system. That these ...
More
Thanks to the pioneering experiments of the Italian physician Luigi Galvani, it has long been understood that electricity plays a vital role in the functioning of the nervous system. That these electrical signals are intrinsic to animal tissues was demonstrated by the German electrophysiologist du Bois Reymond, who showed that cells have a “resting” potential, the constant voltage across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation. This chapter describes the Nernst equation, which predicts the strength of electrical potentials that arise from ionic concentrations differences across membranes. The fundamental role of the Nernst equation for electrophysiology is presented in relationship to the parallel conductance model for the cell membrane potential. Basic equations for resting potential, including the role of the electrogenic membrane ion pump, are presented.Less
Thanks to the pioneering experiments of the Italian physician Luigi Galvani, it has long been understood that electricity plays a vital role in the functioning of the nervous system. That these electrical signals are intrinsic to animal tissues was demonstrated by the German electrophysiologist du Bois Reymond, who showed that cells have a “resting” potential, the constant voltage across the cell membrane in the absence of stimulation. This chapter describes the Nernst equation, which predicts the strength of electrical potentials that arise from ionic concentrations differences across membranes. The fundamental role of the Nernst equation for electrophysiology is presented in relationship to the parallel conductance model for the cell membrane potential. Basic equations for resting potential, including the role of the electrogenic membrane ion pump, are presented.
Alan J. McComas
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751754
- eISBN:
- 9780199897094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751754.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Hodgkin and Huxley turn their attention to muscle. Hodgkin measures the membrane and action potentials of the fibres with glass microelectrodes, while Huxley is interested in the nature of the ...
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Hodgkin and Huxley turn their attention to muscle. Hodgkin measures the membrane and action potentials of the fibres with glass microelectrodes, while Huxley is interested in the nature of the contractile process. He and Hugh Huxley independently discover a sliding filament mechanism, in which actin filaments are moved along the myosin filaments by molecular cross-bridges. Katz, meanwhile, is exploring transmission at the neuromuscular junction with microelectrodes and discovers that the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is released from the nerve endings in packets (the synaptic vesicles).Less
Hodgkin and Huxley turn their attention to muscle. Hodgkin measures the membrane and action potentials of the fibres with glass microelectrodes, while Huxley is interested in the nature of the contractile process. He and Hugh Huxley independently discover a sliding filament mechanism, in which actin filaments are moved along the myosin filaments by molecular cross-bridges. Katz, meanwhile, is exploring transmission at the neuromuscular junction with microelectrodes and discovers that the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is released from the nerve endings in packets (the synaptic vesicles).
